Pub Date : 1986-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466183
V P Aneja, H H Rogers, E P Stahel
The deposition velocity of NH/sub 3/ on six plant species at environmental concentrations has been studied in a dynamic plant gas exchange reactor. The total resistance to the transport of NH/sub 3/ was studied. The aerodynamic resistance was determined directly by NH/sub 3/ gas absorption in aqueous solutions at environmental concentrations in a two-phase gradientless reactor modeling the transfer processes through the stomata in a leaf. The concentration of NH/sub 3/ in the gas phase ranged from 50 to 1000 ppb and the temperature varied from 25 to 30/sup 0/C. The results for the deposition velocity for NH/sub 3/, during the day, varied from 0.3 to 1.3 cm/s. The deposition velocities at night were about one order of magnitude smaller. These results are compared with estimates from the Froessling equation which consistently yields higher values of the same order of magnitude. To determine accurate atmospheric transport models or global budget models, a variable deposition velocity should be used to account for the diurnal and seasonal variations in the surface resistance.
{"title":"Dry deposition of ammonia at environmental concentrations on selected plant species.","authors":"V P Aneja, H H Rogers, E P Stahel","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466183","url":null,"abstract":"The deposition velocity of NH/sub 3/ on six plant species at environmental concentrations has been studied in a dynamic plant gas exchange reactor. The total resistance to the transport of NH/sub 3/ was studied. The aerodynamic resistance was determined directly by NH/sub 3/ gas absorption in aqueous solutions at environmental concentrations in a two-phase gradientless reactor modeling the transfer processes through the stomata in a leaf. The concentration of NH/sub 3/ in the gas phase ranged from 50 to 1000 ppb and the temperature varied from 25 to 30/sup 0/C. The results for the deposition velocity for NH/sub 3/, during the day, varied from 0.3 to 1.3 cm/s. The deposition velocities at night were about one order of magnitude smaller. These results are compared with estimates from the Froessling equation which consistently yields higher values of the same order of magnitude. To determine accurate atmospheric transport models or global budget models, a variable deposition velocity should be used to account for the diurnal and seasonal variations in the surface resistance.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"36 12","pages":"1338-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14924065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466189
Y Hirota
Systematic management for industrial waste in Japan has been carried out based on the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law which was enacted in 1970. The law and its ordinances designate 19 kinds of waste materials discharged from business activities as industrial waste and prescribe the generator's responsibility, requirements for treatment contractors, standards for consignment, specific personnel, etc. from the view of proper management. And they also prescribe disposal standards, structure, and maintenance standards for treatment facilities, including final disposal sites, from the view of proper treatment and disposal. The Standard for Verification provides criteria to categorize as hazardous or nonhazardous industrial waste which is subjected to treatment and disposal in conformity with each standard. The fundamental policies to cope with industrial waste focus on reduction of generation, promotion of recycling, establishment of a comprehensive information management system and participation of the public which can contribute well to prevent environmental pollution caused by inappropriate management of industrial waste.
{"title":"Present state of industrial waste management in Japan.","authors":"Y Hirota","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466189","url":null,"abstract":"Systematic management for industrial waste in Japan has been carried out based on the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law which was enacted in 1970. The law and its ordinances designate 19 kinds of waste materials discharged from business activities as industrial waste and prescribe the generator's responsibility, requirements for treatment contractors, standards for consignment, specific personnel, etc. from the view of proper management. And they also prescribe disposal standards, structure, and maintenance standards for treatment facilities, including final disposal sites, from the view of proper treatment and disposal. The Standard for Verification provides criteria to categorize as hazardous or nonhazardous industrial waste which is subjected to treatment and disposal in conformity with each standard. The fundamental policies to cope with industrial waste focus on reduction of generation, promotion of recycling, establishment of a comprehensive information management system and participation of the public which can contribute well to prevent environmental pollution caused by inappropriate management of industrial waste.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"36 12","pages":"1364-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14924067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466190
C Springer, K T Valsaraj, L J Thibodeaux
This report presents the results of a two-year study which included laboratory investigations as well as a comprehensive literature review on methods of reducing the rate of emissions of volatile chemicals from surface impoundments and landfills. It presents information on the following in-situ methods which may be employed to reduce emission rates: air supported structures, floating solid objects, shape modification, aerodynamic modification, floating oil and/or surfactant covers and synthetic membranes over landfills. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the suitability of each of the methods under various circumstances and the degree of control which might be expected. The full report was submitted in fulfillment of Cooperative Agreement No. 810856-01-1 by the University of Arkansas under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers a period from October 1, 1983 to September 30, 1985. The full report is under CR710856. This project summary was developed by EPA’s Haza...
