Auxin response factors (ARFs) are an important family of auxin-mediated proteins that have key roles in various physiological and biochemical processes. To the best of our knowledge, no genome-wide identification of the ARF gene family in Arabian jasmine ( Jasminum sambac ) has been conducted to date. During this study, 24 ARF genes were identified in the Arabian jasmine genome. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that the 24 Arabian jasmine ARFs (JsARFs) were clustered into seven groups and distributed on 11 of the 13 Arabian jasmine chromosomes. The promoter regions of these ARF s were rich in cis-responsive elements related to hormone responses, light responses, and biotic and abiotic stresses. A collinearity analysis showed that certain genes arose by duplication, such as JsARF6 and JsARF19 and JsARF7 and JsARF24 . A subsequent analysis of expression profiles based on RNA sequencing data showed that most genes had differential expression patterns among different tissues. The expression levels of 11 genes under indole-3-acetic acid hormone treatment were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the results demonstrated that the expression levels of nine JsARF genes were downregulated. Our findings provide valuable information to create the foundation for further functional investigations of the roles of ARF genes in Arabian jasmine growth and development.
{"title":"Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Auxin Response Factor Genes in Arabian Jasmine","authors":"Xin Huang, Haigang Guo, Lili Yin, Ruigang Wu, Xingwen Zhou","doi":"10.21273/jashs05276-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05276-22","url":null,"abstract":"Auxin response factors (ARFs) are an important family of auxin-mediated proteins that have key roles in various physiological and biochemical processes. To the best of our knowledge, no genome-wide identification of the ARF gene family in Arabian jasmine ( Jasminum sambac ) has been conducted to date. During this study, 24 ARF genes were identified in the Arabian jasmine genome. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that the 24 Arabian jasmine ARFs (JsARFs) were clustered into seven groups and distributed on 11 of the 13 Arabian jasmine chromosomes. The promoter regions of these ARF s were rich in cis-responsive elements related to hormone responses, light responses, and biotic and abiotic stresses. A collinearity analysis showed that certain genes arose by duplication, such as JsARF6 and JsARF19 and JsARF7 and JsARF24 . A subsequent analysis of expression profiles based on RNA sequencing data showed that most genes had differential expression patterns among different tissues. The expression levels of 11 genes under indole-3-acetic acid hormone treatment were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the results demonstrated that the expression levels of nine JsARF genes were downregulated. Our findings provide valuable information to create the foundation for further functional investigations of the roles of ARF genes in Arabian jasmine growth and development.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135762286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microbial fertilizers can activate and promote nutrient absorption and help inflorescence elongation. To understand the molecular mechanisms governing grape (Vitis vinifera) inflorescence elongation after microbial fertilizer application, we comprehensively analyzed the transcriptome dynamics of ‘Summer Black’ grape inflorescence at different leaf stages. With the development of ‘Summer Black’ grape inflorescence, gibberellic acid content gradually increased and was clearly higher in the microbial fertilizer group than in the corresponding control group. In addition, the microbial fertilizer and control groups had 291, 487, 490, 287, and 323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-leaf stages, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation revealed that most upregulated DEGs were enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism pathways at the 6-, 8-, and 10-leaf stages. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified stage-specific expression of most DEGs. In addition, multiple transcription factors and phytohormone signaling-related genes were found at different leaf stages, including basic helix-loop-helix proteins, CCCH zinc finger proteins, gibberellin receptor GID1A, 2-glycosyl hydrolases family 16, protein TIFY, MYB transcription factors, WRKY transcription factors, and ethylene response factor, suggesting that many transcription factors play important roles in inflorescence elongation at different developmental stages. These results provide valuable insights into the dynamic transcriptomic changes of inflorescence elongation at different leaf stages.
