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Interaction effects in laryngeal and respiratory control of the voice source and vocal fold contact pressure. 声源与声带接触压力在喉部和呼吸控制中的交互作用。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034708
Zhaoyan Zhang

Previous studies of laryngeal and respiratory control of the voice source often focus on main effects of individual control parameters but not their interactions. The goal of this study is to systematically identify important interaction effects in laryngeal and respiratory control of the voice source and vocal fold contact pressure in a three-dimensional voice production model. Computational simulations were performed with parametric variations in vocal fold geometry, stiffness, prephonatory glottal gap, and subglottal pressure. The results showed that, while the glottal closure pattern and source spectral shape were dominantly controlled by vocal fold vertical thickness, the prephonatory glottal gap had important effects in thick vocal folds or near phonation onset. Coordinated adjustments in both the prephonatory glottal gap and thickness were required to produce a long duration of the closed phase and strong high-frequency harmonic production. Interaction between subglottal pressure and transverse stiffness was observed in the control of the peak vocal fold contact pressure. The contact pressure was highest in vocal folds with low transverse stiffness when exposed to high subglottal pressure, indicating the importance of maintaining a balance between subglottal pressure and transverse stiffness to minimizing vocal fold injury.

以往对声源喉部和呼吸控制的研究往往侧重于单个控制参数的主要作用,而不是它们之间的相互作用。本研究的目的是在三维发声模型中系统地识别声源喉部和呼吸控制与声带接触压力的重要交互作用。计算模拟在声带几何形状、刚度、前置声门间隙和声门下压力等参数变化下进行。结果表明,声门闭合模式和声源谱形状主要受声带垂直厚度控制,而在声带较厚或接近发声起点时,声门前间隙对声门闭合模式和声源谱形状有重要影响。需要对前置声门间隙和厚度进行协调调整,以产生长时间的闭合相位和强高频谐波。声门下压力和横向刚度之间的相互作用在控制声带接触压力峰值时被观察到。当声门下压力高时,接触压力在横向刚度低的声带中最高,说明维持声门下压力和横向刚度之间的平衡对于减少声带损伤的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Generalized frequency-sum beamforming for low frequencies. 针对低频的广义频率和波束成形。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034621
Jeunghoon Lee, Yongsung Park, Peter Gerstoft

For direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation in the low-frequency range, we improve spatial resolution using generalized frequency-sum (gFS) beamforming with the Qth order frequency-sum autoproduct. The order Q does not exceed the maximum value, determined by the criteria that the sum of frequencies used to create the autoproduct must be less than the array's spatial Nyquist frequency. Unlike other high-resolution beamformers, gFS maintains stable performance even with a single snapshot and is unaffected by the coherence of steering vectors. Rigorous analysis using the multinomial expansion has shown the inapplicability of gFS to multi-DOA scenarios. Simulation and experimental results support that the method is a practical alternative for low-frequency single-DOA estimation with limited data.

对于低频范围内的到达方向(DOA)估计,我们采用广义频率和(gFS)波束成形技术,利用 Qth 阶频率和自积提高空间分辨率。Q 阶不超过最大值,该值由用于创建自积的频率之和必须小于阵列空间奈奎斯特频率这一标准决定。与其他高分辨率波束成形器不同,gFS 即使只有一个快照也能保持稳定的性能,并且不受转向矢量相干性的影响。利用多叉扩展进行的严格分析表明,gFS 不适用于多多点定位(multi-DOA)场景。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法是利用有限数据进行低频单 DOA 估计的实用替代方法。
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引用次数: 0
On the anatomy of acoustic emission. 声发射的解剖。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034637
Robert A Guyer, Samson Marty, Chris Marone, Paul A Johnson, Christopher W Johnson

Abrupt, local frictional fault failure comprises a displacement that is normally accompanied by acoustic emission (AE)-an impulsive elastic wave broadcast with an amplitude proportional to particle velocity. The aggregate of these displacements is the basic fault motion. In laboratory shear experiments, the examination of a sequence of laboratory earthquakes includes continuous measurements of fault motion and the associated AE that is broadcast. From these measurements, connections between the fault motion and cumulative sum of the AE amplitude can be identified. The composition of the AE broadcasts reveals inhomogeneity in the fault mechanical structure from which they arise. This inhomogeneity can be decomposed into a time invariant AE component and an articulated AE component. The articulated AE component serves as a "state of the fault diagnostic" that follows a distinctive pattern to fault failure. Thus, the articulated AE component can be used directly to monitor the state of the fault.

