The trend in optical materials can be easily and accurately predicted -- optical materials will be better, cheaper, and more complex in the future. This summary may be too simple and perhaps all of these trends will not be true of all optical material. However, recent experience shows that significant progress has been made in preparing high quality optical materials. Especially impressive are the solid state laser host materials which include single crystals and glasses and optical components for infrared lasers fabricated from alkali halides, alkaline earth fluorides, sapphire, and CVD ZnSe. Demands for low cost molded optics for consumer products have lead to the expanded use of plastics and the development of precision molding processes. Similar trends are developing for infrared optics; for example, the pressing of lenses. Aspheric surfaces machined by single point diamond turning are an example of the improved capability for producing complex components. Sol gel, MBE techniques for the production of graded index antireflection coatings, surface strengthening of optical materials and the production of gradient index optics are emerging materials processes that will probably play a growing role in the fabrication of optical components.
{"title":"Trends in Optical Materials","authors":"J. A. Detrio","doi":"10.1364/oft.1982.tua2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1982.tua2","url":null,"abstract":"The trend in optical materials can be easily and accurately predicted -- optical materials will be better, cheaper, and more complex in the future. This summary may be too simple and perhaps all of these trends will not be true of all optical material. However, recent experience shows that significant progress has been made in preparing high quality optical materials. Especially impressive are the solid state laser host materials which include single crystals and glasses and optical components for infrared lasers fabricated from alkali halides, alkaline earth fluorides, sapphire, and CVD ZnSe. Demands for low cost molded optics for consumer products have lead to the expanded use of plastics and the development of precision molding processes. Similar trends are developing for infrared optics; for example, the pressing of lenses. Aspheric surfaces machined by single point diamond turning are an example of the improved capability for producing complex components. Sol gel, MBE techniques for the production of graded index antireflection coatings, surface strengthening of optical materials and the production of gradient index optics are emerging materials processes that will probably play a growing role in the fabrication of optical components.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126054489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various techniques have been used to test the optical figure and radius of curvature of optical flats and long focal length optics1. If optical flats become too large to be handled manually, they are often measured using a variant of the Ritchie-Common test, although Fizeau and Twyman-Green interferometers have also been used. The familiar knife-edge test is an excellent means for measuring the optical figure of a flat qualitatively using a well-corrected large parabola on an optical bench. It is also useful for measuring the figure and radius of curvature of concave spherical mirrors. If the radius of curvature is in the 10- to 100-m range, however, as is common for laser optics, air turbulence reduces the accuracy of the measurement. A more quantitative technique for recording the optical figure of long focal length optics and determining their radius of curvature is to use a "transmission sphere," basically a Fizeau interferometer modified for converging or diverging light. Parallel light incident on the transmission sphere is focussed by the lens, whose surface on the sample side is accurately normal to the exiting light beams. It thus is the reference surface in the modified Fizeau interferometer. Transmission spheres can be obtained in a variety of focal lengths and f numbers, but they are quite expensive and are specific for a relatively short range of f numbers in the mirrors tested. Air turbulence is a problem for long radius of curvature mirrors just as it is in the knife-edge test. The Zygo Corporation, which manufactures transmission spheres, also manufactures large beam expanders for testing optical flats of 30 cm (12 in.) in diameter or more. However, such large beam expanders are quite expensive. This paper describes a relatively inexpensive technique using the Zygo interferometer and one or more transmission spheres together with a large parabolic mirror or well-corrected lens and a fringe analysis system for testing both large optical flats and large, long focal length concave or convex mirrors. A range of focal lengths extending to infinity can be measured without utilizing long path lengths, thus minimizing air turbulence problems. Both concave and convex mirrors can be measured using the same transmission sphere, and unlike most other techniques for measuring long focal length optics, the longer the focal length the better the system operates.