{"title":"Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Grape Inflorescence Elongation after Applying Microbial Fertilizers","authors":"Qiufeng Huang, Guopin Chen, Shuyu Xie, Wei Li, Jing Huang, Yu Huang, Jingxi Guan, Muming Cao","doi":"10.21273/jashs05271-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05271-22","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial fertilizers can activate and promote nutrient absorption and help inflorescence elongation. To understand the molecular mechanisms governing grape (Vitis vinifera) inflorescence elongation after microbial fertilizer application, we comprehensively analyzed the transcriptome dynamics of ‘Summer Black’ grape inflorescence at different leaf stages. With the development of ‘Summer Black’ grape inflorescence, gibberellic acid content gradually increased and was clearly higher in the microbial fertilizer group than in the corresponding control group. In addition, the microbial fertilizer and control groups had 291, 487, 490, 287, and 323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-leaf stages, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation revealed that most upregulated DEGs were enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism pathways at the 6-, 8-, and 10-leaf stages. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified stage-specific expression of most DEGs. In addition, multiple transcription factors and phytohormone signaling-related genes were found at different leaf stages, including basic helix-loop-helix proteins, CCCH zinc finger proteins, gibberellin receptor GID1A, 2-glycosyl hydrolases family 16, protein TIFY, MYB transcription factors, WRKY transcription factors, and ethylene response factor, suggesting that many transcription factors play important roles in inflorescence elongation at different developmental stages. These results provide valuable insights into the dynamic transcriptomic changes of inflorescence elongation at different leaf stages.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45371829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although crops often respond immediately to enriched CO2 concentrations (e.g., increased photosynthesis), this initial response is often not sustained throughout production, thus reducing the benefit of this input. For horticulture species, the timing and extent of these acclimation responses are still widely uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine species-specific acclimation responses to elevated CO2 concentrations for pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana ‘Matrix Blue Blotch Improved’) and petunia (Petunia ×hybrida ‘Dreams Midnight’). Seedlings were transplanted to 11.5-cm pots and placed in growth chambers with air temperature, relative humidity, and radiation intensity setpoints of 21 °C, 55%, and 250 μmol⋅m−2⋅s−1, respectively. Carbon dioxide treatments were established using the two growth chambers with setpoints of either 400 (ambient) or 1000 μmol⋅mol−1 (elevated) maintained during a 16-hour photoperiod. In addition to data collected through destructive harvest, the rate of photosynthesis (A) in response to increasing internal leaf CO2 concentration (A-Ci) and at the operating CO2 concentration (A-Ca) were measured weekly with a portable leaf photosynthesis system at saturating [A-Ci (1000 μmol⋅m−2⋅s−1)] or production [A-Ca (250 μmol⋅m−2⋅s−1)] radiation intensities. For both pansy and petunia, elevated CO2 produced greater total shoot dry mass than ambient CO2 after 4 weeks. However, the decreased maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport, maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase, and triose phosphate utilization rate of both species were also observed under elevated CO2. Similarly, A measured at 400 and 1000 μmol⋅mol−1 was reduced for both pansy and petunia grown under the elevated compared with ambient CO2 concentration based on A-Ca responses after 7 days, indicating quick physiological acclimation to this input. These results provide information regarding the timing and extent of physiological acclimation in response to elevated CO2 concentrations. However, because of physiological acclimation potentially occurring within 7 days of treatment initiation, additional research is necessary to develop species-specific recommendations for controlled environment production.
尽管作物通常会对富集的二氧化碳浓度立即做出反应（例如，光合作用增加），但这种最初的反应往往不会在整个生产过程中持续下去，从而降低了这种投入的效益。对于园艺物种来说，这些适应反应的时间和程度仍然普遍不确定。因此，本研究的目的是确定三色堇（Viola×wittrockiana‘Matrix Blue Blotch Improved’）和矮牵牛（petunia×hybrida‘Dreams Midnight’）对CO2浓度升高的物种特异性驯化反应。将幼苗移植到11.5厘米的花盆中，并放置在空气温度、相对湿度和辐射强度设定值分别为21°C、55%和250μmol·m−2·s−1的生长室中。使用两个生长室建立二氧化碳处理，在16小时的光周期内保持400（环境）或1000μmol·mol−1（升高）的设定值。除了通过破坏性收获收集的数据外，在饱和[A-Ci（1000μmol∙m−2∙s−1）]或产生[A-Ca（250μmol∙。对于三色堇和矮牵牛来说，4周后，升高的CO2产生的总茎干质量大于环境CO2。然而，在CO2浓度升高的情况下，两个物种的光合电子传输最大速率、Rubisco羧化酶最大速率和磷酸三糖利用率也降低。同样，根据7天后的A-Ca反应，与环境CO2浓度相比，在400和1000μmol·mol−1条件下生长的三色堇和矮牵牛的A都降低了，这表明对这种输入的生理适应很快。这些结果提供了关于响应于升高的CO2浓度的生理适应的时间和程度的信息。然而，由于生理适应可能在治疗开始后7天内发生，因此有必要进行额外的研究，以制定针对受控环境生产的物种特异性建议。
{"title":"Long-term CO2 Enrichment Increases Biomass but Results in Rapid Physiological Acclimation of Petunia and Pansy","authors":"David W. McKinney, J. Craver","doi":"10.21273/jashs05304-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05304-23","url":null,"abstract":"Although crops often respond immediately to enriched CO2 concentrations (e.g., increased photosynthesis), this initial response is often not sustained throughout production, thus reducing the benefit of this input. For horticulture species, the timing and extent of these acclimation responses are still widely uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine species-specific acclimation responses to elevated CO2 concentrations for pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana ‘Matrix Blue Blotch Improved’) and petunia (Petunia ×hybrida ‘Dreams Midnight’). Seedlings were transplanted to 11.5-cm pots and placed in growth chambers with air temperature, relative humidity, and radiation intensity