Synthetic oils are mainly used in lubricant compositions meeting strict or special technical requirements. Most synthetic oils presently manufactured belong to three types of oils, i.e. polyalphaolefins (PAO), esters and alkyl benzene derivatives. Elsewhere, the authors have described results obtained in synthesising polyolejin oils starting from olefin mixtures produced by mild thermal degradation of waste polyethylene.1,2 In the present paper, the dependence of the flow properties of polyolefin oils on the average molecular mass of the starting olefin mixture is discussed, and some preliminary results are given on synthesising alkenyl succinic esters and alkyl benzene derivatives starting from the same raw materials obtained from waste polyethylene.
{"title":"Properties of synthetic oils derived from waste polyolefins","authors":"G. Déak, L. Bartha","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080306","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic oils are mainly used in lubricant compositions meeting strict or special technical requirements. Most synthetic oils presently manufactured belong to three types of oils, i.e. polyalphaolefins (PAO), esters and alkyl benzene derivatives. Elsewhere, the authors have described results obtained in synthesising polyolejin oils starting from olefin mixtures produced by mild thermal degradation of waste polyethylene.1,2 In the present paper, the dependence of the flow properties of polyolefin oils on the average molecular mass of the starting olefin mixture is discussed, and some preliminary results are given on synthesising alkenyl succinic esters and alkyl benzene derivatives starting from the same raw materials obtained from waste polyethylene.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"4 1","pages":"221-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72942953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A lubricating fluid's flow characteristics are affected by fluid deformation resulting from the action of mechanical forces: flow resistance, dissipation of mechanical energy, transfer and dampening of mechanical disturbances. These in turn affect the lubricating ability of the fluid through energy absorption, power transfer and other properties. Synthetic fluids can display various thixotropic characteristics and non-Newtonian effects. In this paper, experimental work on these phenomena are reported.
{"title":"Rheology of synthetic lubricating oils","authors":"B. Wiślicki","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080205","url":null,"abstract":"A lubricating fluid's flow characteristics are affected by fluid deformation resulting from the action of mechanical forces: flow resistance, dissipation of mechanical energy, transfer and dampening of mechanical disturbances. These in turn affect the lubricating ability of the fluid through energy absorption, power transfer and other properties. Synthetic fluids can display various thixotropic characteristics and non-Newtonian effects. In this paper, experimental work on these phenomena are reported.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"20 1","pages":"135-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73934594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The production of polyalphaolefins (PAOs), an important class of synthetic functional fluids, can be better controlled to form materials with given sets of desired properties than can the production of analogous petroleum based fluids. Until now, commercial PAOs have been based almost exclusively on 1-decene as the starting material. Furthermore, they have been sold on the basis of the viscosity at 100 °C. Work at the authors' company has shown the need to focus attention on other physical properties for various alternative applications. Important properties may or may not include low temperature viscosity, pour point, volatility, high temperature stability, flash and fire point, and oxidative stability. The current work shows how the physical properties of the PAO product can be controlled by the judicious choice of starting olefin, reaction catalyst and co-catalyst, reaction temperature, reaction time, and other pertinent reaction parameters. Comparisons are made between PAOs and hydrocracked mineral oils.
{"title":"Tailor‐making polyalphaolefins","authors":"R. Shubkin, M. Kerkemeyer","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080204","url":null,"abstract":"The production of polyalphaolefins (PAOs), an important class of synthetic functional fluids, can be better controlled to form materials with given sets of desired properties than can the production of analogous petroleum based fluids. Until now, commercial PAOs have been based almost exclusively on 1-decene as the starting material. Furthermore, they have been sold on the basis of the viscosity at 100 °C. Work at the authors' company has shown the need to focus attention on other physical properties for various alternative applications. Important properties may or may not include low temperature viscosity, pour point, volatility, high temperature stability, flash and fire point, and oxidative stability. The current work shows how the physical properties of the PAO product can be controlled by the judicious choice of starting olefin, reaction catalyst and co-catalyst, reaction temperature, reaction time, and other pertinent reaction parameters. Comparisons are made between PAOs and hydrocracked mineral oils.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"18 1","pages":"115-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75715669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various workers have developed different viscosity -temperature relationships for fluids for many years. These relationships are suitable for a narrow temperature range, but they are unsuitable over the wide temperature ranges of synthetic lubricants. This paper describes a modified ASTM 0341 viscosity-temperature relationship developed by a least-squares treatment of large amount of available experimental viscosity data for synthetic lubricants. The modified relationship reads: . The relationship can adequately describe viscosity-temperature characteristics of synthetic lubricants over a wide temperature range. The relationship was examined for various synthetic lubricants. It was found capable of correlating the available experimental viscosity data with an average absolute error of less than 2% between calculated values and experimentally determined values over the temperature ranges studied for 14 synthetic lubricants.
{"title":"A study of the viscosity-temperature relationship of synthetic lubricants","authors":"Zhang Yang-wu","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080203","url":null,"abstract":"Various workers have developed different viscosity -temperature relationships for fluids for many years. These relationships are suitable for a narrow temperature range, but they are unsuitable over the wide temperature ranges of synthetic lubricants. This paper describes a modified ASTM 0341 viscosity-temperature relationship developed by a least-squares treatment of large amount of available experimental viscosity data for synthetic lubricants. The modified relationship reads: \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The relationship can adequately describe viscosity-temperature characteristics of synthetic lubricants over a wide temperature range. The relationship was examined for various synthetic lubricants. It was found capable of correlating the available experimental viscosity data with an average absolute error of less than 2% between calculated values and experimentally determined values over the temperature ranges studied for 14 synthetic lubricants.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"30 1","pages":"103-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85055541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To investigate and evaluate the micro-pool mechanism in a mixed lubrication regime using polybutene lubricants, experiments were performed using 1 mm brass sheet, for various surface rough nesses of a work piece and die, lubricant viscosities and extrusion speeds. Systematic study showed that (1) the lower viscosity lubricant is easily squeezed out from the micro-pools into the flat are a through the troughs between the tool and work piece caused by plastic deformation of work piece, and (2) with decrease in lubricant viscosity and speed, or the larger the tool surface roughness becomes, the more lubricant infiltrates into the tool-work piece interface, which reduces the actual friction coefficient.
