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Spontaneous Abortions and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus- A Study from Pakistan 自然流产和妊娠期糖尿病——来自巴基斯坦的一项研究
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i2.75
Aasia Kanwal, A. Salam, Aishat Bashir
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes.Objectives: The objective of the study was to explore the relationship of spontaneous abortions with gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women from rural and urban Lahore.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Health Sciences, Lahore in 2019. Among 60 pregnant women sampled, 30 had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 30 were normal pregnant controls. Pregnant women were sampled from different hospitals of rural and urban areas of Lahore. Independent sample t-test was applied for analyzing the data. Chi- square test was used to analyze the categorical variables. Association of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and abortions was checked. Odd ratio and relative risk were calculated.Results: Mean fasting blood sugar levels were significantly higher in GDM group (105 mg/dL) as compared to non-GDM group (80.50 mg/dL) at p<0.001. The proportions of the women with increased number of abortions had significantly higher blood glucose levels (OR 5.091, 95% CI, RR 1.27).Conclusions: Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortions.
背景:妊娠期糖尿病可导致不良妊娠结局。目的:探讨拉合尔城乡孕妇自然流产与妊娠期糖尿病的关系。方法:本横断面研究于2019年在拉合尔健康科学大学进行。在60例孕妇中,30例为妊娠期糖尿病(GDM), 30例为正常妊娠对照。孕妇样本来自拉合尔农村和城市地区的不同医院。采用独立样本t检验对数据进行分析。分类变量分析采用卡方检验。检查空腹血糖(FBG)与流产的关系。计算奇数比和相对风险。结果:GDM组平均空腹血糖水平(105 mg/dL)显著高于非GDM组(80.50 mg/dL), p<0.001。流产次数增加的妇女血糖水平明显升高(OR 5.091, 95% CI, RR 1.27)。结论:妊娠期糖尿病与自然流产风险增加有关。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Apium Graveolens (Celery) Seed Extract on Serum Uric Acid Level of Hyperuricemic Rats and its Comparison with Allopurinol 芹菜籽提取物对高尿酸血症大鼠血清尿酸水平的影响及其与别嘌呤醇的比较
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i2.5
A. Karim, Shabbir Ali bhatti, M. Akhtar, Zartasha Safdar, N. Johnson, Sundus Mona
Background: Plant derived medicines are widely used in traditional culture all over the world.Objectives: To determine the effect of Celery Seed Extract (CSE) on uric acid levels in hyperuricemic rats and to compare the effect of allopurinol and CSE.Methods: It was an animal experimental research study. Group A served as negative control whereas Group B served as positive control. CSE was given orally to three groups of rats (C, D, and E). One hour prior to administration of CSE; potassium oxonate was injected intraperitoneally in all groups except negative control to induce hyperuricemia. Similarly, group F was given allopurinol one hour after injection of potassium oxonate. Blood samples were collected for uric acid estimation.Results: It was found that administration of both CSE (group C, D, E) and allopurinol (group F) significantly lowered serum uric acid levels (p<0.001) as compared to positive control (group B). Serum uric acid lowering effect of both drugs CSE and allopurinol was found to be statistically significant on day 3rd and day 7th and was almost comparable.Conclusions: Celery seed extract significantly reduces serum uric acid levels in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rats and its uric acid lowering effect was comparable with that of allopurinol.
