Experience with existing oils used in helicopters for transmissions, engines, hydraulics and brakes has shown that three main characteristics could drastically improve the performance of the aircraft. These characteristics are: (1) the same type of oil should be usable for all the above mentioned systems; (2) the oil brands, produced to a common specification, but by different manufacturers, should be mixable without restrictions; (3) some features of the oil, which are specially important for helicopter operations, should be improved. Tests on mixed oils are reported, and recommendations made for future specifications.
{"title":"Helicopter manufacturers' requirements for lubricating oils","authors":"J. Hartmann, W. Jonda","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040104","url":null,"abstract":"Experience with existing oils used in helicopters for transmissions, engines, hydraulics and brakes has shown that three main characteristics could drastically improve the performance of the aircraft. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000These characteristics are: (1) the same type of oil should be usable for all the above mentioned systems; (2) the oil brands, produced to a common specification, but by different manufacturers, should be mixable without restrictions; (3) some features of the oil, which are specially important for helicopter operations, should be improved. Tests on mixed oils are reported, and recommendations made for future specifications.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"14 1","pages":"41-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80206372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efficiency tests were conducted using eleven different lubricants in the NASA Lewis Research Center's 500 hp torque regenerative helicopter transmission test stand. The test transmission was the OH58A helicopter main transmission. The mechanical power input to the test transmission was 224 kW (300 hp) at 6060 r/min. Tests were run at oil-in temperatures of 335°K (180°F) and 372°K (210°F). The efficiency was calculated from a heat balance on the water running through an oil-to-water heat exchanger while the transmission was heavily insulated. The test lubricants were analysed for their physical and chemical properties. Data on pressure-viscosity characteristics as well as friction data from LFW-1 type testing were examined for possible correlation with the efficiency data. The following results were obtained. (1) Among the eleven different lubricants, the efficiency ranged from 98.3 to 98.8%, which is a 50% variation relative to the losses associated with the maximum efficiency measured. (2) for a given lubricant, the efficiency increased as temperature increased and thus as viscosity decreased. There were two exceptions which could not be explained on the basis of available data. (3) There was a reasonable correlation of efficiency with absolute viscosity (corrected for temperature and pressure in the contact). (4) Between lubricants, efficiency did not correlate well with absolute viscosity at atmospheric pressure. (5) Between lubricants, efficiency did not correlate well with calculated lubricant film forming capacity. (6) Bench type (LFW-1) sliding friction and wear measurements could not be correlated to transmission efficiency and component wear. (7) The lubricants had no significant effect on the vibration signature of the transmission.
{"title":"Effect of lubricant on helicopter transmission efficiency","authors":"J. J. Coy","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040105","url":null,"abstract":"Efficiency tests were conducted using eleven different lubricants in the NASA Lewis Research Center's 500 hp torque regenerative helicopter transmission test stand. The test transmission was the OH58A helicopter main transmission. The mechanical power input to the test transmission was 224 kW (300 hp) at 6060 r/min. Tests were run at oil-in temperatures of 335°K (180°F) and 372°K (210°F). The efficiency was calculated from a heat balance on the water running through an oil-to-water heat exchanger while the transmission was heavily insulated. The test lubricants were analysed for their physical and chemical properties. Data on pressure-viscosity characteristics as well as friction data from LFW-1 type testing were examined for possible correlation with the efficiency data. \u0000 \u0000The following results were obtained. (1) Among the eleven different lubricants, the efficiency ranged from 98.3 to 98.8%, which is a 50% variation relative to the losses associated with the maximum efficiency measured. (2) for a given lubricant, the efficiency increased as temperature increased and thus as viscosity decreased. There were two exceptions which could not be explained on the basis of available data. (3) There was a reasonable correlation of efficiency with absolute viscosity (corrected for temperature and pressure in the contact). (4) Between lubricants, efficiency did not correlate well with absolute viscosity at atmospheric pressure. (5) Between lubricants, efficiency did not correlate well with calculated lubricant film forming capacity. (6) Bench type (LFW-1) sliding friction and wear measurements could not be correlated to transmission efficiency and component wear. (7) The lubricants had no significant effect on the vibration signature of the transmission.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"38 1","pages":"53-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77259516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A review of the composition and properties of current water-containing hydraulic fluids leads to the conclusion that current technology could be improved towards a high water containing fluid with good antiwear, low toxicity and high fire resistance characteristics. A modified pump test was used based on ASTM D2882, using a Vickers V105C apparatus. Wear rate data is presented for various candidate fluids including a full synthetic, showing differences between HFA, HFB, HFC and HWBF and looking at variations in break-in wear and subsequent wear behaviour. Data is also presented for candidate fluids tested in industrial-type hydraulic pumps, and illustrates the role of viscometric properties including shear stability.