突然的局部摩擦断层破坏包括位移,通常伴随着声发射(AE)——一种振幅与粒子速度成正比的脉冲弹性波广播。这些位移的总和就是基本断层运动。在实验室剪切实验中,对一系列实验室地震的检查包括对断层运动的连续测量和广播的相关声发射。通过这些测量,可以确定断层运动与声发射振幅累积和之间的联系。声发射信号的组成揭示了它们产生的断层力学结构的不均匀性。这种非同质性可以分解为时不变的声发射分量和铰接的声发射分量。铰接的AE组件充当“故障诊断状态”,它遵循故障故障的独特模式。因此,铰接的AE组件可以直接用于监测故障的状态。
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引用次数: 0
A general analogy mass-spring system analytical model for sound reduction of side-branch resonators. 边支谐振器减声的一般类比质量-弹簧系统分析模型。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034633
Jiaming Li, Bowen Huang, Hae Chang Gea

This study introduces a general analytical model designed to predict the sound reduction frequency of side-branch resonators, regardless of their geometric shapes. Grounded in a continuous analogy mass-spring system, we conceptualize the air within the branch cavity of the resonator as a series of infinitesimal continuous air layers. Each air layer is represented as a mass-spring unit, influenced by the pressure distribution inside the branch cavity. These mass-spring units, following mass conservation principles, are systematically transformed into planar configurations and stacked in a singular direction. These stacked mass-spring units are then converted into an effective one-dimensional mass-spring. Standing wave and the conservation of energy are employed to determine the natural frequency of the effective one-dimensional mass-spring, which corresponds to the sound reduction frequency of the side-branch resonator. This analytical model offers precise predictions for the sound reduction frequencies of side-branch resonators, regardless of their geometric variations. The analytical model can help designers design side-branch resonators in various shapes that accurately target specific sound reduction frequencies in real-world applications. Our analytical model's predictions for sound reduction frequencies were benchmarked against simulations from COMSOL 5.4. The comparative analysis demonstrates the adaptability of the proposed analogy mass-spring system model to side-branch resonators of varied geometric designs. Furthermore, the model exhibits both high predictive accuracy and robustness. Further details and examples will be elaborated upon subsequently.

本研究介绍了一个通用的分析模型,用于预测侧分支谐振器的减声频率,而不考虑其几何形状。在连续类比质量弹簧系统的基础上,我们将谐振器分支腔内的空气概念化为一系列无限小的连续空气层。每个空气层被表示为一个质量-弹簧单元,受分支腔内压力分布的影响。这些质量弹簧单元,遵循质量守恒原理,系统地转化为平面构型,并以单一方向堆叠。然后将这些堆叠的质量弹簧单元转换为有效的一维质量弹簧。利用驻波和能量守恒定理确定了有效一维质量弹簧的固有频率,该固有频率对应于侧分支谐振器的降噪频率。该分析模型对侧分支谐振器的降噪频率提供了精确的预测,而不考虑其几何变化。分析模型可以帮助设计人员设计各种形状的侧分支谐振器,以准确地针对实际应用中的特定降噪频率。我们的分析模型对降噪频率的预测以COMSOL 5.4的模拟为基准。对比分析表明,所提出的类比质量-弹簧系统模型对不同几何设计的侧支谐振器具有较强的适应性。该模型具有较高的预测精度和鲁棒性。进一步的细节和例子将在后面加以阐述。
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引用次数: 0
Noise assessment of multirotor configurations during landing proceduresa). 着陆过程中多旋翼构型的噪声评价[j]。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034421
Jeongwoo Ko, Brian J German, Juergen Rauleder

