Pub Date : 2012-03-19DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1962.10468129
L. Coykendall
{"title":"Formation and Control of Sulfur Oxides in Boilers","authors":"L. Coykendall","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1962.10468129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1962.10468129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74764982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-19DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1959.10467873
Louis R. Roberts, H. Mckee
{"title":"Evaluation of Absorption Sampling Devices","authors":"Louis R. Roberts, H. Mckee","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1959.10467873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1959.10467873","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81673843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-19DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1960.10467929
J. Lagarias
I he discharge electrode is in many respects the heart of the electrostatic precipitator and a review of its functions is useful in illustrating how and why discharge electrodes are selected. Discussing precipitators through the discharge electrode functions is a little like describing a gas combustion engine by examining the operation of a spark plug in detail. In each instance a spark initiates the action. In a precipitator, however, the spark is used completely and is a primary source of energy, whereas the engine uses the spark as an initiator of a second and more powerful reaction.
{"title":"Discharge Electrodes and Electrostatic Precipitators","authors":"J. Lagarias","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1960.10467929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1960.10467929","url":null,"abstract":"I he discharge electrode is in many respects the heart of the electrostatic precipitator and a review of its functions is useful in illustrating how and why discharge electrodes are selected. Discussing precipitators through the discharge electrode functions is a little like describing a gas combustion engine by examining the operation of a spark plug in detail. In each instance a spark initiates the action. In a precipitator, however, the spark is used completely and is a primary source of energy, whereas the engine uses the spark as an initiator of a second and more powerful reaction.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77369779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-16DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1964.10468242
R. Nelson, J. O. Ledbetter
{"title":"Atmospheric Emissions from Oxidation Ponds","authors":"R. Nelson, J. O. Ledbetter","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1964.10468242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1964.10468242","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85750265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1989.10466631
Shi Chen, J. Kramlich, W. R. Seeker, D. W. Pershing
This paper summarizes an experimental study which was conducted to investigate the chemical constraints of the reburning process and identify reburning configurations for optimal NOx reduction in coal-fired boilers. Tests were performed on a bench scale tunnel furnace to characterize and optimize the fuel-rich reburning zone and the fuel-lean burnout zone independently. Detailed measurements ofunburned hydrocarbons, CO, NH3, and HCN were made at the reburning zone exit. The influence of the concentrations of reactive species was examined as were temperature effects for both the reburning and burnout zone. Results indicated that reburning zone chemistry was not rate limiting. The impacts of temperature and burnout zone oxidation were of major importance. Integration of the optimum reburning and burnout zone configurations resulted in increased NOx reduction. Over 85 percent reduction in NOx emissions was achieved with ammonium sulfate injection in the burnout zone under optimum reburning conditions.
{"title":"Optimization of reburning for advanced NO(x) control on coal-fired boilers","authors":"Shi Chen, J. Kramlich, W. R. Seeker, D. W. Pershing","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466631","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes an experimental study which was conducted to investigate the chemical constraints of the reburning process and identify reburning configurations for optimal NOx reduction in coal-fired boilers. Tests were performed on a bench scale tunnel furnace to characterize and optimize the fuel-rich reburning zone and the fuel-lean burnout zone independently. Detailed measurements ofunburned hydrocarbons, CO, NH3, and HCN were made at the reburning zone exit. The influence of the concentrations of reactive species was examined as were temperature effects for both the reburning and burnout zone. Results indicated that reburning zone chemistry was not rate limiting. The impacts of temperature and burnout zone oxidation were of major importance. Integration of the optimum reburning and burnout zone configurations resulted in increased NOx reduction. Over 85 percent reduction in NOx emissions was achieved with ammonium sulfate injection in the burnout zone under optimum reburning conditions.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"113 1","pages":"1375-1379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74540724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-07-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1989.10466585
Yosiharu Hisamatsu, L. Ping, P. Dasgupta
The mercury translation principle, wherein S(IV) reacts with Hg(l) to produce Hg(ll) and Hg(O), was utilized to measure trace levels of SO2 with a conductometric gold film sensor. One approach involved impregnated glass fiber filters containing mercurous salts. The second and more successful approach utilized a porous membrane reactor where the reaction occurs in the interstitial liquid-gas interface as the sample gas flows inside and a dilute solution of Hg2(NO3)2 flows outside the porous PTFE membrane tube. The first approach attained a LOD of 200 pptv SO2(g), however, batch to batch reproducibility of the filters was poor and the filters could not be stored more than two days. The membrane reactor method provided better translation efficiency and highly reproducible results, with an LOD of 50 pptv SO2(g). An intercomparlson of this method with an independent method relying on completely different chemistry showed good agreement for the measurement of subppbv levels of ambient SO2. Both mercury translat...