{"title":"Compact Optical Test Facility for Evaluating Very Long Focal Length Mirrors","authors":"H. E. Bennett, J. J. Shaffer","doi":"10.1364/oft.1980.ffa8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.ffa8","url":null,"abstract":"Various techniques have been used to test the optical figure and radius of curvature of optical flats and long focal length optics1. If optical flats become too large to be handled manually, they are often measured using a variant of the Ritchie-Common test, although Fizeau and Twyman-Green interferometers have also been used. The familiar knife-edge test is an excellent means for measuring the optical figure of a flat qualitatively using a well-corrected large parabola on an optical bench. It is also useful for measuring the figure and radius of curvature of concave spherical mirrors. If the radius of curvature is in the 10- to 100-m range, however, as is common for laser optics, air turbulence reduces the accuracy of the measurement. A more quantitative technique for recording the optical figure of long focal length optics and determining their radius of curvature is to use a \"transmission sphere,\" basically a Fizeau interferometer modified for converging or diverging light. Parallel light incident on the transmission sphere is focussed by the lens, whose surface on the sample side is accurately normal to the exiting light beams. It thus is the reference surface in the modified Fizeau interferometer. Transmission spheres can be obtained in a variety of focal lengths and f numbers, but they are quite expensive and are specific for a relatively short range of f numbers in the mirrors tested. Air turbulence is a problem for long radius of curvature mirrors just as it is in the knife-edge test. The Zygo Corporation, which manufactures transmission spheres, also manufactures large beam expanders for testing optical flats of 30 cm (12 in.) in diameter or more. However, such large beam expanders are quite expensive. This paper describes a relatively inexpensive technique using the Zygo interferometer and one or more transmission spheres together with a large parabolic mirror or well-corrected lens and a fringe analysis system for testing both large optical flats and large, long focal length concave or convex mirrors. A range of focal lengths extending to infinity can be measured without utilizing long path lengths, thus minimizing air turbulence problems. Both concave and convex mirrors can be measured using the same transmission sphere, and unlike most other techniques for measuring long focal length optics, the longer the focal length the better the system operates.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"21 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126104867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A metal off-axis parabola is fabricated using simple machine tools when CNC equipment planned for the job fails to perform.
金属离轴抛物线是用简单的机床制造的，当数控设备计划的工作不能执行时。
{"title":"Off-Axis Parabolas, Techniques for Small Shops","authors":"Larry C. Hardin","doi":"10.1364/oft.1987.wbb8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1987.wbb8","url":null,"abstract":"A metal off-axis parabola is fabricated using simple machine tools when CNC equipment planned for the job fails to perform.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127163105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, plano continuous annular polishing machines have become popular in achieving ultra-flat optical surfaces. These machines offer the advantages of achieving fractional wavelength accuracies in very short times and with minimum operator attention, as well as giving exceptionally low levels of fine structure, which in turn gives minimum scatter light -- a factor important in laser or ultraviolet light applications.
{"title":"Spherical Continuous Annular Polishing Machine","authors":"Donald D. Nord","doi":"10.1364/oft.1982.tub1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1982.tub1","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, plano continuous annular polishing machines have become popular in achieving ultra-flat optical surfaces. These machines offer the advantages of achieving fractional wavelength accuracies in very short times and with minimum operator attention, as well as giving exceptionally low levels of fine structure, which in turn gives minimum scatter light -- a factor important in laser or ultraviolet light applications.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122090016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gravity will produce non-negligible deformation in large mirrors when it is acting in the direction of optical axis. An optimum support pattern can be found to minimize the self weight deformation. The approach of this problem provided the support pattern has adequate symmetry can be obtained from the solution of Nelson and Lubliner1 in which the mirror is assumed as a thin circular flat disk. For mirrors with internal honeycomb structure the support points are constrained by the symmetry of structure and cannot be placed in rings, as is usual for large mirrors. Given a particular structure alternative symmetrical placements of the supports were explored, and solutions obtained for the fraction of weight supported by each point to get the minimum deformation. Figure 1 shows the deformation of an optimum supported honeycomb mirror with the rib pattern shown by Angel and Woolf2. The support efficiency is 2.07 × 10−7 which is close to an ideal triangular grid with the same number of support points. Scaled to an 8-m diameter and 60 cm thickness disk it corresponds to surface rms deviation of .006μm. To study the force tolerance we choose errors of the force at each support point according to a Gaussian distribution function. Figure 2 shows the deformation of this kind of support in which the standard deviation is 0.055% of the nominal force. The support efficiency degrades to 5.08 × 10−7 in this case. For comparison, Figure 1 and Figure 2 have the same gray level.
