Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society最新文献

Structured lipids containing high monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) (SLs-MDAG) were synthesized by chemical glycerolysis-interesterification using sodium metasilicate as the catalyst in High Shear Reactor (HSR). The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of temperature on the glycerolysis-interesterification kinetics at relatively low temperatures in an HSR and the physical product properties. The reaction was performed using immiscible and highly viscous reactants at various temperatures (80–120°C) and a mixing rate of 2000 rpm for 5 h. Results showed that the reaction rate constant exponentially increased as temperature increased. Triacylglycerol (TAG) conversion was 2.5 fold greater at 110 and 120°C compared to lower reaction temperatures (80 and 90°C). MAG and DAG increased by about 18.3% and 13.4%, respectively, as the reaction temperature increased from 80 to 120°C. The product's melting point, hardness, and color were also improved by increasing temperature. In summary, SLs-MDAG could be produced at a relatively low temperature (110°C) using HSR. The glycerolysis-interesterification kinetic displayed an exponential relationship, even though it did not precisely fit the Arrhenius model.

Distillers corn oil (DCO), a byproduct of corn ethanol production, offers an alternative glyceride source for biodiesel production. Nonetheless, its higher free fatty acids (FFA) content compared to other vegetable oils hampers its direct conversion into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) due to soap formation, catalysts' activity decreasing, and emulsions generation (thus reducing FAME yield), which compromise the quality and stability of the biodiesel produced. Thus, pretreatment steps such as esterification may reduce the FFA to mitigate these issues. In this context, by utilizing glycerine, a solution emerges: esterifying these high-acidity oils to convert FFA into triglycerides (TAG) before transesterification. However, little is known about how integrated reaction conditions can affect the process in a catalyst-free system. Thus, our study was guided by a clear-cut objective: transforming DCO into a raw material ideally suited for biodiesel production, which involved a dramatic reduction in FFA content, reducing it from 18% to a mere 2% while preserving a high concentration of TAG. For that, we systematically employed a response surface methodology with a three-factorial central composite design to investigate the complex interactions among key parameters: temperature, vacuum pressure, and the glycerol/oil mass ratio. Elevated temperatures and a 2:1 glycerol/oil mass ratio were beneficial for FFA reduction, increased TAG content, and improved oil color. Interaction analysis identified synergistic temperature and vacuum pressure effects on FFA reduction, TAG production, and photometric color index reduction, revealing optimal conditions. Hence, the statistical model highlights DCO as a viable oil for future transesterification processes, laying the foundation for an eco-friendly and economically efficient biodiesel production network.

Two methods for extraction of oil from inajá pulp were studied; an enzymatic extraction, which was evaluated using the central composite rotational design (CCRD) combined with the response surface methodology (RSM), and the conventional solvent extraction. The enzymatic extraction method had no significant effect (p > 0.05%) on the fatty acid profile of inajá oil, which was 45.7% monounsaturated, 10.8% polyunsaturated, and 43.6% saturated. Oleic, palmitic, linoleic, and myristic acids were the predominant fatty acids. The enzymatic extraction method interfered with the total phenolic compounds, which were lower (p < 0.05%) than the total phenolic compounds obtained in the inajá pulp oil extracted by solvent. On the other hand, the carotenoid content was higher in the inajá pulp oil obtained by the enzymatic extraction (p < 0.05%). The enzymatic extraction showed an efficiency equivalent to that of the solvent extraction, and resulted in an oil that contains superior nutritional properties. Green technologies, such as enzymatic extraction for the production of vegetable oils, can be used to replace conventional methods that use solvent, thereby reducing environmental impact and the operating cost of the process itself. In the enzymatic extraction, the oil is obtained without the need for a solvent separation step. Moreover, this method of extraction produces an aqueous fraction and a solid residue (defatted pulp), both of which can be used as by-products with potential for application in the food industry and, therefore, generate greater added value.

Mustard seeds have been used since ancient times contributing great economic value to global agriculture. Canada, one of the world's top producers, grows three main mustard varieties, white /yellow, (Brassica hirta/Sinapis alba), black (Brassica nigra) and Oriental (Brassica juncea). Besides their high protein and lipid content, mustard varieties are a rich source of phenolic compounds. This review will cover mustard seed components including lipids, glucosinolates, and sinapates. The latter are the main phenolic compounds in mustard and include sinapine, sinapic acid and its conversion to canolol. The important bioactivities associated with mustard phenolics, has led to efforts to improve the methods for their extraction. The use of green technology is crucial for producing these phenolics while minimizing any detrimental effects to the environment. The important antioxidant and anticancer activities of these phenolics will also be reviewed.