{"title":"Measurement of trace levels of atmospheric sulfur dioxide with a gold film sensor","authors":"Yosiharu Hisamatsu, L. Ping, P. Dasgupta","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466585","url":null,"abstract":"The mercury translation principle, wherein S(IV) reacts with Hg(l) to produce Hg(ll) and Hg(O), was utilized to measure trace levels of SO2 with a conductometric gold film sensor. One approach involved impregnated glass fiber filters containing mercurous salts. The second and more successful approach utilized a porous membrane reactor where the reaction occurs in the interstitial liquid-gas interface as the sample gas flows inside and a dilute solution of Hg2(NO3)2 flows outside the porous PTFE membrane tube. The first approach attained a LOD of 200 pptv SO2(g), however, batch to batch reproducibility of the filters was poor and the filters could not be stored more than two days. The membrane reactor method provided better translation efficiency and highly reproducible results, with an LOD of 50 pptv SO2(g). An intercomparlson of this method with an independent method relying on completely different chemistry showed good agreement for the measurement of subppbv levels of ambient SO2. Both mercury translat...","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"37 1","pages":"975-980"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90043317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1989.10466559
Tami A. Montgomery, G. Samuelsen, L. Muzio
Nitrous oxide (N2O) levels in the atmosphere are increasing, potentially contributing to the greenhouse effect and depletion of stratospheric ozone. From a limited data base, combustion sources have been identified as a major anthropogenic source of N2O. However, the existing data base (obtained by traditional grab sampling techniques followed by gas chromatographic analysis) is in question due to the discovery of a sampling artifact. A continuous on-line N2O analyzer would enable and facilitate the accurate characterization of combustion sources over a range of operating conditions, and also aid in the development of an appropriate sampling technique. This paper addresses the development of a continuous measurement technique, and the evaluation and initial use of a field prototype continuous N2O analyzer developed at the UCI Combustion Laboratory in cooperation with a major instrument manufacturer. The analyzer is capable of measuring N2O levels down to a few ppm. The analyzer has been evaluated and used...
{"title":"Continuous Infrared Analysis Of N2O in combustion products","authors":"Tami A. Montgomery, G. Samuelsen, L. Muzio","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466559","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrous oxide (N2O) levels in the atmosphere are increasing, potentially contributing to the greenhouse effect and depletion of stratospheric ozone. From a limited data base, combustion sources have been identified as a major anthropogenic source of N2O. However, the existing data base (obtained by traditional grab sampling techniques followed by gas chromatographic analysis) is in question due to the discovery of a sampling artifact. A continuous on-line N2O analyzer would enable and facilitate the accurate characterization of combustion sources over a range of operating conditions, and also aid in the development of an appropriate sampling technique. This paper addresses the development of a continuous measurement technique, and the evaluation and initial use of a field prototype continuous N2O analyzer developed at the UCI Combustion Laboratory in cooperation with a major instrument manufacturer. The analyzer is capable of measuring N2O levels down to a few ppm. The analyzer has been evaluated and used...","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"29 1","pages":"721-726"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88161141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1989.10466555
A. Lloyd, J. Lents, Carolyn Green, Patricia K. Nemeth
The 1988 Air Quality Management Plan was approved by the Board of the California South Coast Air Quality Management District in March 1989. The District comprises the counties of Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside, and the non-desert portion of San Bernardino county. Emissions reductions in the past have lead to significant improvement in air quality despite large increases in growth. However, the District, largely because of continuous growth, currently violates the air quality standards for ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and respirable particulate matter (PM10). Based upon the AQMP, reduction of approximately 80 percent in emissions of oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds is required to bring the District into compliance with all air quality standards in the next twenty years. Achieving compliance will necessitate the use of advanced technologies, as well as some changes in lifestyle and management practices. Advanced technologies, including the use of electric vehicles powered b...
