Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society最新文献

Solid fat added to the continuous phase of water-in-oil (W/O) high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) was assessed for its effects on aqueous droplet size, microstructure, and rheology during storage for one month. The emulsions consisted of 76 wt% water and a continuous phase composed of up to 2.4 wt% fully hydrogenated soybean oil (corresponding to 10 wt% of the oil phase), polyglycerol polyricinoleate as surfactant, and soybean oil. The HIPE with 2.4 wt% solid fat showed the highest rigidity and brittleness at all-time points during storage, but also the lowest thixotropic recovery, which we ascribed to plastic failure of the fat crystal network. While fat added at all concentrations limited visual oil–water phase separation, its presence increased coalescence, particularly at higher concentrations. The present results demonstrated that the rigidity of W/O HIPEs may be tailored by addition of low amounts of solid fat; however, its addition may compromise physical stability.

A wiped-film evaporation (WFE) distillation study conducted from 120°C to 200°C determined that the isolation of free fatty acids (FFA) from pre-treated brown grease lipids (BGL) produced a product with a consistent fatty acid profile, sulfur (S) concentration between 20 and 60 ppm, total acid number (TAN) ranging from 207.4 to 219, and a heavy metal concentration of 4.2 ppm at 180°C. The S/A method produced a quantitative yield of FFA (TAN = 230.3), but the heavy metal and S concentrations increased to 200.8 and 206.7 ppm. HPLC analysis revealed that both procedures could generate an FFA with high purity. The percent weight of the WFE fractions and a combination of HPLC and TAN values determined approximately 90.2% FFA recovery from BGL from the distillation procedure. Subjecting the S/A product to WFE reduced the concentration of the heavy metals to 11.8 ppm, S concentration to 24.3 ppm, and yield to 93.7%. The WFE procedure reduces the need for S/A chemicals, solvents, extractions, drying agents, and rotary evaporation, possibly providing a more efficient pathway to pure FFA. The optimization and adoption of this work will benefit biofuel producers, brown grease processors, waste management companies, and the cosmetics industry.

For the first time, a mixture of cardanol and cardol esters has been studied as plasticizers for PVC. From our previous work, it has been established that the favorable plasticizing properties of cardol for PVC materials exist. Hence, the utilization of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), a naturally occurring mixture of cardanol and cardol, as a PVC plasticizer presents an intriguing prospect. While major studies focused on cardanol-based PVC plasticizers, their extraction process entails time-consuming, energy-intensive, and costly steps, thereby limiting market competitiveness. The aim of this study is not to focus on pure cardol or pure cardanol, as previously conducted, but instead to focus on the naturally derived mixtures obtained through CNSL extraction. Various ester plasticizers with different alkyl length chains were synthesized from various CNSL mixtures, containing different ratios of cardanol and cardol. The chemical structure of these plasticizers was fully characterized by using ¹H NMR spectroscopy, while the rheological properties of plastisol, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of plasticized PVC films were investigated. Through this exploration, insights into the potential of CNSL-derived esters as efficient PVC plasticizers are elucidated, offering promising alternatives with reduced processing complexities and enhanced market viability.

This study used deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the liquid membrane in a bulk liquid membrane system (BLM) to remove glycerol from waste cooking oil-based biodiesel. The DES was prepared from choline chloride and tetraethylene glycol at a molar ratio of 1:5. Diethyl ether was employed as a novel strip phase for the glycerol in BLM. The effects of the DES: biodiesel ratio, stirring speed, and extraction time on the extraction and stripping efficiencies were investigated. The results showed that BLM could give better glycerol removal from biodiesel than mechanical shaking. Increasing the DES: biodiesel ratio, stirring speed, and extraction time can enhance glycerol removal from the feed phase, achieving purified biodiesel that complies with biodiesel international standards. The purified biodiesel met the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 international standards requirement for glycerol content of less than 0.24% under the following conditions of DES: biodiesel ratio of 1:1, stirring speed of 200 rpm, and extraction time of 240 min. The transport mechanisms of glycerol in the system were postulated based on two consecutive irreversible first-order extraction and stripping. The kinetic study shows that the extraction and stripping processes in this system could be explained by a first-order kinetic model, as the experimental results fitted into the model showed R² values of 0.98, 0.97, and 0.97 for the feed phase, membrane phase, and strip phase, respectively. The extraction and stripping rate constants (k₁ and k₂) were 0.0031 and 0.0019 min⁻¹, respectively.