Free phytosterols (PS) and phytosterol esters (PSE) usually coexist in natural edible oils, which affect the crystallization behaviors of oil significantly. However, the phase behaviors of PS and PSE in oils and their roles on the crystallization behaviors of oil are still unclear. In this study, the isolation and dissolution behaviors of PS and PSE in medium chain triglyceride (MCT) were studied, and then their influences on the crystallization behaviors of MCT were clarified further. The results showed that when the mass ratio of PS:PSE was greater than 3:7 at the total amount of PS and PSE fixing 5 wt%, PS and PSE isolated to form a new crystal structure, which was different from PS spherical or PSE plate-like crystal structure, in MCT. The new PS/PSE crystal structure had a larger surface area, and its melting point was between PS and PSE. It also showed the synergistic ability to promote the crystallization nucleation of MCT. When the total content of PS and PSE was 1 wt%, and the mass ratio of PS:PSE was 5:5, the crystallization peak temperature of PS/PSE/MCT was 12°C higher than that of virgin MCT, 2.5°C higher than that of PSE/MCT, and 10.3°C higher than that of PS/MCT.

The effects of different infrared roasting temperatures (120, 140, and 160°C) and time (0, 10, 15, and 20 min) on the oxidative stability and content of active components in perilla oil were investigated. Fatty acid is one of the active components in perilla oil. The findings demonstrated that infrared baking had little impact on the fatty acids in perilla seed oil. The oxidative stability of perilla oil increased with the rising temperature of the infrared heating process. Phenolic substances were used as main antioxidants of polar extracts from perilla seed oil. Oxidative stability of perilla seed oil was highest after 20 min of exposure to 140°C. Furthermore, the amount of phenolic compounds and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of perilla seed oil treated at 140°C for 20 min were significantly higher compared to other infrared treatments, while the amount of total tocopherol was significantly lower. These results indicated that the quality and characteristics of perilla seed oil could be effectively improved by pressing perilla seed after infrared pretreatment.

Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) have found wide use in today's market, ranging from industrial materials to pharmaceuticals. Castor oil, which is obtained from castor seeds, has served as a primary source of the most common HFA, ricinoleic acid, but also contains several undesirable compounds which pose severe health risks, the most notable being ricin, an unusually stable, toxic protein. A promising HFA alternative is lesquerella oil, an oil obtained from seeds of the Lesquerella fendleri species. Lesquerella oil is mainly comprised of lesquerolic acid, an HFA that is structurally similar to ricinoleic acid, the only difference being that lesquerolic acid possesses two additional methylene groups on the carboxyl end of the molecule. In addition, the bisphosphonate moiety has been shown to display interesting biological activities, primarily as osteoporosis drugs and anti-cancer therapeutics. The synthesis of lesquerella-based bisphosphonates, both an unsaturated and saturated series, have been produced in high yields and high purity and are reported here.

Geographic origins together with environmental conditions (temperature, rainfall, humidity, altitude) during harvest, could alter the olive oil quality, nutritional value, and traceability. The impact of geographic region (Bursa PDO, Hatay, Mersin, and Izmir NPDO) and conditions at harvest years (2016 and 2017) on the quality and traceability of Gemlik virgin olive oils were investigated. Environmental conditions (high temperature and relative humidity, low rainfall) resulted in low quality due to increase in FFA, linoleic acid, PUFA, Δ7-stigmastenol, stigmasterol and total sterols in oils obtained from southeast (Hatay and Mersin) NPDO regions. Bursa PDO and Izmir NPDO Gemlik virgin olive oils were high in oleic acid, MUFA, hydroxtytyrsol, tyrosol, antioxidant activity and, ∆5-avenesterol and discriminated by 99% accuracy with discriminant analysis. PCA and DA can easily detect and distinguish differences in virgin olive oils quality and purity coming from different growing regions and subjected to inverse environmental conditions. Bursa PDO and Izmir NPDO growing regions have better conditions for Gemlik olives cultivation to obtain high quality and oxidative resistant Gemlik virgin olive oils.

Soybean oil is an abundant commodity crop that has garnered attention for its use as a feedstock for sustainable materials. Soybean oil is high in polyunsaturated fatty acid content, which can promote undesirable properties in biodiesel and lubricant applications. In this work, we characterized the fatty acid composition of commercial soybean oil along with two other soybean oil varieties, Ellis and TN18-4110. Ellis and commercial soybean oils had similar fatty acid compositions, while TN18-4110 was enriched in the monounsaturated oleic acid. Biodiesel and estolides were prepared from the three varieties and the relevant physical properties were measured. In comparison to commercial soybean diesel, both Ellis and TN18-4110 exhibited unique advantages. As estolide-based lubricants, all three varieties had advantageous cold flow properties, but TN18-4110 also possessed excellent oxidative stability and lower viscosity. The physical properties and structural property relationships of the biodiesel and estolides are discussed.