Polyol ester lubricants are used in a wide range of temperature conditions, normally from ‐ 54 up to +220 °C, and their application can be limited by high tem perature oxidation leading to viscosity increase, sludge and/or formation of d eposits. This paper is concerned with the chemical processes which take place during the oxid ation of esters, particularly polyol esters, and discusses the selectivity of oxygen attac k on ester molecules, and the formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides as well as other pr oducts formed as a result of ester oxidation. Proposed mechanisms of polyol ester lubricant oxidation are discussed, and unresolved problems which require additional research efforts are revealed.
{"title":"A Mechanism of Thermo-oxidative Degradation of Polyol Ester Lubricants","authors":"V. Bakunin, O. Parenago","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000090204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000090204","url":null,"abstract":"Polyol ester lubricants are used in a wide range of temperature conditions, normally from ‐ 54 up to +220 °C, and their application can be limited by high tem perature oxidation leading to viscosity increase, sludge and/or formation of d eposits. This paper is concerned with the chemical processes which take place during the oxid ation of esters, particularly polyol esters, and discusses the selectivity of oxygen attac k on ester molecules, and the formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides as well as other pr oducts formed as a result of ester oxidation. Proposed mechanisms of polyol ester lubricant oxidation are discussed, and unresolved problems which require additional research efforts are revealed.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"35 1","pages":"127-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78569442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rationale is presented for the development of 315 °C bulk oil high-temperature hydraulic fluids for future US Air Force systems. Four chemical classes of candidate fluids worthy of consideration are described along with their relative merits and limitations. The four fluids are: mineral oil based MIL-H- 27601A, a synthetic hydrogenated polyalphaolefin, a synthetic silahydrocarbon (tetra alkyl silane), and a linear perjluoropolyalkylether. Questions for consideration in selecting a candidate high-temperature hydraulic fluid are presented and discussed in relation to the intended specific application.
{"title":"High-temperature hydraulic fluids","authors":"L. Gschwender, C. Snyder","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000090203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000090203","url":null,"abstract":"The rationale is presented for the development of 315 °C bulk oil high-temperature hydraulic fluids for future US Air Force systems. Four chemical classes of candidate fluids worthy of consideration are described along with their relative merits and limitations. The four fluids are: mineral oil based MIL-H- 27601A, a synthetic hydrogenated polyalphaolefin, a synthetic silahydrocarbon (tetra alkyl silane), and a linear perjluoropolyalkylether. Questions for consideration in selecting a candidate high-temperature hydraulic fluid are presented and discussed in relation to the intended specific application.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"64 1","pages":"115-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73725662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EHL traction and related rheological parameters under high temperature conditions","authors":"M. Muraki","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000090104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000090104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"470 1","pages":"29-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82419064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An interesting characteristic of abrasion is the dependence of the wear rate on the particle size of the abrasive grits used to lubricate the abrasive papers. Three types of polymers, PTFE, PA, PI, several of their composites, and three metals were selected for studying the effect of particle size on wear rate. The pins were abraded against Sic abrasive papers of various mesh sizes under constant loading in multi-pass conditions. For some of the polymers and their composites (PA and PEI) the size effect on wear rate was similar to that for the metals. Beyond a critical particle size, no increase in wear was found with increasing particle size. On the other hand, PTFE, PI, and their composites showed the opposite effect. SEM and EDAX were used to investigate the related mechanisms.
{"title":"Wear characteristics of some internally lubricated and reinforced engineering polymer composites","authors":"U. Tewari, J. Bijwe, C. M. Logai","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000090105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000090105","url":null,"abstract":"An interesting characteristic of abrasion is the dependence of the wear rate on the particle size of the abrasive grits used to lubricate the abrasive papers. Three types of polymers, PTFE, PA, PI, several of their composites, and three metals were selected for studying the effect of particle size on wear rate. The pins were abraded against Sic abrasive papers of various mesh sizes under constant loading in multi-pass conditions. For some of the polymers and their composites (PA and PEI) the size effect on wear rate was similar to that for the metals. Beyond a critical particle size, no increase in wear was found with increasing particle size. On the other hand, PTFE, PI, and their composites showed the opposite effect. SEM and EDAX were used to investigate the related mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"26 1","pages":"45-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78154358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the long-term running performance in vacuo of ball bearings lubricated by a synthetic oil and grease. The first experiment was carried out using ball bearings of a shielded deep-groove type (no. 6204) filled with a grease containing perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPAE) as a base oil and TFE as a thickener. Tests were done at room temperature in a vacuum of 10−4∼10−5 Pa mainly at a rotational speed of 2,000 r/min under an axial load of 50N. The bearings were successfully run for a period of 24,400 h, which corresponds to 3 × 109 revolutions. About 10% in weight of the grease was lost during the test. An inspection of the running accuracy of the bearings tested showed negligible change. The degradation of the grease inspected by FTIR was found to be negligible. A change in the molecular weight distribution of the grease was not observed during the test. The second experiment was conducted with angular-contact-type ball bearings (no. 7204), with retainers impregnated with PFPAE oils. Exploratory work was done using full-component-type ball bearings (no. 7204), lubricated by a heat-cured PFPAE oils, both in vacuo and in an air environment. The bearings were run for 280 h (5.0 × 106 revolutions) in air at a speed of 300 r/min under an axial load of 50 N, but failed to operate afer 25 h (4.5 × 105 revolutions) in a vacuum.