This study numerically investigates the noise impact of multirotor aerial vehicles with different rotor scales during landing procedures. The operational environments of individual rotors are influenced by rotational speed and wake dynamics, leading to variations in landing noise characteristics. Noise impacts are evaluated across various landing operations from both physical and psychoacoustic perspectives using noise source hemispheres and noise maps. The physical noise impact is quantified using sound exposure level (SEL), while the psychoacoustic impact is assessed through a psychoacoustic annoyance (PA) based on sound quality metrics. Performance contours are established to compare noise impacts alongside other factors, such as energy consumption, landing duration, vehicle attitudes, and safety considerations. The combined effect of noise source strength and landing duration determines SEL, while PA is primarily influenced by acoustic loudness, which follows a similar trend to noise source strength. Consequently, physical and psychoacoustic noise impacts exhibit distinct trends based on the landing operations. This study outlines a process for optimizing landing operations that meet predefined performance goals while minimizing noise impacts. Because operational performance varies significantly across different landing procedures and vehicle types, the study emphasizes the importance of incorporating comprehensive performance criteria in the design of landing operations.

本文对不同旋翼尺度的多旋翼飞行器在着陆过程中的噪声影响进行了数值研究。单个旋翼的运行环境受转速和尾流动力学的影响,导致着舰噪声特性的变化。使用噪声源半球和噪声图,从物理和心理声学角度评估各种着陆操作的噪声影响。物理噪声影响是通过声音暴露水平(SEL)来量化的,而心理声学影响是通过基于音质指标的心理声学烦恼(PA)来评估的。性能轮廓线的建立是为了比较噪音对其他因素的影响,如能耗、着陆时间、车辆姿态和安全考虑。噪声源强度和着陆持续时间的共同作用决定了SEL,而PA主要受声响度的影响,其变化趋势与噪声源强度相似。因此,基于着陆操作,物理和心理声学影响表现出不同的趋势。本研究概述了优化着陆操作的过程,以满足预定的性能目标,同时最大限度地减少噪音影响。由于不同着陆程序和车辆类型的操作性能差异很大,因此该研究强调了在着陆操作设计中纳入综合性能标准的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of sediment properties, distance from source, and frequency weighting on sound pressure and sound pressure kurtosis for marine airgun signaturesa). 沉积物特性、距声源距离和频率加权对海洋气枪信号声压和声压峰度的影响a)。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034709
H Özkan Sertlek, Yaxi Peng, Michael A Ainslie, Alexander M von Benda-Beckmann, Michele B Halvorsen, Matthew W Koessler, Elizabeth T Küsel, Alexander O MacGillivray, Apostolos Tsouvalas

Investigation of sound pressure waveforms helps the selection of appropriate metrics to evaluate their effects on marine life in relation to noise thresholds. As marine animals move farther away from a sound source, the temporal characteristics of sound pressure may be influenced by interactions with the sediment and the sea surface. Sound pressure kurtosis and root-mean-square (rms) sound pressure are quantitative characteristics that depend on the shape of a sound pulse, with kurtosis related to the qualitative characteristic "impulsiveness." After verifying the propagation modeling approach using selected test cases from the JAM Workshop held in Cambridge, UK, in 2022, the time dispersion values of pressure signals produced by an individual airgun shot across various sediment types are analyzed. The results reveal that there is significant pulse dispersion when the seabed consists of predominantly sand-type sediments: i.e., the airgun signal duration increases considerably over long distances, thus decreasing the kurtosis of a sequence of pulses, whereas the pulse dispersion is more limited for clay and silt-type sediments. The range variations of frequency weighted kurtosis and rms sound pressure differ from those of the unweighted kurtosis, depending on the corresponding lower and upper roll-off frequencies corresponding to different marine animal groups.

声压波形的研究有助于选择适当的指标来评估它们对海洋生物的影响与噪声阈值的关系。随着海洋动物远离声源,声压的时间特征可能受到与沉积物和海面的相互作用的影响。声压峰度和均方根(均方根)声压是依赖于声脉冲形状的定量特征,峰度与定性特征“冲动性”有关。在使用2022年在英国剑桥举行的JAM研讨会上选定的测试案例验证了传播建模方法之后,分析了单个气枪射击在不同沉积物类型中产生的压力信号的时间弥散值。结果表明,当海底主要由砂型沉积物组成时,脉冲频散显著,即气枪信号持续时间在长距离上显著增加,从而降低了脉冲序列的峰度,而对于粘土和粉砂型沉积物,脉冲频散则较为有限。频率加权峰度和rms声压的变化范围与未加权峰度的变化范围不同,这取决于不同海洋动物类群对应的上下滚转频率。
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引用次数: 0
Transcranial ultrasound modeling using the spectral-element method. 利用谱元法建立经颅超声模型。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034474
Patrick Marty, Christian Boehm, Martin van Driel, Andreas Fichtner