{"title":"In situ methods to control emissions from surface impoundments and landfills.","authors":"C Springer, K T Valsaraj, L J Thibodeaux","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466190","url":null,"abstract":"This report presents the results of a two-year study which included laboratory investigations as well as a comprehensive literature review on methods of reducing the rate of emissions of volatile chemicals from surface impoundments and landfills. It presents information on the following in-situ methods which may be employed to reduce emission rates: air supported structures, floating solid objects, shape modification, aerodynamic modification, floating oil and/or surfactant covers and synthetic membranes over landfills. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the suitability of each of the methods under various circumstances and the degree of control which might be expected. The full report was submitted in fulfillment of Cooperative Agreement No. 810856-01-1 by the University of Arkansas under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers a period from October 1, 1983 to September 30, 1985. The full report is under CR710856. This project summary was developed by EPA’s Haza...","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"36 12","pages":"1371-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14924068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466188
P. Muir, K. A. Wade, B. Carter, T. Armentano, R. Pribush
The Holcomb Research Institute is monitoring fog chemistry in Indianapolis, Indiana and at sites in and near the heavily industrialized Ohio River Valley. Results reported here indicate that fogs in this area can be strongly acidic, and that further studies are warranted. We report 1) the ionic composition of three fog events, samples collected in Indianapolis between December 1985 and February 1986, and 2) the pH of three additional events, samples collected between November 1985 and February 1986. (The volume of fog collected during the latter three events was insufficient for chemical analysis other than pH.) The pH of the fog samples ranged from 2.85 to 4.06; some of this fell within the range known to damage foliage and yield of some plant species. It has been demonstrated that even one exposure to highly acidic mists (pH par. delta 2.5) can damage certain crop species; hence, it is important to document the occurrence of any events having acidity near this level.
{"title":"Fog chemistry at an urban midwestern site","authors":"P. Muir, K. A. Wade, B. Carter, T. Armentano, R. Pribush","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466188","url":null,"abstract":"The Holcomb Research Institute is monitoring fog chemistry in Indianapolis, Indiana and at sites in and near the heavily industrialized Ohio River Valley. Results reported here indicate that fogs in this area can be strongly acidic, and that further studies are warranted. We report 1) the ionic composition of three fog events, samples collected in Indianapolis between December 1985 and February 1986, and 2) the pH of three additional events, samples collected between November 1985 and February 1986. (The volume of fog collected during the latter three events was insufficient for chemical analysis other than pH.) The pH of the fog samples ranged from 2.85 to 4.06; some of this fell within the range known to damage foliage and yield of some plant species. It has been demonstrated that even one exposure to highly acidic mists (pH par. delta 2.5) can damage certain crop species; hence, it is important to document the occurrence of any events having acidity near this level.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"30 1","pages":"1359-1361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73285379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466185
R. L. Petersen
This paper is directed to those persons interested in predicting concentrations downwind of platform-type structures associated with oil or gas facilities that operate on the Outer Continental Shelf. The specific purpose of this study was to determine the effect of platform-type structures on the dispersion of pollutant plumes and to assess the adequacy of the building wake algorithm included in the Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) Model. To meet the study objectives, a comprehensive wind-tunnel modeling study was conducted. Scale models of three typical oil platforms were positioned in an open-circuit wind tunnel and various source and meteorological conditions were simulated. Concentration and visual measurements were then obtained so that the dispersion characteristics could be quantitatively and qualitatively defined. Prior to conducting the platform wake evaluation, wind tunnel tests were conducted simulating two cases from tracer field experiments conducted in the Gulf of Mexico. The simulations demonstrated that the wind tunnel can adequately simulate dispersion over water.
{"title":"Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Effect of Platform-Type Structures on Dispersion of Effluents from Short Stacks","authors":"R. L. Petersen","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466185","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is directed to those persons interested in predicting concentrations downwind of platform-type structures associated with oil or gas facilities that operate on the Outer Continental Shelf. The specific purpose of this study was to determine the effect of platform-type structures on the dispersion of pollutant plumes and to assess the adequacy of the building wake algorithm included in the Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) Model. To meet the study objectives, a comprehensive wind-tunnel modeling study was conducted. Scale models of three typical oil platforms were positioned in an open-circuit wind tunnel and various source and meteorological conditions were simulated. Concentration and visual measurements were then obtained so that the dispersion characteristics could be quantitatively and qualitatively defined. Prior to conducting the platform wake evaluation, wind tunnel tests were conducted simulating two cases from tracer field experiments conducted in the Gulf of Mexico. The simulations demonstrated that the wind tunnel can adequately simulate dispersion over water.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"29 1","pages":"1347-1352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83694532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-11-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466175
D. Pepper, A. Weber
{"title":"Use of an Equation Solver Package for Quickly Estimating Source Terms","authors":"D. Pepper, A. Weber","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"112 1","pages":"1256-1257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84167590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-11-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466170
S M Relwani, D J Moschandreas, I H Billick
The NO, NO2, and CO emissions from residential gas combustion appliances contribute to indoor air pollution. The work described investigated the impact of various unvented gas appliances designs and/or operational factors on pollutant emission rates. All experiments were performed in a 1150 ft3 (32.56 m3) all aluminum chamber under controlled conditions. Results are presented for the effect of the following factors on emission rates: 1) appliance type and/or design, 2) primary aeration level, 3) firing rate (fuel input rate), 4) chamber humidity, and 5) time dependence of emission rates. It is concluded that primary aeration level has the largest impact on pollutant emission rates of range-top burners, followed in turn by firing rate, appliance type, chamber humidity, and time dependence of emission rate.
