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Biogeographic analysis based on phylogenomic data supports multiple ancient dispersals that facilitated the eastern Asia–North America–Mexico disjunction in the subfamily Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae) 基于系统发生组数据的生物地理分析表明,亚洲东部-北美洲-墨西哥之间的分界是由古代的多次扩散促成的。
IF 3.7 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13036
Hong-Xin Wang, Diego F. Morales‐Briones, Jacob B. Landis, Jun Wen, Hua‐Feng Wang
The small subfamily Linnaeoideae of Caprifoliaceae exhibits a disjunct distribution in Eurasia and North America, including Mexico, with most taxa occurring in eastern Asia or Mexico and the monospecific Linnaea Gronov. ex L. having a circumboreal to north temperate distribution. We sampled 17 of the 20 species representing all Linnaeoideae genera and used nuclear (target enrichment) and complete plastome sequence data to reconstruct the phylogeny. Our results show strong topological conflicts between nuclear and plastid data, especially concerning Dipelta Maxim. and Diabelia Landrein, supporting hybridization events complicating the deep diversification. Nuclear data were used for divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction. The divergence time between the Mexican Vesalea M. Martens & Galeotti and the Linnaea clade was dated to 39.5 Ma, with a 95% highest posterior density of 28.2 Ma (mid‐Oligocene) to 45.2 Ma (mid‐Eocene). Reconstructed ancestral areas support a widespread common ancestor of Linnaea plus Vesalea in Mexico and at least another area (eastern Asia, North America, or Europe). The biogeographic analysis, including fossils, supports the ancestral range of Linnaeoideae to be widespread in central and western China + Europe + Mexico, or eastern and northern Asia + central and western China + Mexico, or central and western China + North America + Mexico. The North Atlantic and/or the Bering land bridges may be important in the widespread distribution across continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Our study highlights the importance of utilizing fossils in biogeographic inferences andusing data from different genomes while reconstructing deep and shallow phylogenies of organisms.
毛果芸香科 Linnaeoideae 小亚科在欧亚大陆和北美洲(包括墨西哥)分布不均,大多数类群分布在亚洲东部或墨西哥,而单种的 Linnaea Gronov.我们从 20 个物种中抽取了 17 个物种,代表了所有 Linnaeoideae 属,并利用核序列(目标富集)和完整质体序列数据重建了系统发生。我们的结果表明,核数据与质粒数据之间存在强烈的拓扑冲突,尤其是在 Dipelta Maxim.核数据被用来估计分化时间和重建祖先区域。墨西哥 Vesalea M. Martens & Galeotti 与 Linnaea 支系的分化时间为 39.5 Ma,95% 的最高后验密度为 28.2 Ma(更新世中期)至 45.2 Ma(始新世中期)。重建的祖先区域支持在墨西哥和至少另一个地区(亚洲东部、北美洲或欧洲)广泛分布的菱形亚纲和灶神草亚纲的共同祖先。包括化石在内的生物地理分析表明,麒麟菜科(Linnaeoideae)的祖先广泛分布于中国中西部 + 欧洲 + 墨西哥,或亚洲东部和北部 + 中国中西部 + 墨西哥,或中国中西部 + 北美洲 + 墨西哥。北大西洋和/或白令陆桥可能是北半球各大洲广泛分布的重要原因。我们的研究强调了在生物地理推断中利用化石的重要性,以及在重建生物深层和浅层系统发生时利用不同基因组数据的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Approaching inselberg biodiversity conservation through plant growth and dispersal strategies 通过植物生长和扩散策略保护海岛生物多样性
IF 3.7 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13041
Luiz Bondi, Camila M. Patreze, Ricardo P. Louro, Laura Jane M. Santiago
Climate change is promoting global declines in plant diversity, which are expected to be more critical in islands or island-like ecosystems due to environmental constraints and isolation. The species' vulnerability to climate change (VUL) depends on their ability to cope with changes or mitigate them. Therefore, we investigate the influence of growth and dispersal strategies of species from the Sugarloaf Rock Complex, Brazil, an island-like ecosystem, on their niche breadth (NB), long-dispersal (LD) capacity, and geographical range (GR). Besides, we evaluate the potential use of these strategies as indicators of species' VUL. We found that rock specialists exhibit narrower NB, lower LD capacity, and a more restricted GR when compared to other species. We also found that 63% of rock specialists are found in conservation red-lists and they are more vulnerable to climate change than woody plants. Conversely, self-dispersed plants are expected to be less vulnerable to climate change when compared to species with other dispersal mechanisms. Species vulnerable to climate change are 14 times more likely to be included in conservation red lists, and it might indicate that the species' VUL might also describe the species' vulnerability to other anthropogenic threats. Still, we suggest conservation attention on some species that are expected to be vulnerable to climate change but were not yet included in conservation red lists. We advocate for more efforts to ensure the conservation aspects of different functional groups in which inselbergs might not only offer isolation but also a refuge opportunity.
