Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness最新文献

Introduction: The development of Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) has introduced significant changes in the realm of athletic footwear, promising enhancements in running economy and reductions in energy cost compared to traditional shoes. This systematic review aims to analyze and synthesize the existing literature on AFT, focusing on its physical, physiological, biomechanical, and perceptual impacts on athletic performance. It seeks to identify key findings, variability, and implications for athletes by comparing AFT to traditional footwear.

Evidence acquisition: Following the PRISMA 2015 guidelines for systematic reviews, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were analyzed based on predefined inclusion criteria to find relevant studies. The methodological quality of the selected studies was also assessed.

Evidence synthesis: Nine studies (N.=138 participants) were included, with an average methodological quality score of 6.22 (range: 5 to 8) on a 10-point scale. AFT was found to improve biomechanical aspects, which were associated with enhanced running efficiency, and reduce metabolic energy expenditure. However, improve biomechanical aspects, which were associated with enhanced running efficiency.

Conclusions: AFT offers significant performance and biomechanical benefits, but its physiological effects vary, and potential injury risks such as altered lower-limb stiffness and increased joint load require careful management. Personalized approaches to footwear technology are crucial to maximizing AFT's benefits.

Background: The effects of caffeine mouth rinsing on cognitive performance using a field-based approach have not yet been investigated. This study aimed to examine the effects of caffeine mouth rinsing on tennis targeting performance in young male recreational tennis players.

Methods: In total, 16 recreationally active young male tennis players (mean age: 22.03±1.74 years) were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Test of groundstroke depth (TGD), test of groundstroke accuracy (TGA), test of volley depth (TVD), test of serve (TS) and tennis targeting performance (TTP), was assessed using the International Tennis Number (ITN) test. Interventions included 20 seconds of caffeine mouth rinsing (CMR: 300 mg/25 mL), placebo (PLA: 25 mL water), and a no-rinse control (CON) before each section of the ITN test. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests, with a significance level of P≤0.05.

Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant time-dependent difference in total tennis targeting performance scores obtained from the ITN test (P<0.01). Bonferroni post-hoc tests revealed that CMR significantly increased TGA, TVD and TTP scores. TTP points were increased in CMR group in a comparison with the PLA (147.06±26.23 vs. 130.25±20.38, P<0.001) and CON (147.06±26.23 vs. 129.19±22.27, P<0.01). TTP test scores were similar between PLA and CON (130.25±20.38 vs. 129.19±22.27, P>0.05).

Conclusions: Based on the total scores obtained from the ITN tests, the CMR intervention was found to improve tennis targeting performance in recreationally active tennis players.

Background: Fireball Extreme Challenge^TM is a coeducational high-intensity intermittent-explosive sport that lacks normative performance data; this study aimed to create multidimensional athlete profiles and establish reference benchmarks to support talent identification and training prescription.

Methods: Twenty-one national-level athletes (13 males and 8 females; mean age 26.2±5.8 years) completed countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum strength assessment, bilateral handgrip testing, and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test under standardized indoor (21 °C, 50% relative humidity) and outdoor (37 °C, 68% relative humidity) field conditions representative of the athletes' typical training environment in coastal southern Mexico, recorded for ecological validity rather than thermal control. We calculated descriptive statistics and percentile distributions (25^th, 50^th, 75^th), performed sex-stratified analyses adjusted for age, and conducted exploratory principal component and cluster analyses to examine interdomain associations and emergent performance groupings.

Results: Across all participants, the observed performance spectrum spanned a broad range of neuromuscular and metabolic capacities, with individual variability captured through percentile reference values (25^th, 50^th, 75^th). The highest jump heights (up to 48 cm) and peak power outputs (≈2100 W) coexisted with moderate endurance and balanced heart rate responses, defining the multidimensional nature of Fireball Extreme Challenge™ performance. Sex-stratified distributions are presented descriptively but were not the primary analytical outcome. Principal component analysis identified two dominant performance domains-neuromuscular power and metabolic strain-explaining 59% of total variance. Hierarchical clustering revealed three mixed profiles that integrated both male and female athletes, illustrating overlapping phenotypes rather than categorical differences.

Conclusions: This study provides the first multidimensional performance profile of Fireball Extreme Challenge™ athletes, establishing normative reference percentiles and identifying key physical domains-neuromuscular power and metabolic capacity-that characterize success in this coeducational, high-intensity team sport. The derived phenotypic clusters highlight overlapping attributes between male and female athletes, reflecting the integrated dynamics of mixed-team performance. These findings offer a foundational framework for evidence-based training design, athlete monitoring, and future validation in larger international cohorts.

Background: Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a sport that requires high percentages of muscle strength and power for successful execution of the exercises in various apparatus. However, studies investigating their relationship with rate of force development (RFD) as well as AG performance are limited. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between muscle strength, muscle power and RFD of lower extremities in isometric and dynamic measurement condition with performance on balance beam. A partial objective was to examine the relationship of lean mass with RFD and AG performance.

Methods: Thirteen competitive level female gymnasts, with an average age of 11.6 years participated in the research and were evaluated in terms of body composition, isometric leg press strength and RFD and countermovement jump (CMJ). In addition, balance beam routines were evaluated by four international judges. Pearson's r coefficient was used to investigate the correlation of the variables under consideration.

Results: There was no statistically significant correlation between force-time characteristics during isometric and dynamic assessment with balance beam performance (P>0.05). However, a strong correlation was found between total lean body mass (TLM) and power (r=0.985), relative power (RP) (r=0.933), max strength (MS) (r=0.727), and RFD 100 ms (r=643) and RFD 150 ms (r=0.896) during the CMJ. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation of bone density (BD) with power (r=0.903), MS (r=0.74), RFD 100 ms (r=0.735) and RFD 150 ms (r=0.883) time intervals in CMJ.