{"title":"Air Quality Management in Los Angeles: Perspectives on Past and Future Emission Control Strategies","authors":"A. Lloyd, J. Lents, Carolyn Green, Patricia K. Nemeth","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466555","url":null,"abstract":"The 1988 Air Quality Management Plan was approved by the Board of the California South Coast Air Quality Management District in March 1989. The District comprises the counties of Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside, and the non-desert portion of San Bernardino county. Emissions reductions in the past have lead to significant improvement in air quality despite large increases in growth. However, the District, largely because of continuous growth, currently violates the air quality standards for ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and respirable particulate matter (PM10). Based upon the AQMP, reduction of approximately 80 percent in emissions of oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds is required to bring the District into compliance with all air quality standards in the next twenty years. Achieving compliance will necessitate the use of advanced technologies, as well as some changes in lifestyle and management practices. Advanced technologies, including the use of electric vehicles powered b...","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"26 1","pages":"696-703"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84432549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1989.10466558
C. Cooper
A critical step in the modeling of the carbon monoxide (CO) impacts of mobile sources is predicting an 8-hour CO concentration given a modeled "worst-case" 1-hour concentration. Often, this is done by a multiplicative persistence factor. A meteorological persistence factor (MPF) accounts for the variability over 8 hours of wind speed, wind direction, stability class, and temperature. A vehicular persistence factor (VPF) reflects the lower traffic volumes during the off-peak hours. Hourly meteorological data for ten years for four cities in Florida were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center. The CALINE3 model was used to obtain hourly CO concentrations, which were combined to derive MPFs for each city. Similarly, VPFs were derived from hourly vehicle counts from one busy roadway in each city. The mean VPF multiplied by the second highest MPF was defined as the worst-case total persistence factor (TPF). These worst-case TPFs increased significantly as more hours of nighttime were included in the 8...
{"title":"Persistence factors for mobile source (roadway) carbon monoxide modeling","authors":"C. Cooper","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466558","url":null,"abstract":"A critical step in the modeling of the carbon monoxide (CO) impacts of mobile sources is predicting an 8-hour CO concentration given a modeled \"worst-case\" 1-hour concentration. Often, this is done by a multiplicative persistence factor. A meteorological persistence factor (MPF) accounts for the variability over 8 hours of wind speed, wind direction, stability class, and temperature. A vehicular persistence factor (VPF) reflects the lower traffic volumes during the off-peak hours. Hourly meteorological data for ten years for four cities in Florida were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center. The CALINE3 model was used to obtain hourly CO concentrations, which were combined to derive MPFs for each city. Similarly, VPFs were derived from hourly vehicle counts from one busy roadway in each city. The mean VPF multiplied by the second highest MPF was defined as the worst-case total persistence factor (TPF). These worst-case TPFs increased significantly as more hours of nighttime were included in the 8...","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"52 1","pages":"714-720"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81105160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-04-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1989.10466546
P. Scheff, R. Wadden, Barbara A. Bates, Paul F. Aronian
The development of receptor models for the determination of the sources of an ambient air pollutant requires that the composition of the pollutant at the point of emission be known. For this study, composition information for 10 sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were evaluated and source fingerprints developed. The source categories include motor vehicles, gasoline vapor, petroleum refineries, architectural coatings, graphic arts, waste-water treatment, vapor degreasing, drycleaning, automobile assembly (including body painting), and polyethylene production. The fingerprints are presented for a group of 23 compounds. These compounds were selected for a variety of reasons including ease of measurement in the ambient environment, compound toxicity, reactivity, and usefulness in previous receptor modeling applications. In general, the data for sources of VOC are remarkably consistent from study to study. Because the profiles for many of the sources of VOC are controlled by physical and chemical pro...
{"title":"Source fingerprints for receptor modeling of volatile organics","authors":"P. Scheff, R. Wadden, Barbara A. Bates, Paul F. Aronian","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466546","url":null,"abstract":"The development of receptor models for the determination of the sources of an ambient air pollutant requires that the composition of the pollutant at the point of emission be known. For this study, composition information for 10 sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were evaluated and source fingerprints developed. The source categories include motor vehicles, gasoline vapor, petroleum refineries, architectural coatings, graphic arts, waste-water treatment, vapor degreasing, drycleaning, automobile assembly (including body painting), and polyethylene production. The fingerprints are presented for a group of 23 compounds. These compounds were selected for a variety of reasons including ease of measurement in the ambient environment, compound toxicity, reactivity, and usefulness in previous receptor modeling applications. In general, the data for sources of VOC are remarkably consistent from study to study. Because the profiles for many of the sources of VOC are controlled by physical and chemical pro...","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"75 1","pages":"469-478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90269989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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