气候变化正在导致全球植物多样性的减少,由于环境限制和与世隔绝,预计在岛屿或类似岛屿的生态系统中植物多样性的减少将更为严重。物种对气候变化的脆弱性(VUL)取决于它们应对变化或减缓变化的能力。因此,我们研究了巴西糖岩复合生态系统中物种的生长和扩散策略对其生态位广度(NB)、长期扩散能力(LD)和地理范围(GR)的影响。此外,我们还评估了这些策略作为物种 VUL 指标的潜在用途。我们发现,与其他物种相比,岩石专家表现出更窄的 NB、更低的 LD 能力和更有限的 GR。我们还发现,63%的岩石特化植物被列入保护红皮书,它们比木本植物更容易受到气候变化的影响。相反,与具有其他扩散机制的物种相比,自我扩散的植物受气候变化的影响较小。易受气候变化影响的物种被列入保护红色名录的几率是易受气候变化影响物种的 14 倍,这可能表明物种的 VUL 也描述了该物种易受其他人为威胁影响的程度。尽管如此,我们仍建议关注一些预计易受气候变化影响但尚未被列入保护红色名录的物种。我们主张做出更多努力,以确保不同功能群的保护,在这些功能群中,海岛不仅可以提供隔离,还可以提供避难的机会。
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引用次数: 0
RAD-seq data provide new insights into biogeography, diversity anomaly, and species delimitation in eastern Asian–North American disjunct clade Benthamidia of Cornus (Cornaceae) RAD-seq数据为山茱萸(山茱萸科)东亚-北美互不相连的支系Benthamidia的生物地理学、多样性异常和物种划分提供了新见解
1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13037
Zhi-Yuan Du, Jin Cheng, Qiu-Yun (Jenny) Xiang

The big-bracted dogwood clade Benthamidia of Cornus is a typical example of the well-known eastern Asia (EA) and North America (NA) floristic disjunction, with greater species diversity in EA than in NA. The lineage provides an opportunity to explore factors contributing to the plant diversity unevenness between EA and NA and test hypotheses on the origin of disjunct distribution from a phylogenetic perspective. We generated RAD-seq data, conducted phylogenomic and biogeographic analyses for the clade with sampling of all species (9) and subspecies (10) currently recognized in floras. We also assessed species delineation and calculated phylogenetic diversity to evaluate the diversity unevenness between EA and NA. Finally, we examined variation of diversification rates and ecological niches on the phylogeny to explore potential causes underlying the observed diversity pattern. Our results revealed phylogenetic relationships congruent with previous studies and suggested a trans-Beringian ancestral distribution of the clade Benthamidia in the mid-Oligocene, dispersal from Mexico to eastern United States in the mid-Miocene, and early diversification of the EA clade in SW China. Our results also confirmed greater phylogenetic diversity and diversification rate of the EA clade. Species delimitation analysis suggested 17 species in the clade Benthamidia, including all recognized subspecies. By integrating the results of molecular data with morphology, we proposed to retain the subspecies without changing their ranks. Our data suggested increased diversification rate in EA as an intrinsic factor explaining the greater species diversity in the region driven mainly by biogeographic isolation and partially by niche divergence.