setpoints of 21 °C, 55%, and 250 μmol⋅m−2⋅s−1, respectively. Carbon dioxide treatments were established using the two growth chambers with setpoints of either 400 (ambient) or 1000 μmol⋅mol−1 (elevated) maintained during a 16-hour photoperiod. In addition to data collected through destructive harvest, the rate of photosynthesis (A) in response to increasing internal leaf CO2 concentration (A-Ci) and at the operating CO2 concentration (A-Ca) were measured weekly with a portable leaf photosynthesis system at saturating [A-Ci (1000 μmol⋅m−2⋅s−1)] or production [A-Ca (250 μmol⋅m−2⋅s−1)] radiation intensities. For both pansy and petunia, elevated CO2 produced greater total shoot dry mass than ambient CO2 after 4 weeks. However, the decreased maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport, maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase, and triose phosphate utilization rate of both species were also observed under elevated CO2. Similarly, A measured at 400 and 1000 μmol⋅mol−1 was reduced for both pansy and petunia grown under the elevated compared with ambient CO2 concentration based on A-Ca responses after 7 days, indicating quick physiological acclimation to this input. These results provide information regarding the timing and extent of physiological acclimation in response to elevated CO2 concentrations. However, because of physiological acclimation potentially occurring within 7 days of treatment initiation, additional research is necessary to develop species-specific recommendations for controlled environment production.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42588319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-17eCollection Date: 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1093/ehjimp/qyad002
Abdelrahman Elhakim, Kawther Karkour, Philip Sauter, Michael Rode, Mohamed Elhakim, Peter W Radke, Mohammed Saad
Aims: Endosonography (EUS) is the diagnostic tool with the highest resolution for the local staging of gastrointestinal tumours and, due to the detailed visualization of the wall layers, is recommended in current guidelines for cancer management. In addition, an endoscope has an ultrasound tip design and balloon insufflation control design, and a 120° bending mechanism to deflect the endoscope tip. These advantages could be beneficial and valuable while investigating the cardiovascular structures during routine gastrointestinal procedures using this diagnostic tool.
Methods and results: We present six cases of incidentally diagnosed cardiac pathologies (pulmonary thromboembolism of the main pulmonary artery, patent foramen oval with right to left shunt under Valsalva, left atrial appendage thrombus, aortic dissection, moderate aortic valve stenosis, mitral and aortic valve endocarditis) during routine gastrointestinal endosonographic procedures. These diagnoses influenced changes in management strategies in four cases.
Conclusion: The introduction of EUS in cardiovascular medicine allows for a real-time high-resolution assessment of cardiovascular structures and allows early detection of silent cardiac pathologies during routine gastrointestinal procedures. It is the diagnostic tool with the highest resolution for accurate definition of variable gastrointestinal anatomy. Thus, help for accurate definitions of cardiovascular anatomy and pathology, which could influence optimal management strategies with improved safety, efficacy, and economic outcomes.
目的：内窥镜成像（EUS）是对胃肠道肿瘤进行局部分期的分辨率最高的诊断工具，由于能详细观察肿瘤壁层，因此被推荐用于目前的癌症治疗指南中。此外，内窥镜还具有超声波尖端设计和球囊充气控制设计，以及可使内窥镜尖端偏转 120° 的弯曲机制。在使用这种诊断工具进行常规胃肠道手术时，这些优势在检查心血管结构时可能是有益和有价值的：我们介绍了六例在常规胃肠道内窥镜检查过程中意外诊断出的心脏病变（主肺动脉肺血栓栓塞、卵圆孔伴Valsalva下右向左分流、左心房阑尾血栓、主动脉夹层、主动脉瓣中度狭窄、二尖瓣和主动脉瓣心内膜炎）。这些诊断改变了四例病例的治疗策略：结论：将 EUS 引入心血管内科可对心血管结构进行实时高分辨率评估，并可在常规胃肠道手术中及早发现无声的心脏病变。它是分辨率最高的诊断工具，可准确定义可变的胃肠道解剖结构。因此，有助于准确定义心血管解剖和病理，从而影响最佳管理策略，提高安全性、有效性和经济效益。
{"title":"The role of endosonography in cardiology: case series and literature review.","authors":"Abdelrahman Elhakim, Kawther Karkour, Philip Sauter, Michael Rode, Mohamed Elhakim, Peter W Radke, Mohammed Saad","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyad002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyad002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Endosonography (EUS) is the diagnostic tool with the highest resolution for the local staging of gastrointestinal tumours and, due to the detailed visualization of the wall layers, is recommended in current guidelines for cancer management. In addition, an endoscope has an ultrasound tip design and balloon insufflation control design, and a 120° bending mechanism to deflect the endoscope tip. These advantages could be beneficial and valuable while investigating the cardiovascular structures during routine gastrointestinal procedures using this diagnostic tool.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>We present six cases of incidentally diagnosed cardiac pathologies (pulmonary thromboembolism of the main pulmonary artery, patent foramen oval with right to left shunt under Valsalva, left atrial appendage thrombus, aortic dissection, moderate aortic valve stenosis, mitral and aortic valve endocarditis) during routine gastrointestinal endosonographic procedures. These diagnoses influenced changes in management strategies in four cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The introduction of EUS in cardiovascular medicine allows for a real-time high-resolution assessment of cardiovascular structures and allows early detection of silent cardiac pathologies during routine gastrointestinal procedures. It is the diagnostic tool with the highest resolution for accurate definition of variable gastrointestinal anatomy. Thus, help for accurate definitions of cardiovascular anatomy and pathology, which could influence optimal management strategies with improved safety, efficacy, and economic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"qyad002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11249961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89941219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heat