This work explores techniques for accurately modeling the propagation of ultrasound waves in lossy fluid-solid media, such as within transcranial ultrasound, using the spectral-element method. The objectives of this work are twofold, namely, (1) to present a formulation of the coupled viscoacoustic-viscoelastic wave equation for the spectral-element method in order to incorporate attenuation in both fluid and solid regions and (2) to provide an end-to-end workflow for performing spectral-element simulations in transcranial ultrasound. The matrix-free implementation of this high-order finite-element method is very well-suited for performing waveform-based ultrasound simulations for both transcranial imaging and focused ultrasound treatment thanks to its excellent accuracy, flexibility for dealing with complex geometries, and computational efficiency. The ability to explicitly mesh distinct interfaces between regions with high impedance contrasts eliminates staircasing artifacts, which are otherwise non-trivial to mitigate within discretization approaches based on regular grids. This work demonstrates the efficacy of this modeling technique for transcranial ultrasound through a number of numerical examples. While the examples in this work primarily focus on transcranial applications, this type of modeling is equally relevant within other soft tissue-bone systems such as in limb or spine imaging.

这项工作探索了使用谱元方法在有耗流体-固体介质中准确模拟超声波传播的技术,例如在经颅超声中。这项工作的目标有两个,即:(1)提出一个谱元方法的粘声-粘弹性耦合波动方程的公式,以便纳入流体和固体区域的衰减;(2)提供一个端到端的工作流程,用于在经颅超声中进行谱元模拟。这种高阶有限元方法的无矩阵实现非常适合执行基于波形的超声模拟,用于经颅成像和聚焦超声治疗,这得益于其出色的准确性、处理复杂几何形状的灵活性和计算效率。在具有高阻抗对比的区域之间显式网格化不同界面的能力消除了楼梯伪像,否则在基于规则网格的离散化方法中很难减轻这种伪像。本工作通过一些数值例子证明了这种建模技术对经颅超声的有效性。虽然这项工作中的例子主要集中在经颅应用,但这种类型的建模同样适用于其他软组织-骨骼系统,如肢体或脊柱成像。
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引用次数: 0
Deep water characteristics of electrodynamic transducers based on distributed-parameter equivalent circuit of acoustic cavity. 基于声腔分布参数等效电路的电动换能器的深水特性。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034419
Yongjie Sang, Yishuang Zhang, Shuai Wu

The source level of the electrodynamic transducer with a passive pressure compensation airbag in ultra-low frequencies (bands below 100 Hz) decreases sharply with the increase in working depth. A theoretical model with a distributed-parameter equivalent circuit of the acoustic cavity was proposed to explore the mechanism of this phenomenon and find a way to improve the ultra-low frequency source level in deep water (over 200 m). The results indicate that the decrease in acoustic compliance of the cavity in deep water leads to an increase in resonant frequency, resulting in a decrease in source level in the ultra-low frequency band. The resonance frequency in deep water shows differences based on distributed and lumped parameter models. The resonance frequency test results of the prototype show that the theoretical results based on a distributed-parameter model proposed in this study are more consistent with the test values. The effects of the acoustic cavity's structural size, the acoustic parameters of the gas in the cavity, and the active pressure compensation method on the source level at different depths were analyzed. Results reveal that the acoustic performance in ultra-low frequency bands at large depths can be markedly improved using the active pressure compensation method.

带有被动压力补偿气囊的电动换能器在超低频(低于 100 Hz 的频段)的声源电平随着工作深度的增加而急剧下降。提出了一个声腔分布参数等效电路理论模型,以探索这一现象的机理,并找到提高深水(200 米以上)超低频声源电平的方法。结果表明,深水中空腔声顺应性的降低导致共振频率的提高,从而导致超低频段声源电平的降低。深水中的共振频率显示出分布式参数模型和叠加参数模型的差异。原型的共振频率测试结果表明,本研究提出的基于分布参数模型的理论结果与测试值更为一致。分析了声腔结构尺寸、腔内气体声学参数和主动压力补偿方法对不同深度声源电平的影响。结果表明,采用主动压力补偿方法可以明显改善大深度超低频段的声学性能。
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引用次数: 0
Learning and consolidating the contextualized contour representations of tones from F0 sequences and durational variations via transformers. 通过转换器从 F0 序列和持续时间变化中学习和巩固音调的上下文轮廓表征。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034359
Yi-Fen Liu, Xiang-Li Lu