背景:植物源性药物在世界各地的传统文化中被广泛使用。目的:探讨芹菜籽提取物(CSE)对高尿酸血症大鼠尿酸水平的影响,并比较别嘌呤醇与CSE的作用。方法采用动物实验研究方法。A组为阴性对照组,B组为阳性对照组。三组大鼠(C、D、E)口服CSE。给药前1小时;除阴性对照组外,其余各组均腹腔注射氧酸钾诱导高尿酸血症。F组在注射氧酸钾1 h后给予别嘌呤醇。采集血样进行尿酸测定。结果:与阳性对照组(B组)相比,CSE (C、D、E组)和别嘌呤醇(F组)均显著降低血清尿酸水平(p<0.001)。CSE和别嘌呤醇两种药物在第3天和第7天的降尿酸效果具有统计学意义,几乎具有可比性。结论:芹菜籽提取物可显著降低氧酸钾致高尿酸血症大鼠血清尿酸水平,其降尿酸作用与别嘌呤醇相当。
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引用次数: 1
Booster Dose of COVID 19 and Ethical Issues COVID - 19加强剂和伦理问题
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i2.82
Prof Adeela Shahid
COVID 19 is a recent and global pandemic. Preventive medicine is not very popular in Pakistan. With the limited resources, an average Pakistani would spend on a medical treatment rather than on a preventive drug. In Pakistan, booster shots are recently made available only to those who can pay for the cost of the vaccine. A Utilitarian approach has been adopted at various levels since the pandemic emerged by health care organizations and the government. The purpose was to maximize the benefits and minimize the risk of harm. It is the need of the hour to think about health equity and justice in a pluralistic way and refrain from initiating booster shots for elite of a resource-poor country. This pandemic will never end if a maximum number of people are not vaccinated in each country. This is only possible if there is an equitable distribution of vaccines.
COVID - 19是最近发生的全球性流行病。预防医学在巴基斯坦不是很流行。由于资源有限,普通巴基斯坦人宁愿把钱花在医疗上,也不愿花在预防药物上。在巴基斯坦,最近只向那些能够支付疫苗费用的人提供加强注射。自疫情出现以来,医疗机构和政府在各个层面采取了功利主义的做法。其目的是使利益最大化,使危害风险最小化。现在需要以多元化的方式思考卫生公平和正义,避免为资源贫乏国家的精英提供加强注射。如果每个国家没有最大数量的人接种疫苗,这场大流行将永远不会结束。这只有在公平分配疫苗的情况下才有可能实现。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing Age as a Risk Factor for Acute Myocardial Infarction 高龄是急性心肌梗死的危险因素
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i2.80
Aishat Bashir, A. Salam, Aasia Kanwal
Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of death in developed and developing countries. Age is an important non-modifiable risk factor for acute myocardial infarction.Objectives: The objective of the study was to explore the relationship of advancing age with the risk of acute myocardial infarction.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 after getting approval from Institutional Review board of University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Written informed consent and thorough history was taken from the study participants. Group 1 included 45 AMI patients aged 20-60 years. Group 2 included 45 healthy individuals aged 20-60 years. Independent sample t test and chi-square tests were applied for analysis of data.Results: Mean age was significantly higher in AMI patients (50.52±7.31) as compared to healthy controls (30.67±7.20). The risk of AMI increases with advancing age (p<0.001, OR= 2.78).Conclusions: Advancing age is an important risk factor for acute myocardial infarction.
背景:急性心肌梗死(AMI)是发达国家和发展中国家的主要死亡原因之一。年龄是急性心肌梗死不可改变的重要危险因素。目的:探讨年龄增长与急性心肌梗死风险的关系。方法:经拉合尔健康科学大学机构审查委员会批准,于2019年开展横断面研究。从研究参与者处获取书面知情同意书和详细的病史。1组患者45例,年龄20 ~ 60岁。第二组为45例20 ~ 60岁的健康个体。数据分析采用独立样本t检验和卡方检验。结果:AMI患者的平均年龄(50.52±7.31)明显高于健康对照组(30.67±7.20)。AMI的发生风险随着年龄的增长而增加(p<0.001, OR= 2.78)。结论:高龄是急性心肌梗死的重要危险因素。
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引用次数: 0
Mass Media and Health Communication During the Pandemic 大流行期间的大众传媒与卫生传播
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i2.84
Ms. Asfiya Aziz
Importance of specialized health communication has been demonstrated fully during the recent COVID 19 pandemic. New variants of the virus continue to emerge, the larger portion of the country’s population remains unvaccinated, and booster doses are becoming essential. Therefore, the need for sustained interest in health communication through mass media is far from over. Health communication helps public understand the threat and make informed choices about the preventive measures and treatment. Done effectively, it can produce behaviour change, prevent panic and ensure the participation of populations in governments’ public health measures. Healthcare sector possesses the necessary knowledge to impart this information to the media industry which is largely unstructured and learning from experiences. Therefore, the healthcare sector needs to communicate effectively with the mass media representatives in order to influence the population in adopting and continuing healthy behaviour to fight the pandemic.