stress-induced or stress-accelerated leaf senescence is related to the accumulation of ethylene and loss of chlorophyll in cool-season grass species. The objective of this study was to determine whether foliar-spraying the ethylene inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), may suppress heat-induced leaf senescence through effects on chlorophyll synthesis and degrading enzymes in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Plants were maintained in environmentally controlled growth chambers under non-stress (22/17 °C day/night) or heat stress (35/30 °C day/night) temperature conditions for 25 days, and turf quality, electrolyte leakage, and chlorophyll content were measured to assess the extent of leaf senescence. Activities of chlorophyll-synthesizing and chlorophyll-degrading enzymes were quantified to determine whether AVG may regulate chlorophyll metabolism. Plants were foliar-sprayed with 25 µm AVG before and during heat stress at 7-day intervals. From 21 through 25 days of heat stress, AVG-treated plants had significantly higher turf quality and chlorophyll content, whereas electrolyte leakage was significantly lower in comparison with untreated controls. The activity of a chlorophyll-synthesizing enzyme, porphobilinogen deaminase, was significantly increased in AVG-treated plants at 21 days of heat stress. The activity of chlorophyll-degrading enzymes was significantly lower in plants treated with AVG from 14 through 25 days of heat stress for peroxidase, from 21 through 25 days of heat stress for pheophytinase, and at 25 days of heat stress for chlorophyllase. AVG may have suppressed heat-induced leaf senescence by regulating chlorophyll metabolic activities in cool-season grass species.
{"title":"Heat-induced Leaf Senescence in Creeping Bentgrass Suppressed by Aminoethoxyvinylglycine Involving Regulation of Chlorophyll Metabolism","authors":"S. Rossi, Bingru Huang","doi":"10.21273/jashs05297-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05297-23","url":null,"abstract":"Heat stress-induced or stress-accelerated leaf senescence is related to the accumulation of ethylene and loss of chlorophyll in cool-season grass species. The objective of this study was to determine whether foliar-spraying the ethylene inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), may suppress heat-induced leaf senescence through effects on chlorophyll synthesis and degrading enzymes in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Plants were maintained in environmentally controlled growth chambers under non-stress (22/17 °C day/night) or heat stress (35/30 °C day/night) temperature conditions for 25 days, and turf quality, electrolyte leakage, and chlorophyll content were measured to assess the extent of leaf senescence. Activities of chlorophyll-synthesizing and chlorophyll-degrading enzymes were quantified to determine whether AVG may regulate chlorophyll metabolism. Plants were foliar-sprayed with 25 µm AVG before and during heat stress at 7-day intervals. From 21 through 25 days of heat stress, AVG-treated plants had significantly higher turf quality and chlorophyll content, whereas electrolyte leakage was significantly lower in comparison with untreated controls. The activity of a chlorophyll-synthesizing enzyme, porphobilinogen deaminase, was significantly increased in AVG-treated plants at 21 days of heat stress. The activity of chlorophyll-degrading enzymes was significantly lower in plants treated with AVG from 14 through 25 days of heat stress for peroxidase, from 21 through 25 days of heat stress for pheophytinase, and at 25 days of heat stress for chlorophyllase. AVG may have suppressed heat-induced leaf senescence by regulating chlorophyll metabolic activities in cool-season grass species.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44593880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) is a turfgrass species prone to winterkill-induced damage such as from ice encasement stress. This research aimed to determine whether different levels of soil volumetric water content (SWC) influence cold acclimation and recovery from ice encasement. Annual bluegrass was exposed to 8%, 12%, and 20% SWC treatments during cold acclimation in growth chambers. After cold acclimation, plants were subjected to ice encasement by misting at –3 °C until a 2.5-cm ice layer was formed. On 0 (no ice encasement exposure), 40, and 80 days of treatment, plants were analyzed for recovery (percent green canopy cover over time), and leaf, crown, and root tissues were harvested for lipid peroxidation and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) including storage carbohydrates and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). Low SWC during cold acclimation enhanced recovery from cold temperatures and ice encasement. Root carbohydrates were influenced by SWC regimes during cold acclimation since day 0 plant roots exposed to the 8% SWC treatment had 143.9% higher TNC and 137.6% higher WSC compared with day 0 plants exposed to 12% and 20% SWC. Root levels of carbohydrates and lipid peroxidation were least influenced by cold and ice encasement among the organs evaluated. Prolonged freezing conditions and ice encasement reduced leaf and crown tissue carbohydrates and increased lipid peroxidation compared with day 0 plants not exposed to freezing temperatures and ice encasement. After 40 days of ice encasement, plants exposed to the 8% SWC treatment recovered faster than plants cold acclimated at higher soil moisture levels. Average percent canopy cover after 36 days of recovery in the greenhouse was 71.9% higher for 8% SWC treated plants than in 12% and 20% SWC treated plants. Turfgrass managers may benefit from annual bluegrass putting green management strategies to reduce fall soil moisture. Given that soil moisture did not significantly influence carbohydrate or lipid peroxidation results, except for in roots, additional research is needed to understand the mechanism associated with these findings.