山茱萸大苞片山茱萸支系(Benthamidia)是众所周知的亚洲东部(EA)和北美洲(NA)植物区系不一致的典型例子,EA的物种多样性高于NA。该品系为我们提供了一个机会,以探索造成东亚和北美植物多样性不均衡的因素,并从系统发育的角度检验关于植物不一致分布起源的假说。我们生成了 RAD-seq 数据,对该支系进行了系统发生组学和生物地理学分析,并对目前在植物学中公认的所有物种(9 个)和亚种(10 个)进行了取样。我们还评估了物种划分并计算了系统发育多样性,以评估 EA 和 NA 之间的多样性不均衡性。最后,我们研究了系统发育上的多样化率和生态位的变化,以探索观察到的多样性模式的潜在原因。我们的研究结果表明,EA支系的系统发生关系与之前的研究结果一致,并表明Benthamidia支系的祖先分布在更新世中期的跨白垩纪,在中新世中期从墨西哥扩散到美国东部,并在中国西南部早期分化。我们的研究结果还证实了EA支系具有更高的系统发育多样性和分化率。物种划分分析表明,Benthamidia 支系中有 17 个物种,包括所有公认的亚种。通过将分子数据结果与形态学结果相结合,我们建议保留这些亚种而不改变其等级。我们的数据表明,东亚地区物种多样性增加的内在因素主要是生物地理隔离,部分是生态位分化。
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引用次数: 0
Culturable endophytic Sordariomycetes from Rosa roxburghii: New species and lifestyles Rosa roxburghii 中可培养的内生索氏菌:新物种和生活方式
IF 3.7 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13035
Hong Zhang, Yu-Tao Mao, Ming-Xia Ma, Guang-Can Tao, Tian-Peng Wei, Yu-Lan Jiang
Rosa-associated fungi are rich in species and diverse in function, with many potential new taxa. However, only a few publications have reported Rosa-associated endophytic fungi using a combination of molecular systematics and morphology. Rosa roxburghii is an economically important source of medicine and food. We reported earlier the diversity and antimicrobial activities of the fungal endophytes of this plant, but further confirmation is needed for possible new taxa. In this study, we describe 10 novel species and two new host records isolated from healthy tissues of R. roxburghii while identifying three new combinations, all belonging to the Sordariomycetes. The new species described herein include Chaetomium rosifloricola, Chaetomium rosiradicicola, Chrysofolia fructicola, Coniella cili, Hypoxylon florendophyticum, Hypoxylon rosicaulendophyticum, Ilyonectria radicigena, Neopestalotiopsis caulicola, Neopestalotiopsis fructicola, and Seimatosporium endophyticum. Monochaetia bulbophylli, Neopestalotiopsis anacardii, and Neopestalotiopsis termitarii were introduced as new combinations, while Coniella quercicola and Hypoxylon pulicicidum were described as new host records on R. roxburghii. All the taxa have been described, illustrated, and phylogenetically analyzed, in addition to the lifestyles of each genus. Altogether, the results of this study have important implications for identifying novel endophytic fungi and developing potential applications of these fungi in the future.
蔷薇相关真菌种类丰富,功能多样,有许多潜在的新类群。然而,只有少数出版物利用分子系统学和形态学相结合的方法报道了蔷薇相关内生真菌。Rosa roxburghii 是一种重要的经济药材和食品来源。我们曾报道过该植物真菌内生菌的多样性和抗菌活性,但对于可能出现的新分类群还需要进一步确认。在本研究中,我们描述了从 R. roxburghii 健康组织中分离出的 10 个新种和 2 个新的宿主记录,同时确定了 3 个新的组合,它们都属于脊索真菌纲。本文描述的新物种包括:Chaetomium rosifloricola、Chaetomium rosiradicicola、Chrysofolia fructicola、Coniella cili、Hypoxylon florendophyticum、Hypoxylon rosicaulendophyticum、Ilyonectria radicigena、Neopestalotiopsis caulicola、Neopestalotiopsis fructicola 和 Seimatosporium endophyticum。Monochaetia bulbophylli、Neopestalotiopsis anacardii 和 Neopestalotiopsis termitarii 作为新组合被引入,而 Coniella quercicola 和 Hypoxylon pulicicidum 被描述为 R. roxburghii 的新寄主记录。除了每个属的生活方式外,还对所有分类群进行了描述、图解和系统发育分析。总之,这项研究的结果对于鉴定新型内生真菌和开发这些真菌在未来的潜在应用具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Speciation and conservation genetic assessment of two endangered cycad species 两个濒危苏铁物种的变种和保护基因评估
IF 3.7 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13031
Xiu-Yan Feng, Yi-Qing Gong, Khang Sinh Nguyen, Hiep Tien Nguyen, Yong-Bo Liu, Jian Liu, Xun Gong