在最近的COVID - 19大流行期间,充分证明了专门卫生传播的重要性。病毒的新变种继续出现,该国大部分人口仍未接种疫苗,加强剂量变得至关重要。因此,通过大众传播媒介持续关注卫生传播的必要性远未结束。卫生传播有助于公众了解威胁,并对预防措施和治疗作出知情选择。如果有效实施,它可以改变行为,防止恐慌,并确保民众参与政府的公共卫生措施。医疗保健部门拥有必要的知识,可以将这些信息传授给媒体行业,而媒体行业在很大程度上是非结构化的,并且是从经验中学习的。因此,保健部门需要与大众媒体代表进行有效沟通,以影响民众采取和继续保持健康的行为,以防治这一流行病。
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引用次数: 0
Association of Serum Ferritin with Risk of Anemia in Non-Diabetic Adolescents with Family History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 血清铁蛋白与有2型糖尿病家族史的非糖尿病青少年贫血风险的关系
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i2.77
M. Mahmood, Huma Ashraf, A. Qayyum, Farwa Sijjeel, Naim Ahmad Nizami, Shazia Rashid
Background: Controversy occurs in the relationship between serum ferritin levels, insulin resistance and risk of developing anemia in adolescents with family history of diabetes.Aims & Objectives: This study was designed to find out the association between serum ferritin levels with risk of developing anemia in non-diabetic adolescents with family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional was conducted in a local medical institute of Lahore. Study included 50 non-diabetic, non-obese male / female adolescent with family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 50 healthy male/female non-obese adolescents without family history of T2DM considered as controls. Level of serum ferritin and serum insulin was estimated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Blood glucose was estimated by auto-analyzer. Insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA-IR index and beta cell function was assessed by HOMA- beta index.Results: Levels of fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance were found to be increased with decreased level of serum ferritin and decrease beta cell function in both male as well as female cases as compared to controls. Negative correlation was found between serum ferritin and insulin resistance while a positive correlation was found between serum ferritin and beta cell function.Conclusions: Low level of serum ferritin is associated with reduced beta cell function and increased insulin resistance. This may increase the risk of developing iron deficiency anemia that can affect both immune system as well as increase susceptibility to infections.
背景:有糖尿病家族史的青少年血清铁蛋白水平、胰岛素抵抗与贫血风险之间的关系存在争议。目的:本研究旨在发现2型糖尿病(T2DM)家族史的非糖尿病青少年血清铁蛋白水平与发生贫血风险之间的关系。材料与方法:在拉合尔当地一家医学机构进行描述性横断面研究。研究纳入50名有2型糖尿病家族史的非糖尿病、非肥胖男性/女性青少年和50名无2型糖尿病家族史的健康男性/女性非肥胖青少年作为对照。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清铁蛋白和血清胰岛素水平。自动血糖仪测定血糖。HOMA- ir指数计算胰岛素抵抗,HOMA- β指数评估β细胞功能。结果:与对照组相比,男性和女性患者的空腹血糖水平、胰岛素抵抗水平均随着血清铁蛋白水平的降低和β细胞功能的降低而升高。血清铁蛋白与胰岛素抵抗呈负相关,与β细胞功能呈正相关。结论:血清铁蛋白水平低与β细胞功能降低和胰岛素抵抗增加有关。这可能会增加患缺铁性贫血的风险,从而影响免疫系统以及增加对感染的易感性。
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引用次数: 0
Awareness about Workplace Harassment among Female Nursing Students and Nursing Staff of a Teaching Hospital in Lahore 拉合尔一家教学医院女护理学生和护理人员对工作场所骚扰的认识
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i2.6
T. Kazmi, Jamal Abdul Nasir, Umaila Qayyum, Tehreem Tahir
Background: Harassment of working women is a common social and human rights problem and healthcare settings are no exception. This unacceptable situation has many avoidable determinants that need preventive measures to ensure, safe and secure working environment for nurses.Objectives: To assess the knowledge and understanding among female nursing students and nursing staff about workplace harassment in a tertiary healthcare facility.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at Tertiary care hospital Lahore from July to September 2018. Convenient sampling technique was used to collect data. Verbal informed consent of voluntary participants was taken. Anonymity and confidentiality was assured. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. The participants (n=80) comprised of senior female nurses students (62.5%) and senior nursing staff (37.5%), aged 18 to 46 years.Results: Awareness about common harassment forms was adequate (81.3%). Adverse effects included mental health problems (83.8%) and low self-esteem (72.5%). A large percentage of nurses (62.5%) intended to report such personal incident to institutional head and 72.5% were willing to accompany victims for such reporting. 77.5% desired arranging informative sessions and holding counseling for victims (78.8%) at workplace. Only 22.5% had vague idea about official protective legal frameworks.Conclusions: Workplace harassment of female workers is quite prevalent but under-reported phenomena in Pakistan. All organizations and institutions must have a harassment policy to protect the females. 