{"title":"Leaf, Root, and Crown Tissue Physiology of Annual Bluegrass after Cold Acclimation at Varying Soil Moisture Levels and Ice Encasement","authors":"","doi":"10.21273/jashs05288-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05288-22","url":null,"abstract":"Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) is a turfgrass species prone to winterkill-induced damage such as from ice encasement stress. This research aimed to determine whether different levels of soil volumetric water content (SWC) influence cold acclimation and recovery from ice encasement. Annual bluegrass was exposed to 8%, 12%, and 20% SWC treatments during cold acclimation in growth chambers. After cold acclimation, plants were subjected to ice encasement by misting at –3 °C until a 2.5-cm ice layer was formed. On 0 (no ice encasement exposure), 40, and 80 days of treatment, plants were analyzed for recovery (percent green canopy cover over time), and leaf, crown, and root tissues were harvested for lipid peroxidation and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) including storage carbohydrates and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). Low SWC during cold acclimation enhanced recovery from cold temperatures and ice encasement. Root carbohydrates were influenced by SWC regimes during cold acclimation since day 0 plant roots exposed to the 8% SWC treatment had 143.9% higher TNC and 137.6% higher WSC compared with day 0 plants exposed to 12% and 20% SWC. Root levels of carbohydrates and lipid peroxidation were least influenced by cold and ice encasement among the organs evaluated. Prolonged freezing conditions and ice encasement reduced leaf and crown tissue carbohydrates and increased lipid peroxidation compared with day 0 plants not exposed to freezing temperatures and ice encasement. After 40 days of ice encasement, plants exposed to the 8% SWC treatment recovered faster than plants cold acclimated at higher soil moisture levels. Average percent canopy cover after 36 days of recovery in the greenhouse was 71.9% higher for 8% SWC treated plants than in 12% and 20% SWC treated plants. Turfgrass managers may benefit from annual bluegrass putting green management strategies to reduce fall soil moisture. Given that soil moisture did not significantly influence carbohydrate or lipid peroxidation results, except for in roots, additional research is needed to understand the mechanism associated with these findings.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47393037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jesse J. Murray, Scott Latimer, A. Simonne, Gilles J. Basset, Robert C. Hochmuth, Germán V. Sandoya
Growing vegetables in controlled environments (CEs), such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and vertical structures, is a rapidly expanding industry in Florida and the United States, especially in nearby urban areas. Although lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is still mostly produced in fields, growing in CEs proximal to urban areas has become increasingly popular because it may facilitate reduced transportation time and associated postharvest degradation. Lettuce is among the top-most consumed vegetables in the United States and could provide some of the nutrition missing in the US diet. This research was planned to understand the levels of some vitamins that are key for human health, including vitamin E (tocopherols), vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), and vitamin C (ascorbic acid), in lettuce grown in greenhouse hydroponics. Lettuce germplasm was grown using the hydroponic nutrient film technique system in three greenhouse experiments: at the beginning, middle, and end of the Florida, USA, growing season (from Aug 2020 to Mar 2021). Genetic variation for these vitamins were found among the germplasm tested in the four morphological types of lettuce, romaine, Boston, Latin, and leaf. In addition, a sugar analysis was conducted in this germplasm, of which fructose was the most abundant sugar. A significant genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was observed, indicating that the levels of these compounds, especially vitamins, was environment dependent. However, the presence of certain non-crossover G × E interactions indicates that selecting lettuce in a representative environment could result in new cultivars with higher vitamin content. This research marks the initial steps to improve lettuce for these vitamins, which can contribute to better health of US consumers, not for the highest amount of these compounds in lettuce but for the offset due to its high consumption.