Conclusions: Balance beam performance is influenced by other physical factors and technical execution of exercises rather than lower limb strength characteristics.

Background: The aim of this study was to conduct physical profiling within national talent pathway age-group and senior national male and female England basketball players.

Methods: In total 235 players (male, 124; female, 111) from squads U14, U15, U16, U18, and senior featured. The testing battery featured; anthropometrics, countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m sprint, modified 5-0-5 change of direction test.

Results: There were no differences in CMJ (P=0.659) between female groups (29.9-33.0 cm). CMJ was significantly different across male groups (P<0.001), senior players having a greater jump height (45.3 cm) than U14, U15 and U16 (P<0.05). There were no differences in 10-m sprint time for female (1.95-2.01 s) (P=0.469) and male groups (1.74-1.83 s) (P=0.055). There were significant differences within both female and male groups for 5-0-5L and 5-0-5R (P<0.001) with U14 and U15 females being slower (+0.12 to +0.20 s) and male performance showing a linear improvement with group age, U14 being slower than all other groups (+0.07 to +0.27 s). Significant correlations existed for both sexes between CMJ and 10-m (males; -0.582, females; -0.699) and between CMJ and both 5-0-5L (males: -0.397, females: -0.375) and 5-0-5R (males: -0.454, females: -0.370) (P<0.001).

Conclusions: The study's data and findings can be used to inform practice and guide the long-term strategy regarding physical development of talented young basketball players particularly within the national talent pathway in England.

Background: Although cross-sectional evidence exists regarding the association between sport specialization and health outcomes, sport-specific, prospective research is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sport specialization status and in-season injury and illness risk in elite female adolescent soccer players.

Methods: 80 female youth soccer players (ages 13-18) from a local youth soccer organization underwent preseason evaluation of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and sport specialization and provided self-reporting of daily training load (session-rating of perceived exertion), injury and illness for two four-month competitive soccer seasons. Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to predict individual injury and illness (yes/no) during the study period, using sport specialization, age, and training load as fixed effects and individual athlete as a random effect.

Results: Specialized (N.=46) athletes did not differ from non-specialized (N.=34) athletes with respect to age, preseason physical activity, VO2max or in-season training load (all P>0.05). 28 athletes participated in both years, representing 108 player-years. No differences were seen in the proportion of individuals from each group that reported an in-season injury (specialized = 25% vs. 20%, P=0.55) or illness (46% v 38%, P=0.41). After adjusting for age and training load, individual injuries (OR=0.86 [0.26, 2.8], P=0.81) and illnesses were not significantly predicted by specialization (OR=1.06 [0.45, 2.5], P=0.89).

Conclusions: After adjusting for age and training load, late sport specialization was not associated with in-season injury or illness risk in elite female soccer players.

Background: Reduced hip joint mobility increases lumbar spine stress, leading to disorders. However, the impact of thoracic spine mobility on lumbar spine disorders remains unclear, as do sport-specific differences in thoracic mobility.

Methods: Participants were male athletes aged ≥18 years (26 baseball, 50 rugby, 20 handball, 33 gymnastics). Thoracic spine flexion, extension, and total ROM were measured using a Spinal Mouse, and rotation ROM using an inclinometer. Study 1 examined thoracic ROM differences among sports. Study 2 classified rugby players and gymnasts based on presence or absence of low back pain (LBP) in the past 6 months and compared thoracic ROM.

Results: In Study 1, thoracic flexion ROM was lower in handball than in baseball and rugby. Thoracic extension ROM was greatest in gymnastics. Total thoracic ROM was lowest in handball and highest in gymnastics. Thoracic rotation was greater in baseball than rugby or handball on both sides. In gymnastics, dominant-side rotation was greater than rugby, and non-dominant-side rotation was greater than rugby and handball. In Study 2, rugby players with LBP had reduced thoracic flexion ROM, while gymnasts with LBP had reduced total thoracic ROM.

Conclusions: This study found that thoracic spine ROM differs by sport and is decreased in athletes with LBP, suggesting thoracic ROM is important for treating LBP in athletes.

Background: This study investigates the key variables influencing injury occurrence in elite-level female volleyball players. It aims to evaluate three hypotheses: (1) the quantification of workload using the "System Training Response" score provides a superior explanation and prediction of injury occurrence compared to traditional methods such as sum or mean; (2) both menses and external workload serve as primary variables that explain injury occurrence; and (3) non-linear models yield better explanatory and predictive capabilities for injury occurrence than linear models.

Methods: Nineteen elite female volleyball players were monitored throughout a 190-day competitive season, during which various training-related parameters were collected. These parameters included internal and external workload quantification and menses data. To analyze and predict injury occurrence, machine learning techniques were employed, with a particular emphasis on Random Forest models.

Results: The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance in describing injury occurrence, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87. Key variables identified as significant contributors to injury occurrence included the players' age, menses status, and the percentage of intense jumps executed. Furthermore, the cross-validation procedure conducted on a reserved portion of the dataset yielded positive results, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74, indicating a good generalization performance of the model.

Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that intense training prior to performance may increase the risk of injury, while older players appear to exhibit a lower risk of injury. These insights highlight the importance of tailored training strategies that consider both physiological factors and individual player profiles to mitigate injury risks in elite female volleyball athletes, including the presence or absence of menstruation with associated discomfort, which appears to be a relevant factor.