Understanding the driving forces of speciation is a central question in evolutionary biology. Cycas bifida (Dyer) K. D. Hill and Cycas micholitzii Dyer are two morphologically similar Cycas (Cycadaceae) species with deeply pectinate megasporophylls and dichotomously divided leaflets. Geographically, they are isolated by the Red River Fault Zone (RRFZ), which acts as a biogeographical barrier for many Cycas species. In this study, we investigated the divergence, genetic diversity, genetic structure, and demographic history of C. bifida and C. micholitzii to uncover the speciation mechanisms for the two endangered species. Results revealed high historical gene flow but low contemporary gene flow between the two species, with a deep divergence occurring in the Late Miocene. The long-term geographical isolation and ecological niche differentiation were identified as important factors in driving the divergence of the two species, supported by significant isolation by distance testing, barrier analysis, and niche consistency detection. Geographical isolation by the RRFZ played a pivotal role in facilitating their divergence by constraining gene flow. Conservation genetic analyses indicated high genetic diversity within both species, coupled with disparate responses to Pleistocene climate fluctuations: C. micholitzii experienced population expansion, while C. bifida displayed a mild bottleneck effect. To ensure the protection and long-term sustainability of two threatened species, relevant conservation guidelines were proposed based on the assessment of their genetic diversity and structure. This study furnishes valuable insights into the mechanisms underpinning species divergence and delivers actionable recommendations for cycad conservation.
了解物种分化的驱动力是进化生物学的一个核心问题。Cycas bifida (Dyer) K. D. Hill 和 Cycas micholitzii Dyer 是两种形态上相似的苏铁(苏铁科)物种,具有深栉状巨孢子叶和二歧分裂的小叶。在地理上,它们被红河断裂带(RRFZ)隔离,而红河断裂带是许多苏铁物种的生物地理屏障。在这项研究中,我们调查了C. bifida和C. micholitzii的分化、遗传多样性、遗传结构和人口历史,以揭示这两个濒危物种的物种分化机制。结果显示,这两个物种之间的历史基因流较高,但当代基因流较低,在晚中新世出现了深度分化。通过距离测试、障碍分析和生态位一致性检测发现,长期地理隔离和生态位分化是导致两个物种分化的重要因素。RRFZ的地理隔离限制了基因流动,在促进其分化方面发挥了关键作用。保护性遗传分析表明,这两个物种的遗传多样性都很高,同时对更新世气候波动的反应也不尽相同:micholitzii 经历了种群扩张,而 C. bifida 则表现出轻微的瓶颈效应。为确保这两个濒危物种的保护和长期可持续发展,我们在评估其遗传多样性和结构的基础上提出了相关的保护指南。这项研究为物种分化的机制提供了宝贵的见解,并为苏铁植物的保护提供了可行的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Continuous genetic adaptation to high elevations of alpine bamboos in the Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China 中国西南横断山脉高山竹子对高海拔的持续遗传适应性
IF 3.7 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13038
Li-Ying Luo, Gui-Hua Jin, Peng-Fei Ma, De-Zhu Li
Many examples of phenotypic modifications resulting from high-elevation adaptation have been documented, however, the underlying processes responsible for these modifications and whether the continuity of the adaptation process remain elusive, particularly in plants. The alpine plants distributed along wide elevational gradients provide an ideal system to address this question. Here, we collected transcriptomes from multiple tissues of three species with different elevations (~1500, ~2500, and ~3600 m in the Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China) in two genera Fargesia and Yushania of alpine bamboos, respectively, and conducted evolutionary and expressional analyses. Results showed that high-elevation adaptation emerged earlier in the evolutionary history of both genera and evolved continuously as the elevation increased. Moreover, convergence of genetic changes was observed in the two genera, with amounts of candidate genes responsible for high-elevation adaptation identified under positive selection. Overall, our study provides an empirical example and valuable genetic resource for further investigation of high-elevation adaptation in plants and sheds new light on how plants adapting to high-elevation environments in a biodiversity hotspot.