{"title":"Tocopherols, Phylloquinone, Ascorbic Acid, and Sugar Contents in Hydroponically Grown Lettuce","authors":"Jesse J. Murray, Scott Latimer, A. Simonne, Gilles J. Basset, Robert C. Hochmuth, Germán V. Sandoya","doi":"10.21273/jashs05298-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05298-23","url":null,"abstract":"Growing vegetables in controlled environments (CEs), such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and vertical structures, is a rapidly expanding industry in Florida and the United States, especially in nearby urban areas. Although lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is still mostly produced in fields, growing in CEs proximal to urban areas has become increasingly popular because it may facilitate reduced transportation time and associated postharvest degradation. Lettuce is among the top-most consumed vegetables in the United States and could provide some of the nutrition missing in the US diet. This research was planned to understand the levels of some vitamins that are key for human health, including vitamin E (tocopherols), vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), and vitamin C (ascorbic acid), in lettuce grown in greenhouse hydroponics. Lettuce germplasm was grown using the hydroponic nutrient film technique system in three greenhouse experiments: at the beginning, middle, and end of the Florida, USA, growing season (from Aug 2020 to Mar 2021). Genetic variation for these vitamins were found among the germplasm tested in the four morphological types of lettuce, romaine, Boston, Latin, and leaf. In addition, a sugar analysis was conducted in this germplasm, of which fructose was the most abundant sugar. A significant genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was observed, indicating that the levels of these compounds, especially vitamins, was environment dependent. However, the presence of certain non-crossover G × E interactions indicates that selecting lettuce in a representative environment could result in new cultivars with higher vitamin content. This research marks the initial steps to improve lettuce for these vitamins, which can contribute to better health of US consumers, not for the highest amount of these compounds in lettuce but for the offset due to its high consumption.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44657903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Apple (Malus ×domestica) growers can incur significant economic losses when fruit drop before they can be harvested [preharvest fruit drop (PFD)]. In some years and cultivars, more than 30% of potential yield can be lost. Growers frequently apply plant bioregulators to reduce PFD, either via delay in maturity [aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), 1-methylcycolpropene] or via inhibition in production of cell hydrolysis enzymes in the fruit pedicel [naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)]. Finding a physiological indicator of PFD would allow growers to assess the susceptibility of fruit to PFD. Due to its lignification, xylem is believed to be the last tissue to break down in the fruit pedicel, leading to PFD. To determine whether loss in xylem functionality can be used as an indicator of PFD potential, studies were conducted in 2020 and 2021 with ‘Red Delicious’ treated with AVG (132 µL·L−1), NAA (10 µL·L−1), and an ethylene-producing compound [ethephon (150 µL·L−1 in 2020, 200 µL·L−1 in 2021)] to generate a range of PFD potentials. Xylem functionality was assessed in the fruit cortex. Internal ethylene content (IEC), fruit maturity indices, and PFD rates were quantified weekly throughout the harvest period. Expression of genes encoding for cell hydrolysis enzymes (MdEG1 and MdPG2) was quantified to relate xylem functionality to fruit abscission mechanisms. In 2020 and 2021, AVG reduced PFD compared with the untreated control by decreasing IEC. Although ethephon did not result in higher PFD than untreated fruit, NAA reduced PFD in 2020 but not 2021. For all treatments in both years, there was a linear decrease in xylem functionality throughout the measurement period. Cumulative PFD exponentially decreased as xylem functionality neared zero and the climacteric rise in ethylene began. Concurrent with the rise in IEC and PFD was an increase in the expression of MdEG1 and MdPG2 in the fruit pedicel of the control compared with AVG-treated fruit. AVG-treated fruit lost xylem functionality at a similar rate to the untreated control but had lower expression of MdEG1 and MdPG2. These results indicate that xylem functionality is not a sole direct indicator of PFD. The concurrent increase in PFD and expression of MdEG1/MdPG2 supports previous research indicating that these two genes may serve as potential markers for PFD.