Many speech characteristics, including conventional acoustic features such as mel frequency cepstrum coefficients and mel-spectrograms, as well as pre-trained contextualized acoustic representations such as wav2vec2.0, are used in a deep neural network or successfully fine-tuned with a connectionist temporal classification for Mandarin tone classification. In this study, the authors propose a transformer-based tone classification architecture, TNet-Full, which uses estimated fundamental frequency (F0) values and aligned boundary information on syllables and words. Key components of the model framework are the contour encoder and rhythm encoder, as well as the cross-attention between contours and rhythms established in the interaction encoder. Using contextual tonal contours as a reference, as well as rhythmic information derived from duration variations to consolidate more on contour representations for tone recognition, TNet-Full achieves absolute performance improvements of 24.4% for read speech (from 71.4% to 95.8%) and 6.3% for conversational speech (from 52.1% to 58.4%) when compared to a naive, simple baseline transformer, TNet-base. The relative improvements are 34.2% and 12.1%. As humans perceive tones, contour abstractions of tones can only be derived from F0 sequences, and tone recognition would be improved if syllable temporal organization was stable and predictable instead of fluctuating as seen in conversations.

许多语音特征,包括传统的声学特征,如 mel 频率倒频谱系数和 mel 频谱图,以及预先训练的上下文化声学表示,如 wav2vec2.0,都被用于深度神经网络,或成功地用连接主义时序分类进行微调,以进行普通话音调分类。在本研究中,作者提出了一种基于变压器的音调分类架构 TNet-Full,该架构使用估计的基频(F0)值以及音节和词的对齐边界信息。模型框架的关键组成部分是轮廓编码器和节奏编码器,以及交互编码器中建立的轮廓和节奏之间的交叉注意。TNet-Full 使用上下文音调轮廓作为参考,并使用从持续时间变化中获得的节奏信息来加强音调识别的轮廓表示,与天真、简单的基线转换器 TNet-base 相比,阅读语音的绝对性能提高了 24.4%(从 71.4% 提高到 95.8%),对话语音的绝对性能提高了 6.3%(从 52.1% 提高到 58.4%)。相对改进幅度分别为 34.2% 和 12.1%。人类在感知音调时,音调的轮廓抽象只能从 F0 序列中得出,如果音节的时间组织是稳定和可预测的,而不是会话中的波动,那么音调识别率就会提高。
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引用次数: 0
Line spectrum tracking method in transformed signal space for underwater moving targets in low signal-to-noise ratio environment. 低信噪比环境下水下移动目标的变换信号空间线谱跟踪方法。
IF 2.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1121/10.0034356
Yunjia Shi, Shengchun Piao, Junyuan Guo

Line spectrum tracking is an essential signal-processing method for underwater passive detection. However, its performance is often seriously degraded due to signal fluctuation, especially in low signal-to-noise ratio scenarios. In this paper, based on signal space transformation and hidden Markov model, a signal trajectory tracking method is proposed for underwater moving target detection and parameter estimation. With this method, tracking the varying line spectrum trajectory in three-dimensional frequency-azimuth-time signal space is constrained onto a two-dimensional plane in the transformed signal space. Not only is the computation complexity reduced, but the ability to track weak line spectrums and estimate target parameters is improved. The performance of this method is verified with numerical simulations and experimental data processing.

线谱跟踪是水下无源探测的一种基本信号处理方法。然而,由于信号波动,特别是在低信噪比情况下,其性能往往会严重下降。本文基于信号空间变换和隐马尔可夫模型,提出了一种用于水下移动目标检测和参数估计的信号轨迹跟踪方法。该方法将三维频率-方位-时间信号空间中的变化线谱轨迹跟踪限制在变换后信号空间的二维平面上。不仅降低了计算复杂度,还提高了跟踪弱线谱和估计目标参数的能力。数值模拟和实验数据处理验证了该方法的性能。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
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