高海拔适应导致表型改变的例子有很多,但导致这些改变的基本过程以及适应过程是否具有连续性仍然难以捉摸,尤其是在植物中。分布在广阔海拔梯度上的高山植物为解决这一问题提供了一个理想的系统。在此,我们分别从高山竹类的法桐属和玉竹属中不同海拔(中国西南横断山脉海拔约 1500 米、约 2500 米和约 3600 米)的三个物种的多个组织中收集了转录组,并进行了进化和表达分析。结果表明,高海拔适应在两个属的进化史中出现较早,并随着海拔的升高而不断演化。此外,在这两个属中观察到了基因变化的趋同性,在正选择下发现了大量负责高海拔适应的候选基因。总之,我们的研究为进一步研究植物的高海拔适应性提供了一个经验范例和宝贵的遗传资源,并为生物多样性热点地区的植物如何适应高海拔环境提供了新的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Fossil endocarps of Menispermaceae from the late Paleocene of Paris Basin, France 法国巴黎盆地晚古新世Menispermaceae的内腕类化石
IF 3.7 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13033
Eliise Kara, Jérémie Bardin, Dario De Franceschi, Cédric Del Rio
Menispermaceae are an angiosperm family of mostly climbing plants distributed throughout tropical regions. The fruits in this family have a strong sclerified endocarp and can be used for reliable species-level identifications, even in a fossilized form. New Paleocene-age menispermaceous endocarps have recently been discovered in South America and Asia, while in Europe, they are mostly found in the Eocene. This paper focuses on the study of fossil endocarps belonging to Menispermaceae, found in the Petit-Pâtis locality, which is one of the few Paleocene localities in Europe. The locality is dated to the late Paleocene (57–56 Ma) and the fossils represent flora and fauna in the Paris Basin before the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. Lignitized fossils were photographed and their morphology was analyzed using computed tomography, scanning electron microscope, and geometric morphometric analysis. The analysis of 36 fossils belonging to Menispermaceae revealed that three genera (Stephania, Palaeosinomenium, Tinospora) were present in the late Paleocene of Paris Basin. Differences in internal morphology and a more inflated endocarp base led to a description of a new fossil species—Palaeosinomenium oisensis sp. nov. The occurrence of these genera in the Paleocene of France is consistent with the suggestion that megathermal flora was present in the Paris Basin before the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. These three genera are currently the oldest occurrences in Europe, highlighting the connection between paleofloras of the Americas, Europe, and Asia in the Paleocene.
menispermenaceae是一个被子植物科,以攀缘植物为主,分布于热带地区。这个科的果实具有坚硬的内果皮,可以用于可靠的种水平鉴定,即使是化石形式。最近在南美洲和亚洲发现了新的古新世半生内腕类动物,而在欧洲,它们大多是在始新世发现的。本文主要研究了在petit - patiss地区发现的Menispermaceae内腕类化石,该地区是欧洲为数不多的古新世地区之一。该化石定位于古新世晚期(57 ~ 56 Ma),代表了古新世—始新世热极大期开始前巴黎盆地的动植物群。对木质素化化石进行了拍摄,并利用计算机断层扫描、扫描电镜和几何形态计量学分析对其形态进行了分析。对巴黎盆地晚古新世的36块月牙虫科化石进行了分析,发现在巴黎盆地存在3个属(Stephania, Palaeosinomenium, Tinospora)。内部形态的差异和更膨胀的内皮基部导致了一种新的化石物种的描述- paleosinomenium oisensis sp. 11 .这些属在法国古新世的出现与古新世-始新世热极大期之前巴黎盆地存在大热植物群的建议一致。这三个属是目前在欧洲出现的最古老的植物,突出了古新世美洲、欧洲和亚洲的古植物区系之间的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Chloroplast genomes and ribosomal DNA provide insights into divergence and morphological evolution of alpine Tongoloa 叶绿体基因组和核糖体DNA提供了高山通通虫分化和形态进化的见解
IF 3.7 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13028
Ling-Jian Gui, Deng-Feng Xie, Chang Peng, Ting Ren, Li-Ying Yu, Song-Dong Zhou, Xing-Jin He