{"title":"Optimum Distribution and Tolerance of Axial Point Supports for Structured Telescope Mirrors","authors":"D. Wan, J. R. Angel","doi":"10.1364/oft.1986.wa5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1986.wa5","url":null,"abstract":"Gravity will produce non-negligible deformation in large mirrors when it is acting in the direction of optical axis. An optimum support pattern can be found to minimize the self weight deformation. The approach of this problem provided the support pattern has adequate symmetry can be obtained from the solution of Nelson and Lubliner1 in which the mirror is assumed as a thin circular flat disk. For mirrors with internal honeycomb structure the support points are constrained by the symmetry of structure and cannot be placed in rings, as is usual for large mirrors. Given a particular structure alternative symmetrical placements of the supports were explored, and solutions obtained for the fraction of weight supported by each point to get the minimum deformation. Figure 1 shows the deformation of an optimum supported honeycomb mirror with the rib pattern shown by Angel and Woolf2. The support efficiency is 2.07 × 10−7 which is close to an ideal triangular grid with the same number of support points. Scaled to an 8-m diameter and 60 cm thickness disk it corresponds to surface rms deviation of .006μm. To study the force tolerance we choose errors of the force at each support point according to a Gaussian distribution function. Figure 2 shows the deformation of this kind of support in which the standard deviation is 0.055% of the nominal force. The support efficiency degrades to 5.08 × 10−7 in this case. For comparison, Figure 1 and Figure 2 have the same gray level.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126655199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spurious interference effects in interferograms are investigated. These artifacts are caused by ghost reflections, dirt, and diffraction effects. Diagnosis and cures are discussed.
研究了干涉图中的杂散干涉效应。这些伪影是由鬼影反射、污垢和衍射效应引起的。讨论了诊断和治疗方法。
{"title":"Artifacts Sources In Interferometry","authors":"D. Eastman, C. A. Martin","doi":"10.1364/oft.1980.ffb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.ffb3","url":null,"abstract":"Spurious interference effects in interferograms are investigated. These artifacts are caused by ghost reflections, dirt, and diffraction effects. Diagnosis and cures are discussed.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131431549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design, Preparation and Use of Area Compensated Polishing Tools","authors":"J. W. Dixon","doi":"10.1364/oft.1987.tuaa1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1987.tuaa1","url":null,"abstract":"Summary not available.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124540701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mentzer, R. Hunsperger, J. Zavada, H. Jenkinson, T. J. Gavanis
Free carrier compensation by ion implantation is an important processing technology for the formation of infrared optical waveguides for multiplexing applications. This process leads to a cutoff condition for waveguiding that is wavelength independent. Gallium phosphide is a very attractive semiconductor material for such multiplexing since it is transparent from the visible out to the far infrared. In addition, GaP, together with its related ternary and quarternary compounds, has many of the optical and electronic properties necessary for integration of optical devices into sensing and signal processing circuits. Experiments were performed to characterize the influence of various H+ implantation parameters on the carrier compensation process and to relate the resulting optical effects to electronic changes. The techniques developed for monitoring subsequent temperature processing can be utilized to fabricate optimized optical components.
{"title":"Characterization and In-Process Optimization of Infrared Ion Implanted GaP Optics","authors":"M. Mentzer, R. Hunsperger, J. Zavada, H. Jenkinson, T. J. Gavanis","doi":"10.1364/oft.1982.ma9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1982.ma9","url":null,"abstract":"Free carrier compensation by ion implantation is an important processing technology for the formation of infrared optical waveguides for multiplexing applications. This process leads to a cutoff condition for waveguiding that is wavelength independent. Gallium phosphide is a very attractive semiconductor material for such multiplexing since it is transparent from the visible out to the far infrared. In addition, GaP, together with its related ternary and quarternary compounds, has many of the optical and electronic properties necessary for integration of optical devices into sensing and signal processing circuits. Experiments were performed to characterize the influence of various H+ implantation parameters on the carrier compensation process and to relate the resulting optical effects to electronic changes. The techniques developed for monitoring subsequent temperature processing can be utilized to fabricate optimized optical components.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128425074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Free Abrasive Grinding and Polishing","authors":"N. J. Brown","doi":"10.1364/oft.1986.tua4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1986.tua4","url":null,"abstract":"Summary not available.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129054626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A technique is described for measuring the absolute radius of curvature of spherical optical surfaces by using a calibrated gauge bar and interferometry. A description of test arrangements, experimental considerations, and results of a particular measurement are presented. Accuracies of the order of a few parts per million are practicable when the technique is used.
{"title":"Precision Radius and Spacing Measurement Using Interferometric-Gauge Bar Techniques","authors":"A. Slomba, J. Davis","doi":"10.1364/oft.1980.mb6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.mb6","url":null,"abstract":"A technique is described for measuring the absolute radius of curvature of spherical optical surfaces by using a calibrated gauge bar and interferometry. A description of test arrangements, experimental considerations, and results of a particular measurement are presented. Accuracies of the order of a few parts per million are practicable when the technique is used.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"491 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116026464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：