背景:对职业妇女的骚扰是一个普遍的社会和人权问题,保健机构也不例外。这种不可接受的情况有许多可避免的决定因素,需要采取预防措施,确保护士的安全可靠的工作环境。目的:了解女护生和护理人员对三级医疗机构工作场所性骚扰的认识和理解情况。方法:采用横断面研究方法,于2018年7月至9月在拉合尔三级医院进行。采用方便抽样技术进行数据采集。对自愿参与者进行口头知情同意。匿名和保密得到了保证。使用SPSS version 21进行数据分析。参与者(n=80)由高级女护士(62.5%)和高级护理人员(37.5%)组成,年龄18 ~ 46岁。结果:81.3%的受访者对常见的骚扰形式有充分的了解。不良反应包括心理健康问题(83.8%)和自卑(72.5%)。很大比例的护士(62.5%)打算向机构负责人报告此类个人事件,72.5%的护士愿意陪同受害者进行此类报告。77.5%的人希望在工作场所为受害者安排信息会议和提供咨询(78.8%)。只有22.5%的人对官方保护法律框架有模糊的概念。结论:在巴基斯坦,工作场所对女工的骚扰相当普遍,但报道不足。所有组织和机构都必须制定骚扰政策来保护女性。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Exposure of Chemical Fumes on Blood Pressure and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in Industrial Workers of Faisalabad 化学烟雾暴露对费萨拉巴德工业工人血压和呼气峰值流速的影响
Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i1.9
S. Jawed, Benash Altaf, Qaisar Sohail, N. Naeem, F. Ali
Objectives: 1. To determine the impact of duration of exposure to industrial chemical fumes on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and blood pressure of the industrial workers. 2. To find out the association between changes in blood pressure and PEFR due to exposure to industrial chemical fumes in these subjects.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad. The study participants were 151 males working in the chemical industries. The study was approved by institutional ethical committee and informed consent was taken from the participants. Free camp was arranged for three days in September 2020 in the industrial area of Faisalabad. Thorough history of exposure to chemicals was taken using structured proforma. PEFR values were recorded using Wrights handheld peak flow meter. Blood pressure was taken by auscultatory method using mercury sphygmomanometer. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly raised with increase in duration of exposure.  PEFR levels were significantly declined with increase in duration of exposure to chemicals. Significant negative association was noted between diastolic blood pressure and PEFR (p value = 0.003). Negative correlation was observed between PEFR and systolic Blood pressure, however it was not statistically significant (p value = 0.92).Conclusions: PEFR decreased while Systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased significantly with increase in the duration of exposure to chemicals. There was a significant negative correlation between PEFR and diastolic blood pressure while there was no association between PEFR and systolic blood pressure.