{"title":"Laboratory parameters for high water based hydraulic fluid testing","authors":"D. G. Hughes, J. Forsberg","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000030404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000030404","url":null,"abstract":"A review of the composition and properties of current water-containing hydraulic fluids leads to the conclusion that current technology could be improved towards a high water containing fluid with good antiwear, low toxicity and high fire resistance characteristics. A modified pump test was used based on ASTM D2882, using a Vickers V105C apparatus. Wear rate data is presented for various candidate fluids including a full synthetic, showing differences between HFA, HFB, HFC and HWBF and looking at variations in break-in wear and subsequent wear behaviour. Data is also presented for candidate fluids tested in industrial-type hydraulic pumps, and illustrates the role of viscometric properties including shear stability.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"20 1","pages":"293-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75376257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract : Characteristics of aero-engine oils are changed considerably under high-temperature conditions ( > 200-250 deg C). Consequences of this are the formation of aging products and deposits, deficiencies in the tribological behaviour and spontaneous ignition, in extreme cases. The problems arising from these are illustrated using several selected examples, and their effects on engine functioning are described.
{"title":"Aircraft Engine Oils and Their Behaviour at High Temperatures","authors":"K. Maier","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000030302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000030302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : Characteristics of aero-engine oils are changed considerably under high-temperature conditions ( > 200-250 deg C). Consequences of this are the formation of aging products and deposits, deficiencies in the tribological behaviour and spontaneous ignition, in extreme cases. The problems arising from these are illustrated using several selected examples, and their effects on engine functioning are described.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"54 1","pages":"163-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84656892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For many years helicopter transmissions have shown low reliability relative to planned overhaul lives and to other comparable lubricated systems. Reasons for this include the extremely wide range of conditions encountered by the lubricant in helicopter transmissions and also the requirement that, in many cases, the oil be common to both transmission and gas turbine engines. Recently acquired understanding of lubrication mechanisms shows that potential exists both for improved performance and for the ability to cater for higher temperatures by the development of new helicopter transmission oils based on synthetic lubricants. This paper discusses the particular lubricating problems associated with helicopter transmission lubrication and describes test methods and formulation approaches to improving such lubricants.
{"title":"Future helicopter transmission oils","authors":"H. Spikes","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000030303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000030303","url":null,"abstract":"For many years helicopter transmissions have shown low reliability relative to planned overhaul lives and to other comparable lubricated systems. Reasons for this include the extremely wide range of conditions encountered by the lubricant in helicopter transmissions and also the requirement that, in many cases, the oil be common to both transmission and gas turbine engines. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Recently acquired understanding of lubrication mechanisms shows that potential exists both for improved performance and for the ability to cater for higher temperatures by the development of new helicopter transmission oils based on synthetic lubricants. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This paper discusses the particular lubricating problems associated with helicopter transmission lubrication and describes test methods and formulation approaches to improving such lubricants.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"62 1","pages":"181-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77801089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"National centre of tribology. Polymer materials for bearing surfaces selection and performance guide (NCT 1985, 28 pp +prelims)","authors":"B. Briscoe","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000030206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000030206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"10 1","pages":"137-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80806493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the need to develop indigenous synthetic base greases, the authors' organisation produced candidate greases based on polyesters of adipic acid, thickened with modified bentonites. The formulation and performance of these greases are presented, demonstrating their lubricity and stability characteristics, and conclusions are drawn as to their suitability, according to these characteristics, for various applications, including those in a petroleum-origin fuel environment.
{"title":"The characteristics and applications of synthetic lubricating greases","authors":"M. Schateva, M. Ficko, S. Kostić","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000030202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000030202","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the need to develop indigenous synthetic base greases, the authors' organisation produced candidate greases based on polyesters of adipic acid, thickened with modified bentonites. The formulation and performance of these greases are presented, demonstrating their lubricity and stability characteristics, and conclusions are drawn as to their suitability, according to these characteristics, for various applications, including those in a petroleum-origin fuel environment.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"8 1","pages":"83-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79296962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the structure and derivation of ‘classical’ silicone fluids, giving the reactions for the production of dimethyl fluids by Miiller-Rochow synthesis, polymerisation, direct synthesis, hydrosilylation, and transesterification. The properties of siloxanes are described, and the applications of silicone fluids and compounds are discussed in relation to their properties, particularly insolubility in water, viscosity-temperature characteristics, and dielectric properties.