{"title":"The lubrication mechanism in low speed plastic deformation with a synthetic lubricant — infiltration of lubricant into the boundary contact region","authors":"S. Kataoka, J. Kihara, T. Aizawa","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080102","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate and evaluate the micro-pool mechanism in a mixed lubrication regime using polybutene lubricants, experiments were performed using 1 mm brass sheet, for various surface rough nesses of a work piece and die, lubricant viscosities and extrusion speeds. Systematic study showed that (1) the lower viscosity lubricant is easily squeezed out from the micro-pools into the flat are a through the troughs between the tool and work piece caused by plastic deformation of work piece, and (2) with decrease in lubricant viscosity and speed, or the larger the tool surface roughness becomes, the more lubricant infiltrates into the tool-work piece interface, which reduces the actual friction coefficient.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"77 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75633810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports the development of an air-cooled two-stroke engine lubricant using esters as synthetic base stocks, and performance additives. The viscosimetric and terminological properties as well as the performance in two-cycle gasoline engines are described in comparison with standard lubricants. It is shown that the use of suitable esters can make possible the formulation of high performance lubricants for the severity of use.
{"title":"Synthetic lubricants for air cooled two cycle engine oils: Effect of esters on lubrication and tribological properties","authors":"D. Moura, J. Légeron","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080103","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the development of an air-cooled two-stroke engine lubricant using esters as synthetic base stocks, and performance additives. The viscosimetric and terminological properties as well as the performance in two-cycle gasoline engines are described in comparison with standard lubricants. It is shown that the use of suitable esters can make possible the formulation of high performance lubricants for the severity of use.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"52 1","pages":"15-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78864275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Rollins, M. Taylor, J. H. Scrives, A. Robertson, H. Major
Field desorption - mass spectrometry (FD-MS) was evaluated as a tool for characterisation of the complex mixtures of compounds typical of synthetic lubricants. The lubricants were initially screened using field ionisation, then tested samples were subjected to field desorption. Results are presented for various formulations for an ester, an ester-synthetic oil mixture, polyisobutylenes, PAO additives, and a fully formulated oil.
{"title":"The characterisation of synthetic lubricant formulations by field desorption mass spectrometry","authors":"K. Rollins, M. Taylor, J. H. Scrives, A. Robertson, H. Major","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080104","url":null,"abstract":"Field desorption - mass spectrometry (FD-MS) was evaluated as a tool for characterisation of the complex mixtures of compounds typical of synthetic lubricants. The lubricants were initially screened using field ionisation, then tested samples were subjected to field desorption. Results are presented for various formulations for an ester, an ester-synthetic oil mixture, polyisobutylenes, PAO additives, and a fully formulated oil.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"17 1","pages":"29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72596385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper illustrates the thickening effects of diureas and tetraureas formed from monoamines, diamines and diisocyanates on the mineral oils of different viscosity, and on the esters and polysiloxanes of different structures. It also reviews the properties and applications of such greases based on polyureas.
{"title":"A study of greases based on polyureas","authors":"Xie Liangsen, L. Hui","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080105","url":null,"abstract":"This paper illustrates the thickening effects of diureas and tetraureas formed from monoamines, diamines and diisocyanates on the mineral oils of different viscosity, and on the esters and polysiloxanes of different structures. It also reviews the properties and applications of such greases based on polyureas.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"45 1","pages":"39-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77845388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The embedded-pin technique is used to monitor the variation of the interfacial forces during cold rolling of aluminium slabs. The results confirm earlier conclusions, indicating that the frictional coefficient is a strong function of the process and material parameters. Coefficient of friction values deduced from forward slip measurements are close to the present data, confirming that in spite of several drawbacks of the experimental technique, it can yield very useful results. Lubricants are shown to reduce the loads on the rolling mills in a significant manner.
{"title":"Synthetic lubricants in cold strip rolling","authors":"J. Lenard","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000070303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000070303","url":null,"abstract":"The embedded-pin technique is used to monitor the variation of the interfacial forces during cold rolling of aluminium slabs. The results confirm earlier conclusions, indicating that the frictional coefficient is a strong function of the process and material parameters. Coefficient of friction values deduced from forward slip measurements are close to the present data, confirming that in spite of several drawbacks of the experimental technique, it can yield very useful results. Lubricants are shown to reduce the loads on the rolling mills in a significant manner.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"6 1","pages":"193-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85387067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the results of investigations into the physical properties, in terms of volatility, pour point and viscosity, of a composition base oil, whose components included mineral-and ester-based oils, and a polymeric thickener. The presence of the ester had limited effect, and this was improved by addition of the thickener.
{"title":"Viscosity properties of base lubricating oils containing mineral oil, synthetic ester oil and polymeric additives","authors":"A. Luksa","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000070302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000070302","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of investigations into the physical properties, in terms of volatility, pour point and viscosity, of a composition base oil, whose components included mineral-and ester-based oils, and a polymeric thickener. The presence of the ester had limited effect, and this was improved by addition of the thickener.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"4 1","pages":"187-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87140582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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