通过三个试验，对合成油脂润滑的球轴承在真空中的长期运行性能进行了评价。第一个实验是使用屏蔽深沟型(no. 1)的球轴承进行的。6204)填充了含全氟聚烷基醚(PFPAE)作为基础油和TFE作为增稠剂的润滑脂。试验在10−4 ~ 10−5 Pa的室温真空条件下进行，主要转速为2000 r/min，轴向载荷为50N。轴承成功运行了24,400小时，相当于3 × 109转。在测试过程中，约有10%的油脂重量损失。对所测轴承运行精度的检查显示变化可以忽略不计。FTIR检测发现润滑脂的降解可以忽略不计。在测试过程中没有观察到油脂分子量分布的变化。第二次实验采用角接触型滚珠轴承(no。7204)，保持器浸渍PFPAE油。勘探工作使用了全组件式球轴承(no。7204)，在真空和空气环境中，由热固化PFPAE油润滑。轴承在空气中以300 r/min的速度在50 N的轴向载荷下运行280 h (5.0 × 106转)，但在真空中运行25 h (4.5 × 105转)后失效。
{"title":"Lubrication characteristics of oils and greases applied to ball bearings for use in vacuo","authors":"K. Seki, M. Nishimura","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000090103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000090103","url":null,"abstract":"Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the long-term running performance in vacuo of ball bearings lubricated by a synthetic oil and grease. The first experiment was carried out using ball bearings of a shielded deep-groove type (no. 6204) filled with a grease containing perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPAE) as a base oil and TFE as a thickener. Tests were done at room temperature in a vacuum of 10−4∼10−5 Pa mainly at a rotational speed of 2,000 r/min under an axial load of 50N. The bearings were successfully run for a period of 24,400 h, which corresponds to 3 × 109 revolutions. About 10% in weight of the grease was lost during the test. An inspection of the running accuracy of the bearings tested showed negligible change. The degradation of the grease inspected by FTIR was found to be negligible. A change in the molecular weight distribution of the grease was not observed during the test. The second experiment was conducted with angular-contact-type ball bearings (no. 7204), with retainers impregnated with PFPAE oils. Exploratory work was done using full-component-type ball bearings (no. 7204), lubricated by a heat-cured PFPAE oils, both in vacuo and in an air environment. The bearings were run for 280 h (5.0 × 106 revolutions) in air at a speed of 300 r/min under an axial load of 50 N, but failed to operate afer 25 h (4.5 × 105 revolutions) in a vacuum.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"11 1","pages":"17-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78261900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most interesting problems in traction drives is the analysis of their power transmission efficiency. Using an experimental two-disk machine and two planetary traction drives, together with fourteen test oils, it is shown that the power transmission efficiency can increase up to 97% in the case of an experimental planetary traction drive. The synthetic traction oils bring about a lower efficiency than mineral oils when the output torque is small. This is ascribed to their higher traction coefficients which cause larger friction in the rolling bearings which support the rolling elements.
{"title":"Effects of kinds of oil on power transmission: Efficiency of planetary traction drives","authors":"A. Ishibashi, K. Sonoda","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000090102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000090102","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most interesting problems in traction drives is the analysis of their power transmission efficiency. Using an experimental two-disk machine and two planetary traction drives, together with fourteen test oils, it is shown that the power transmission efficiency can increase up to 97% in the case of an experimental planetary traction drive. The synthetic traction oils bring about a lower efficiency than mineral oils when the output torque is small. This is ascribed to their higher traction coefficients which cause larger friction in the rolling bearings which support the rolling elements.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"140 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80987049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of lubricants in conditions of radiation, as in nuclear power installation, poses certain problems for the stability of the lubricant. These include (1) changes in viscosity, (2) evolution of gases, (3) in air, accelerated oxidation, (4) secondary effects such as separation of additives and demulsibility deterioration. In this paper are reported the results of experiments on changes in kinematic viscosity and acid base number of mineral base oils and a synthetic oil.