苹果(Malus ×domestica)种植者在收获前就掉落果实(pre - harvest fruit drop, PFD)会造成重大的经济损失。在某些年份和品种中，可能会损失30%以上的潜在产量。种植者经常使用植物生物调节剂来减少PFD，要么通过延迟成熟[氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸(AVG)， 1-甲基环丙烯]，要么通过抑制果蒂细胞水解酶的产生[萘乙酸(NAA)]。找到PFD的生理指标将使种植者能够评估水果对PFD的敏感性。由于木质化，木质部被认为是水果花梗中最后一个分解的组织，导致PFD。为了确定木质部功能损失是否可以作为PFD电位的指标，研究人员在2020年和2021年对“红美味”进行了研究，用AVG(132µL·L−1)、NAA(10µL·L−1)和乙烯生成化合物[乙烯利(2020年为150µL·L−1,2021年为200µL·L−1)处理，以产生一系列PFD电位。对果实皮层木质部功能进行了评估。内乙烯含量(IEC)、果实成熟度指数和PFD率在整个采收期每周进行量化。编码细胞水解酶的基因(MdEG1和MdPG2)的表达被量化，以将木质部功能与果实脱落机制联系起来。在2020年和2021年，与未经处理的对照组相比，AVG通过降低IEC降低了PFD。尽管乙烯利没有导致比未经处理的水果更高的PFD，但NAA在2020年降低了PFD，但在2021年没有。在两个年份的所有处理中，木质部功能在整个测量期间呈线性下降。随着木质部功能接近于零，乙烯开始进入更年期，累积PFD呈指数下降。与avg处理的果实相比，对照果实花梗中MdEG1和MdPG2的表达在IEC和PFD升高的同时也有所增加。avg处理的果实木质部功能丧失率与未处理的相似，但MdEG1和MdPG2的表达量较低。这些结果表明木质部功能不是PFD的唯一直接指标。PFD的同时增加和MdEG1/MdPG2的表达支持了先前的研究，表明这两个基因可能作为PFD的潜在标记物。
{"title":"Xylem Functionality Is Not a Direct Indicator of Apple Preharvest Fruit Drop","authors":"James E. Larson, A. Malladi, T. Kon","doi":"10.21273/jashs05302-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05302-23","url":null,"abstract":"Apple (Malus ×domestica) growers can incur significant economic losses when fruit drop before they can be harvested [preharvest fruit drop (PFD)]. In some years and cultivars, more than 30% of potential yield can be lost. Growers frequently apply plant bioregulators to reduce PFD, either via delay in maturity [aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), 1-methylcycolpropene] or via inhibition in production of cell hydrolysis enzymes in the fruit pedicel [naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)]. Finding a physiological indicator of PFD would allow growers to assess the susceptibility of fruit to PFD. Due to its lignification, xylem is believed to be the last tissue to break down in the fruit pedicel, leading to PFD. To determine whether loss in xylem functionality can be used as an indicator of PFD potential, studies were conducted in 2020 and 2021 with ‘Red Delicious’ treated with AVG (132 µL·L−1), NAA (10 µL·L−1), and an ethylene-producing compound [ethephon (150 µL·L−1 in 2020, 200 µL·L−1 in 2021)] to generate a range of PFD potentials. Xylem functionality was assessed in the fruit cortex. Internal ethylene content (IEC), fruit maturity indices, and PFD rates were quantified weekly throughout the harvest period. Expression of genes encoding for cell hydrolysis enzymes (MdEG1 and MdPG2) was quantified to relate xylem functionality to fruit abscission mechanisms. In 2020 and 2021, AVG reduced PFD compared with the untreated control by decreasing IEC. Although ethephon did not result in higher PFD than untreated fruit, NAA reduced PFD in 2020 but not 2021. For all treatments in both years, there was a linear decrease in xylem functionality throughout the measurement period. Cumulative PFD exponentially decreased as xylem functionality neared zero and the climacteric rise in ethylene began. Concurrent with the rise in IEC and PFD was an increase in the expression of MdEG1 and MdPG2 in the fruit pedicel of the control compared with AVG-treated fruit. AVG-treated fruit lost xylem functionality at a similar rate to the untreated control but had lower expression of MdEG1 and MdPG2. These results indicate that xylem functionality is not a sole direct indicator of PFD. The concurrent increase in PFD and expression of MdEG1/MdPG2 supports previous research indicating that these two genes may serve as potential markers for PFD.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46387449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irregular flowering and biennial bearing are challenging in many apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars such as Honeycrisp. Apple flowering is influenced by many factors including crop load, fruit weight, seed number, and bourse shoot length. However, it is unclear how these factors exert their control. We investigated flowering in ‘Honeycrisp’ and whether flower formation is regulated locally within the spur or if it is under the control of the whole tree system. Treatments consisting of 30 to 240 fruit per tree with one or two fruit per spur were applied, and seed number, fruit weight, bourse shoot length, bourse number, and resulting flower formation measured. In 2013, flowering was affected by fruit number per tree, fruit number per spur and their interaction, and with lower total tree crop loads, spurs bearing two fruit had fewer flowers than those with a single fruit. In 2014, few spurs formed flowers regardless of treatment. In 2013, flowering was unaffected by seed number on single-fruited spurs but flowering inhibition was correlated with fruit weight. In spurs bearing two fruit, flowering was inhibited by higher seed numbers but fruit weight per spur had no effect on flowering. Our data suggest that both whole tree and within-spur characteristics contribute to local flower formation. Therefore, ‘Honeycrisp’ spurs can be considered semiautonomous organs because inhibition of flower formation appears to be related to the depletion of resources both locally within the spurs, and systematically within the whole tree. The main factors associated with flower formation were fruit number per tree, fruit number per spur, bourse shoot length, and bourse number per spur. In contrast to previous reports, our data show that seeds do not play a direct role in regulating flower formation.