{"title":"Effects of operational factors on pollutant emission rates from residential gas appliances.","authors":"S M Relwani, D J Moschandreas, I H Billick","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466170","url":null,"abstract":"The NO, NO2, and CO emissions from residential gas combustion appliances contribute to indoor air pollution. The work described investigated the impact of various unvented gas appliances designs and/or operational factors on pollutant emission rates. All experiments were performed in a 1150 ft3 (32.56 m3) all aluminum chamber under controlled conditions. Results are presented for the effect of the following factors on emission rates: 1) appliance type and/or design, 2) primary aeration level, 3) firing rate (fuel input rate), 4) chamber humidity, and 5) time dependence of emission rates. It is concluded that primary aeration level has the largest impact on pollutant emission rates of range-top burners, followed in turn by firing rate, appliance type, chamber humidity, and time dependence of emission rate.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"36 11","pages":"1233-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14911896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-11-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466173
A Marani, I Lavagnini, C Buttazzoni
This paper deals with modeling observed frequency distributions of air quality data measured in the area of Venice, Italy. The paper discusses the application of the generalized gamma distribution (ggd) which has not been commonly applied to air quality data notwithstanding the fact that it embodies most distribution models used for air quality analyses. The approach yields important simplifications for statistical analyses. A comparison among the ggd and other relevant models (standard gamma, Weibull, lognormal), carried out on daily sulphur dioxide concentrations in the area of Venice underlines the efficiency of ggd models in portraying experimental data.
{"title":"Statistical study of air pollutant concentrations via generalized gamma distributions.","authors":"A Marani, I Lavagnini, C Buttazzoni","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466173","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with modeling observed frequency distributions of air quality data measured in the area of Venice, Italy. The paper discusses the application of the generalized gamma distribution (ggd) which has not been commonly applied to air quality data notwithstanding the fact that it embodies most distribution models used for air quality analyses. The approach yields important simplifications for statistical analyses. A comparison among the ggd and other relevant models (standard gamma, Weibull, lognormal), carried out on daily sulphur dioxide concentrations in the area of Venice underlines the efficiency of ggd models in portraying experimental data.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"36 11","pages":"1250-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14911898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-11-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466177
C C Allen, B L Blaney, G Brant, S Simpson
Three commonly practiced commercial treatment processes were investigated for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from hazardous waste: thin-film evaporation, steam stripping, and fractional distillation. The data collected included limitations of the treatment technology, the VOC removal effectiveness, the characteristics of residuals, and cost information. Three thin-film evaporators were evaluated, each treating different types of wastes. There was a large variation in the amount of highly volatile compounds removed by the technique, depending upon the boiling temperature of the waste stream. Four waste streams were treated in a batch-steam stripper. Over 90% VOC removal was obtained in all four cases. Two aqueous/organic waste streams were treated using fractional distillation and over 90% VOC removal was obtained in both cases.
{"title":"Field evaluation of hazardous waste pretreatment as an air pollution control technique.","authors":"C C Allen, B L Blaney, G Brant, S Simpson","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466177","url":null,"abstract":"Three commonly practiced commercial treatment processes were investigated for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from hazardous waste: thin-film evaporation, steam stripping, and fractional distillation. The data collected included limitations of the treatment technology, the VOC removal effectiveness, the characteristics of residuals, and cost information. Three thin-film evaporators were evaluated, each treating different types of wastes. There was a large variation in the amount of highly volatile compounds removed by the technique, depending upon the boiling temperature of the waste stream. Four waste streams were treated in a batch-steam stripper. Over 90% VOC removal was obtained in all four cases. Two aqueous/organic waste streams were treated using fractional distillation and over 90% VOC removal was obtained in both cases.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"36 11","pages":"1264-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14911899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-11-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466176
P. Kroll, P. Williamson
Dry scrubbing of the flue gas from chemical waste incineration is becoming an increasingly viable alternative to wet scrubbing. This paper discusses the relative advantages and disadvantages of wet and dry scrubbing systems and compares the relative capital and operating costs. The design parameters of the dry scrubbing process are discussed, including reagent atomization, gas dispersion, gas temperatures, and particulate removal. The history of dry scrubbing process applications is discussed, including the successful European hazardous waste systems. Finally, a comparison is made among three very different hazardous waste incinerators in the U.S. that will utilize dry scrubbing systems.
{"title":"Application of Dry Flue Gas Scrubbing to Hazardous Waste Incineration","authors":"P. Kroll, P. Williamson","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466176","url":null,"abstract":"Dry scrubbing of the flue gas from chemical waste incineration is becoming an increasingly viable alternative to wet scrubbing. This paper discusses the relative advantages and disadvantages of wet and dry scrubbing systems and compares the relative capital and operating costs. The design parameters of the dry scrubbing process are discussed, including reagent atomization, gas dispersion, gas temperatures, and particulate removal. The history of dry scrubbing process applications is discussed, including the successful European hazardous waste systems. Finally, a comparison is made among three very different hazardous waste incinerators in the U.S. that will utilize dry scrubbing systems.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"17 1","pages":"1258-1263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88024203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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