{"title":"Comparison of synthetic aromatic oil and crude oil resistances against the influence of nuclear radiation","authors":"Peter Kostolányi, L. Szücs, J. Ruman","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080305","url":null,"abstract":"The use of lubricants in conditions of radiation, as in nuclear power installation, poses certain problems for the stability of the lubricant. These include (1) changes in viscosity, (2) evolution of gases, (3) in air, accelerated oxidation, (4) secondary effects such as separation of additives and demulsibility deterioration. In this paper are reported the results of experiments on changes in kinematic viscosity and acid base number of mineral base oils and a synthetic oil.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"51 1","pages":"213-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91213170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Yotov, C. Antonov, V. Alexandrov, M. Hinkova, S. Ivanov
The properties of synthetic oils based on high-boiling alkylbenzenes - good low temperature behaviour, thermo-oxidative, anticorrosive and hydrolylic stability, make them suitable candidates as lubricating oils for refrigerator machinery. This paper reports the results of investigations by column adrorption chromatography and GC-MS into the nature and properties of three high boiling alkylbenzene fractions, and their behaviour when compounded into candidate refrigerator oils.
{"title":"A study of high‐boiling alkylbenzene fractions as synthetic lubricants for refrigerators","authors":"S. Yotov, C. Antonov, V. Alexandrov, M. Hinkova, S. Ivanov","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080304","url":null,"abstract":"The properties of synthetic oils based on high-boiling alkylbenzenes - good low temperature behaviour, thermo-oxidative, anticorrosive and hydrolylic stability, make them suitable candidates as lubricating oils for refrigerator machinery. This paper reports the results of investigations by column adrorption chromatography and GC-MS into the nature and properties of three high boiling alkylbenzene fractions, and their behaviour when compounded into candidate refrigerator oils.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"17 1","pages":"207-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81873570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An investigation has been undertaken into the fundamental molecular design features that may be seen to correlate with high traction coefficients of lubricants operating under elastohydrodynamic conditions. With the assistance of computer-aided molecular mechanics modelling, a novel family of fluids has been designed which display excellent tractional performance. Prospects for the further development of these modelling techniques and also the practical usage of the designed fluids are discussed.
{"title":"A novel family of traction fluids deriving from molecular design","authors":"M. P. Dare-Edwards","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080303","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation has been undertaken into the fundamental molecular design features that may be seen to correlate with high traction coefficients of lubricants operating under elastohydrodynamic conditions. With the assistance of computer-aided molecular mechanics modelling, a novel family of fluids has been designed which display excellent tractional performance. Prospects for the further development of these modelling techniques and also the practical usage of the designed fluids are discussed.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"14 1","pages":"197-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88765550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the results of studies on the wear performance of various composites of polyamide (nylon 6,6) reinforced with short carbon fibres and lubricated with a solid lubricant, PTFE, under adverse sliding conditions (abrasive wear). The effects of increasing amounts of fillers, fibre orientation, and experimental parameters such as load, and abrading particle size were investigated. The studies revealed that fillers that are very much suitable for adhesive wear applications are detrimental for the abrasive wear mode. Moreover, wear performance showed deterioration with increasing amount of filler concentration. The combination of heterogeneous fillers proved to be detrimental for wear performance. Efforts were made to correlate these investigations with appropriate mechanical properties. It was found that wear performance was greatly influenced by selected experimental parameters. Worn surfaces were examined with SEM to have better insight of the wear mechanism.
{"title":"Influence of reinforcement and lubrication on abrasive wear performance of polyamide","authors":"J. Bijwe, J. Mathur, U. Tewari","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000080302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000080302","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of studies on the wear performance of various composites of polyamide (nylon 6,6) reinforced with short carbon fibres and lubricated with a solid lubricant, PTFE, under adverse sliding conditions (abrasive wear). The effects of increasing amounts of fillers, fibre orientation, and experimental parameters such as load, and abrading particle size were investigated. The studies revealed that fillers that are very much suitable for adhesive wear applications are detrimental for the abrasive wear mode. Moreover, wear performance showed deterioration with increasing amount of filler concentration. The combination of heterogeneous fillers proved to be detrimental for wear performance. Efforts were made to correlate these investigations with appropriate mechanical properties. It was found that wear performance was greatly influenced by selected experimental parameters. Worn surfaces were examined with SEM to have better insight of the wear mechanism.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"27 1","pages":"177-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81027857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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