DHA has unique functional properties in human health. Various recommendations to increase dietary intake have been proposed. However, there is a difference between intake and nutritional functions. Therefore, bioavailability is crucial for the efficacy of DHA intake. A proper delivery system can increase the bioavailability up to 50%–150%. DHA in phospholipid and triglyceride forms is readily absorbed by the body more than in ethyl ester form. DHA oil encapsulation can attain better bioavailability, controlled release, and masking of taste and odor, besides improving the oxidative stability. The encapsulation is the formation of a matrix in which the DHA oil is hidden inside the wall materials. Wall materials such as whey protein concentrates are often preferred, and multiple layers through molecular assembly are often pursued. In Forming the right matrix, emulsification technologies are applied to have the designed matrix where nanoemulsion or liposome-type structures have advantages. For an encapsulated powder product, spray drying or developed alternative techniques give large space for improvement, in which novel developments such as spray–freeze drying may offer various advantages. This review will bring a practical picture of the subject including an overall evaluation of patent applications as well as a summary/remarks of the future developments.

This study investigates the chemical composition and bioactivities of olive oils obtained from three cultivars: Chemlal (CH), Azeradj (AZ), and Aberkane (BK), as well as oleaster oil (Azebouj (ZB)), originating from two altitudinal locations: high (1) and low (2). Bitterness index, chlorophyll content, total phenolic content (TPC), ortho-diphenols, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and volatile organic compounds were determined. The results revealed that regardless of altitude, the oleaster oils (ZB1 and ZB2) showed the highest bitterness index and TPC (593.36 and 492.58 mg GAE/kg, respectively), compared to the cultivated olive oils. The chlorophyll concentration varied significantly, with BK1 having the highest concentration (12.82 ppm), contrary to that of AZ2 (2.53 ppm). Antioxidant activity indicated that CH2 oil exhibited the highest reducing power (597.27 mg AAE/kg) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (94.29%), while ZB1 showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging (51.72%). BK1 oil was most effective in the β-carotene bleaching assay (60.07%). Antimicrobial tests showed that CH2 and BK1 oils were effective against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. SPME–GC/MS analysis revealed significant variations in the volatile profile of the studied oils. Except for BK2 oil, which showed the highest aldehyde content (1300.8 μg/kg), CH1 oil exhibited the most distinct volatile profile and had the greatest amount of major classes: total alcohols (7570.6 μg/kg), esters (2294.1 μg/kg) and terpenes (734.3 μg/kg). These findings indicate that both cultivar and altitude significantly impact the oil's phenolics and volatile compounds, providing valuable insights for the olive oil industry as a food ingredient and potential health applications regarding their antifungal and antibacterial activities.

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play important roles in seedling growth, yield, growth, and other parameters in plants. These PGRs include kinetin (K) and salicylic acid (SA). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PGRs (K and SA) and their different application methods (foliar spray and seed priming) on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in field conditions. The present study was conducted in both 2022 and 2023 years as four independent experiments (seed priming with K, foliar application with K, seed priming with SA, foliar application with SA). In the study, four different doses of K (0, 50, 75, and 100 mg L⁻¹) and SA (0, 50, 75, and 100 mg L⁻¹) were used. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, days to emergence, plant height, branch number, head number, number of seeds per head, head diameter, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, oil content, oil yield, and fatty acid composition parameters were investigated. The study's findings indicate that the PGR applications had a significantly improved seed yield, oil content, oil yield, and the examined fatty acids. The oleic acid content, which is a very important parameter for oilseed crops, was positively affected by seed priming with kinetin. In this study, all applications were compared with each other, and it was concluded that seed priming was more effective than the foliar application method. In addition, it was observed that salicylic acid improved the analyzed characters more positively than kinetin.

Despite the extensive use of various vegetable oils in oleogel development, sustainable sources, such as belly Pangasius oil derived from industrial byproducts, offer a promising alternative as the liquid phase in oleogel systems. This research aimed to determine the optimal type and concentration of rice bran wax (RBW) and candelilla wax (CW) oleogelators based on Pangasius byproduct oil and to evaluate their application in producing reduced-fat chocolate-based products. The selected oleogel systems were further assessed, and the properties of the resulting chocolate products were characterized. The 5% CW oleogel exhibited superior gelling and oil binding capacity (99.86 ± 0.13%). Differential scanning calorimetry of oleogels with 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% oleogelator concentrations showed a shift in melting points with increasing temperature. Rheological analysis revealed dynamic changes in G' and G" values as the oleogelator concentration increased. Application of the 5% CW oleogel yielded optimal results, producing chocolate products with physical and sensory characteristics comparable to those made with commercial butter. Substituting 50% of the butter with oleogel resulted in products with similar physical attributes and sensory acceptance. Hedonic testing showed no significant differences in most parameters across substitution levels (p > 0.05), with an average acceptance score exceeding 7 on a 9-point scale. Notably, the total energy content of the chocolate product was reduced by 43.77% with 100% oleogel substitution. Eventually, this proof of concept highlights the potential of Pangasius byproduct oil as a sustainable liquid phase in oleogel technology, opening new possibilities for its application in confectionery.