{"title":"Silicone fluids: Synthesis, properties and applications","authors":"P. Huber, W. Kaiser","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000030204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000030204","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the structure and derivation of ‘classical’ silicone fluids, giving the reactions for the production of dimethyl fluids by Miiller-Rochow synthesis, polymerisation, direct synthesis, hydrosilylation, and transesterification. The properties of siloxanes are described, and the applications of silicone fluids and compounds are discussed in relation to their properties, particularly insolubility in water, viscosity-temperature characteristics, and dielectric properties.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"12 1","pages":"105-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89848085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract : Aircraft engines always contain gears that have to be lubricated under conditions of high speeds and extremely high temperatures. In this field of application scoring damage can be likely to occur. In Europe and partly also in the USA the scoring load capacity of gear oils is expressed in terms of PZG Scoring Load Stage. The FZG Gear Test Rig is described. The normal test procedure A/8.3/90 as standardized in DIN 51 354 using A-type gears at a pitch line velocity of v = 8.3 m/s and a starting oil temperature of 90 C is presented. A modified procedure at double speed and increased oil temperature A/ 16.6/140 is discussed. The scoring load capacity of aircraft transmission lubricants is worldwide expressed in Ryder Gear Test results. Because of high costs and problems with the availability of test gears a modified PZG Ryder Test was developed. The method is presented and comparative results of typical aircraft engine oils in the FZG, the FZG-Ryder and the original Ryder Gear Test are shown. From this experience it becomes obvious that alternative test methods for the evaluation of scoring load capacity of aircraft transmisssion lubricants can be available in the near future.
{"title":"Scoring Tests of Aircraft Transmission Lubricants at High Speeds and High Temperatures","authors":"H. Winter, K. Michaelis","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000030205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000030205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : Aircraft engines always contain gears that have to be lubricated under conditions of high speeds and extremely high temperatures. In this field of application scoring damage can be likely to occur. In Europe and partly also in the USA the scoring load capacity of gear oils is expressed in terms of PZG Scoring Load Stage. The FZG Gear Test Rig is described. The normal test procedure A/8.3/90 as standardized in DIN 51 354 using A-type gears at a pitch line velocity of v = 8.3 m/s and a starting oil temperature of 90 C is presented. A modified procedure at double speed and increased oil temperature A/ 16.6/140 is discussed. The scoring load capacity of aircraft transmission lubricants is worldwide expressed in Ryder Gear Test results. Because of high costs and problems with the availability of test gears a modified PZG Ryder Test was developed. The method is presented and comparative results of typical aircraft engine oils in the FZG, the FZG-Ryder and the original Ryder Gear Test are shown. From this experience it becomes obvious that alternative test methods for the evaluation of scoring load capacity of aircraft transmisssion lubricants can be available in the near future.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"31 1","pages":"121-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79208240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A formulation study has been carried out to assess the feasibility of developing advanced gas turbine lubricants in the (4 cSt) viscosity range intermediate between current MIL-L-7808 and MIL-L-23699 lubricants. Using additive technology developed on advanced MIL-L-2 7502 oils the authors have formulated several 4 cSt polyol ester base stocks. Eight of the blends thus far tested have shown good to acceptable performance in the Erdco Bearing Rig Test run under MIL-L-27502 conditions. Various other key targets of a proposed new specification have been met or closely approached.
在目前MIL-L-7808和MIL-L-23699润滑油之间的(4 cSt)粘度范围内，进行了配方研究，以评估开发先进燃气轮机润滑油的可行性。采用先进的mil - l - 27502油开发的添加剂技术，配制了几种4 cSt多元醇酯基础油。到目前为止，在MIL-L-27502条件下的Erdco轴承试验台测试中，8种混合物显示出良好的可接受性能。提出的新规范的各种其他关键目标已经达到或接近。
{"title":"Formulating advanced 4 centistoke gas turbine oils - a feasibility study","authors":"Q. Thompson, R. Zielinski","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000030203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000030203","url":null,"abstract":"A formulation study has been carried out to assess the feasibility of developing advanced gas turbine lubricants in the (4 cSt) viscosity range intermediate between current MIL-L-7808 and MIL-L-23699 lubricants. Using additive technology developed on advanced MIL-L-2 7502 oils the authors have formulated several 4 cSt polyol ester base stocks. Eight of the blends thus far tested have shown good to acceptable performance in the Erdco Bearing Rig Test run under MIL-L-27502 conditions. Various other key targets of a proposed new specification have been met or closely approached.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"113 1","pages":"93-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85820211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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