目的:1。确定工业化学烟雾暴露时间对工业工人呼气峰值流速(PEFR)和血压的影响。2. 为了找出这些受试者因暴露于工业化学烟雾而导致的血压变化与PEFR之间的关系。方法:本横断面研究在费萨拉巴德阿齐兹法蒂玛医学和牙科学院进行。这项研究的参与者是151名在化工行业工作的男性。本研究得到了机构伦理委员会的批准,并获得了参与者的知情同意。2020年9月,在费萨拉巴德工业区安排了为期三天的免费营地。使用结构化形式记录了接触化学品的详细历史。使用赖特手持式峰值流量计记录PEFR值。用水银血压计听诊法测血压。数据分析使用SPSS version 22。结果:随着暴露时间的延长,收缩压和舒张压显著升高。PEFR水平随着接触化学品时间的增加而显著下降。舒张压与PEFR呈显著负相关(p值= 0.003)。PEFR与收缩压呈负相关,但无统计学意义(p值= 0.92)。结论:PEFR降低,收缩压和舒张压随暴露时间的延长而显著升高。PEFR与舒张压呈显著负相关,而PEFR与收缩压无相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Epiphyseal Fusion of Iliac Crests in Male and Female Adolescents: An Age Estimation Criterion 男女青少年髂嵴骨骺融合:一种年龄估计标准
Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i1.8
M. Maqsood, Muhammad Zahid Bashir Muhammad Zahid Bashir, Muhammad Kashif Butt Muhammad Kashif Butt, Faizan Maqsood Faizan Maqsood
Background: Determination of age depends upon physical examination, dental assessment, and skeletal evaluation. The radiological examination of bone for appearance and fusion of ossification centers helps in the assessment of skeletal maturity as the process occurs in a particular sequence which is almost constant for that particular bone.Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the age of fusion of iliac crest by radiological examination of subjects of age bracket 17-25 years coming to Shalamar Hospital LahoreMethods: In this cross-sectional study, radiological examinations (Digital X-Rays) were performed to evaluate the fusion of Iliac Crest in 200 subjects of both genders of 17 – 25 years. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 23. Conclusions were drawn and compared with available results of previous work done in this field.Results: Out of 200 subjects, there were 132 males (66 %) and 68 females (34%). The mean ± SD age of both genders was 20.41± 2.55. There were 93 cases (70.45%) of complete fusion among males, showing 100 % union in the age groups of 21-25 years, while 40 cases (58.83%) of complete union among females were observed during 20-25 year of age groups. The mean ± SD age of complete union for males was 20.67± 2.61 years and for females 19.90 ± 2.38 years, with a significant p value of <0.05. Similarly, a statistically significant difference was observed among people of different socio-economic statuses. No difference was observed among different ethnic groups.Conclusions: The fusion of the iliac crest is not affected by ethnicity. Factors like diet and nutrition directly affect bone growth and hence bone age. More studies should be conducted across the country to formulate a standard in setting up a uniform criterion for assessing the age of adolescents
背景:年龄的确定取决于体格检查、牙科评估和骨骼评估。骨骼的外观和骨化中心融合的放射检查有助于骨骼成熟度的评估,因为该过程以特定的顺序发生,对于特定的骨骼几乎是恒定的。目的:本研究的目的是通过对拉合尔Shalamar医院17-25岁患者的影像学检查来确定髂嵴融合的年龄。方法:在本横断面研究中,对200名17-25岁的男女患者进行影像学检查(数字x线)来评估髂嵴融合。数据分析使用SPSS Version 23。得出结论,并与该领域已有的工作结果进行了比较。结果:200例受试者中,男性132例(66%),女性68例(34%)。男女平均±SD年龄为20.41±2.55岁。男性完全融合93例(70.45%),21 ~ 25岁年龄组愈合100%,女性20 ~ 25岁年龄组愈合40例(58.83%)。男性完全愈合的平均±SD年龄为20.67±2.61岁,女性为19.90±2.38岁,p值均<0.05。同样,在不同社会经济地位的人群中也观察到统计学上的显著差异。不同族群间无差异。结论:髂嵴融合不受种族的影响。饮食和营养等因素直接影响骨骼生长,从而影响骨骼年龄。应该在全国范围内进行更多的研究,制定一个标准,建立一个统一的标准来评估青少年的年龄
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引用次数: 0
Should teens be allowed to consent for vaccines? 应该允许青少年同意接种疫苗吗?
Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.53685/jshmdc.v2i1.21
J. Lantos
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Shalamar Medical & Dental College - JSHMDC
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