Tongoloa is a herbaceous genus of East Asia Clade (Apiaceae) distributed in the alpine regions. The use of DNA fragments has not provided a well-resolved evolutionary history. For this research, we primarily collected samples from the type localities of Tongoloa and closely related taxa in the Hengduan Mountains. The chloroplast (cp) genomes and nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA repeats of 27 taxa were assembled using genome skimming sequencing reads. We analyzed the characteristics of the Tongoloa cp genome, and found a remarkable expansion of the Inverted Repeats. Three genes (ndhC, ndhJ, and petG) related to photosynthesis appear to have undergone significant selective pressure. Through high-resolution phylogenetic analysis, the cpDNA provided compelling evidence supporting the inclusion of Sinolimprichtia as an early taxon within Tongoloa. However, the nrDNA suggested that Tongoloa and Sinolimprichtia belong to distinct branches. Morphological analysis showed that Tongoloa has broadly oval fruits with a cordate base, whereas the fruits of Sinolimprichtia are long-obovate with an obtuse base. The specific fruit morphology of Sinolimprichtia was found to be nested within Tongoloa in the cpDNA phylogenetic tree. Ancient introgression and chloroplast capture provide the most plausible explanation for the significant conflict between the nrDNA and cpDNA phylogenies. Our study highlights the potential impact of the complex evolutionary history of Tongoloa on the challenges encountered in previous taxonomic treatments.
汤加是东亚支(蜂科)的一个草本属,分布在高山地区。DNA片段的使用并没有提供一个很好解决的进化史。在本次研究中,我们主要采集了横断山区内通罗亚及其近缘分类群的类型分布区样本。采用基因组扫描测序方法,对27个分类群的叶绿体基因组和核糖体DNA重复序列进行了组装。我们分析了Tongoloa cp基因组的特征,发现倒置重复序列显著扩增。与光合作用有关的三个基因(ndhC、ndhJ和petG)似乎经历了显著的选择压力。通过高分辨率的系统发育分析,cpDNA提供了令人信服的证据,支持Sinolimprichtia作为Tongoloa的早期分类单元。然而,nrDNA表明Tongoloa和Sinolimprichtia属于不同的分支。形态分析表明,铜绿属的果实宽卵圆形,基部心形,而青花属的果实长倒卵形,基部钝。在cpDNA系统发育树中,发现Sinolimprichtia特有的果实形态嵌套在Tongoloa中。古代基因渗入和叶绿体捕获为nrDNA和cpDNA系统发育之间的重大冲突提供了最合理的解释。我们的研究强调了Tongoloa复杂的进化史对以前分类处理中遇到的挑战的潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
Plant species richness hotspots and related drivers across spatial scales in small Mediterranean islands 地中海小岛屿植物物种丰富度热点及其驱动因素
IF 3.7 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13034
Riccardo Testolin, Fabio Attorre, Vanessa Bruzzaniti, Riccardo Guarino, Borja Jiménez-Alfaro, Michele Lussu, Stefano Martellos, Michele Di Musciano, Salvatore Pasta, Francesco Maria Sabatini, Francesco Santi, Piero Zannini, Alessandro Chiarucci
Small islands represent a common feature in the Mediterranean and host a significant fraction of its biodiversity. However, the distribution of plant species richness across spatial scales—from local communities (alpha) to whole islands (gamma)—is largely unknown, and so is the influence of environmental, geographical, and topographical factors. By building upon classic biogeographic theory, we used the species–area relationship and about 4500 vegetation plots in 54 Central Mediterranean small islands to identify hotspots of plant species richness and the underlying spatial determinants across scales. To do so, we fitted and averaged eight species–area models on gamma and alpha richness against island area and plot size, respectively. Based on positive deviations from the fitted curves, we identified 12 islands as cross-scale hotspots. These islands encompassed around 70% of species and habitat richness, as well as almost 50% of the rarest species in the data set, while occupying less than 40% of the total island surface. By fitting generalized linear mixed models, we found that gamma richness was mainly explained by island area and was weakly related to mean annual temperature (positively) and annual precipitation (negatively). As for alpha richness, after accounting for the idiosyncratic effect of habitats and islands, plot size and gamma richness remained the only significant predictors, showing a positive relationship. This work contributes to the understanding of the patterns and drivers of plant diversity in Central Mediterranean small islands and outlines a useful methodology for the prioritization of conservation efforts.