{"title":"Flowering in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple Shows That Spurs Are Semiautonomous Organs","authors":"M. Elsysy, P. Hirst","doi":"10.21273/jashs05281-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05281-22","url":null,"abstract":"Irregular flowering and biennial bearing are challenging in many apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars such as Honeycrisp. Apple flowering is influenced by many factors including crop load, fruit weight, seed number, and bourse shoot length. However, it is unclear how these factors exert their control. We investigated flowering in ‘Honeycrisp’ and whether flower formation is regulated locally within the spur or if it is under the control of the whole tree system. Treatments consisting of 30 to 240 fruit per tree with one or two fruit per spur were applied, and seed number, fruit weight, bourse shoot length, bourse number, and resulting flower formation measured. In 2013, flowering was affected by fruit number per tree, fruit number per spur and their interaction, and with lower total tree crop loads, spurs bearing two fruit had fewer flowers than those with a single fruit. In 2014, few spurs formed flowers regardless of treatment. In 2013, flowering was unaffected by seed number on single-fruited spurs but flowering inhibition was correlated with fruit weight. In spurs bearing two fruit, flowering was inhibited by higher seed numbers but fruit weight per spur had no effect on flowering. Our data suggest that both whole tree and within-spur characteristics contribute to local flower formation. Therefore, ‘Honeycrisp’ spurs can be considered semiautonomous organs because inhibition of flower formation appears to be related to the depletion of resources both locally within the spurs, and systematically within the whole tree. The main factors associated with flower formation were fruit number per tree, fruit number per spur, bourse shoot length, and bourse number per spur. In contrast to previous reports, our data show that seeds do not play a direct role in regulating flower formation.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45271481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charity Z. Goeckeritz, Chris Gottschalk, S. van Nocker, Courtney A. Hollender
In response to challenges caused by climate change, apple (Malus ×domestica) breeding programs must quickly develop more resilient cultivars. One strategy is to breed for various bloom times. Members of the genus Malus, including domesticated apple, wild species, and hybrids, exhibit striking variations in the bloom date. Although bloom time is strongly influenced by chilling requirements, other aspects of floral development in Malus and their contributions to bloom time are less known. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential connections between predormancy flower development and final bloom time in Malus species. We performed a phenological analysis of flower development in wild and domesticated apple with extreme differences in bloom time over the course of one developmental season. We tracked histological changes in the floral apex of representatives of three early-blooming Malus genotypes (M. ×domestica ‘Anna’ PI 280400, M. orthocarpa PI 589392, M. sylvestris PI 633824) and three late-blooming genotypes (M. angustifolia PI 589763, M. angustifolia PI 613880, M. ×domestica ‘Koningszuur’ PI 188517). Our study documented their floral meristem progression and organ development and expanded on current staging systems for apple flower development to describe the changes observed. The developmental trajectories of each genotype did not group according to bloom category, and we observed variations in the floral development stage at the time of dormancy onset.
为了应对气候变化带来的挑战，苹果（Malus×domestica）育种计划必须迅速培育出更具韧性的品种。一种策略是为不同的开花期进行繁殖。苹果属的成员，包括驯化的苹果、野生物种和杂交种，在开花日期上表现出惊人的变化。尽管开花时间受到冷藏要求的强烈影响，但苹果花发育的其他方面及其对开花时间的贡献尚不清楚。本研究的目的是研究苹果属植物开花前的花朵发育和最终开花时间之间的潜在联系。我们对野生和驯化苹果在一个发育季节内开花时间存在极端差异的花朵发育进行了酚学分析。我们跟踪了三种早花型（M.X domestica‘Anna’PI 280400、M.orthocarpa PI 589392、M.sylvestris PI 633824）和三种晚花型（M.angustifolia PI 589763、M.angustifia PI 613880、M.X domitica‘Koningszuur’PI 188517）的代表性苹果花顶端的组织学变化。我们的研究记录了它们的花分生组织进展和器官发育，并扩展了目前苹果花发育的分期系统来描述观察到的变化。每个基因型的发育轨迹并没有根据开花类别进行分组，我们观察到休眠开始时花朵发育阶段的变化。
{"title":"Malus Species with Diverse Bloom Times Exhibit Variable Rates of Floral Development","authors":"Charity Z. Goeckeritz, Chris Gottschalk, S. van Nocker, Courtney A. Hollender","doi":"10.21273/jashs05236-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05236-22","url":null,"abstract":"In response to challenges caused by climate change, apple (Malus ×domestica) breeding programs must quickly develop more resilient cultivars. One strategy is to breed for various bloom times. Members of the genus Malus, including domesticated apple, wild species, and hybrids, exhibit striking variations in the bloom date. Although bloom time is strongly influenced by chilling requirements, other aspects of floral development in Malus and their contributions to bloom time are less known. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential connections between predormancy flower development and final bloom time in Malus species. We performed a phenological analysis of flower development in wild and domesticated apple with extreme differences in bloom time over the course of one developmental season. We tracked histological changes in the floral apex of representatives of three early-blooming Malus genotypes (M. ×domestica ‘Anna’ PI 280400, M. orthocarpa PI 589392, M. sylvestris PI 633824) and three late-blooming genotypes (M. angustifolia PI 589763, M. angustifolia PI 613880, M. ×domestica ‘Koningszuur’ PI 188517). Our study documented their floral meristem progression and organ development and expanded on current staging systems for apple flower development to describe the changes observed. The developmental trajectories of each genotype did not group according to bloom category, and we observed variations in the floral development stage at the time of dormancy onset.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49325186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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