小岛屿是地中海的一个共同特征,拥有其生物多样性的很大一部分。然而,植物物种丰富度在空间尺度上的分布——从当地群落(alpha)到整个岛屿(gamma)——在很大程度上是未知的,环境、地理和地形因素的影响也是未知的。在经典生物地理学理论的基础上,利用地中海中部54个小岛屿的物种-面积关系和约4500个植被样地,确定了不同尺度上植物物种丰富度的热点和潜在的空间决定因素。为此,我们分别针对岛屿面积和样地大小拟合了8个物种-面积模型,并对其进行了平均。基于与拟合曲线的正偏差,我们确定了12个岛屿为跨尺度热点。这些岛屿涵盖了数据集中约70%的物种和栖息地丰富度,以及近50%的最稀有物种,而占岛屿总面积的比例不到40%。通过广义线性混合模型拟合发现,伽马丰富度主要由岛屿面积解释,与年平均气温(正相关)和年降水量(负相关)呈弱相关。对于α丰富度,在考虑了生境和岛屿的特异效应后,样地大小和γ丰富度仍然是唯一显著的预测因子,呈正相关。这项工作有助于了解地中海中部小岛屿植物多样性的模式和驱动因素,并概述了确定保护工作优先次序的有用方法。
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引用次数: 0
The Shenzhen Congress and plant conservation: What have we accomplished in the 6 years since? 深圳大会与植物保护:6年来我们取得了哪些成就?
1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1111/jse.13030
Peter H. Raven, Zhiyun Ouyang, Paul Smith, Mathis Wackernagel

At the XIX International Botanical Congress held in Shenzhen, China, in July 2017, the delegates unanimously adopted the Shenzhen Declaration on Plant Sciences in an effort to accelerate the contributions made by plant scientists for the benefit of the world′s changing society. This paper discusses what has been accomplished concerning plant conservation since the Shenzhen Declaration. Beyond the problems we faced in 2017, the global Covid pandemic and the war have presented new challenges. With the massive ecological overshoot, the number of malnourished people globally has increased. Most threats to vascular plants have increased generally over these 6 years, while the responses of the botanical community to them have continued to proceed at a relatively slow pace. Although international cooperation is needed to combat the grave challenges we face, the ease of such collaboration has decreased substantially in recent years. Certainly, rapid deforestation, especially in the tropics, and our ineffective approaches to mitigate climate change will lessen the effectiveness of our strategies to slow extinction. Indeed, our blindness to the reality of ecological overshoot and misperceptions concerning sustainability are accelerating extinction and thus destabilizing social structures and civilization. As an example, conservation in China faces serious challenges with biodiversity loss, but botanical gardens and seed banks there offer hope on ex situ conservation. The botanical and other scientific communities can contribute by drawing the attention of fellow citizens to the gravity of the problems that we face and by being actively engaged in providing solutions and carrying them forward to action.

2017年7月,在中国深圳举行的第19届国际植物学大会上,代表们一致通过了《深圳植物科学宣言》,旨在加快植物科学家为世界不断变化的社会做出贡献。本文论述了《深圳宣言》以来在植物保护方面所取得的成就。除了2017年面临的问题外,全球疫情和战争也带来了新的挑战。随着大规模的生态超载,全球营养不良人口的数量有所增加。近6年来,维管植物面临的威胁总体上呈上升趋势,而植物界对这些威胁的反应却相对缓慢。虽然需要国际合作来对付我们面临的严重挑战,但近年来这种合作的便利程度已大大下降。当然,快速的森林砍伐,特别是在热带地区,以及我们减缓气候变化的无效方法,将降低我们减缓灭绝策略的有效性。事实上,我们对生态超载现实的盲目和对可持续性的误解正在加速灭绝,从而破坏社会结构和文明的稳定。例如,中国的保护面临着生物多样性丧失的严峻挑战,但那里的植物园和种子库为迁地保护提供了希望。植物学和其他科学界可以作出贡献,提请同胞注意我们所面临问题的严重性,并积极参与提供解决办法并将其付诸行动。
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Journal of Systematics and Evolution
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