Lauren E. Kurtz, M. Brand, Jessica D. Lubell-Brand
There is demand for early-flowering cannabis (Cannabis sativa) cultivars to hasten harvest and avoid late-season detrimental weather conditions. A field study and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of gene dosage at the autoflowering locus on flowering timing for diploid and triploid hybrids between autoflowering and photoperiod-sensitive parents. Autoflowering × photoperiod-sensitive hybrids were all photoperiod sensitive, but their critical photoperiods were longer than for homozygous photoperiod-sensitive plants, which resulted in earlier flowering. For triploid genotypes, decreasing dosage of the photoperiod-sensitive allele (A), from AAA to AAa to Aaa, reduced the time to flowering. Flowering timing for the diploid genotype Aa was intermediate between Aaa and AAa. These results provide evidence of incomplete dominance of the A allele at the autoflowering locus. Plants of genotype Aaa flowered 32 to 40 days earlier in the field than genotypes of AA, 15 days earlier than genotype Aa, and were ready for harvest by the second week of August in Connecticut. Plants of Aaa were as tall as other diploid and triploid photoperiod-sensitive genotypes studied, which suggests that they have similar yield potential. The use of tetraploid autoflowering (aaaa) maternal plants in combination with diploid photoperiod-sensitive (AA) pollen parents to produce Aaa genotype seed is a reliable approach for developing early-flowering cultivars of cannabis for flower production purposes.
{"title":"Gene Dosage at the Autoflowering Locus Effects Flowering Timing and Plant Height in Triploid Cannabis","authors":"Lauren E. Kurtz, M. Brand, Jessica D. Lubell-Brand","doi":"10.21273/jashs05293-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05293-23","url":null,"abstract":"There is demand for early-flowering cannabis (Cannabis sativa) cultivars to hasten harvest and avoid late-season detrimental weather conditions. A field study and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of gene dosage at the autoflowering locus on flowering timing for diploid and triploid hybrids between autoflowering and photoperiod-sensitive parents. Autoflowering × photoperiod-sensitive hybrids were all photoperiod sensitive, but their critical photoperiods were longer than for homozygous photoperiod-sensitive plants, which resulted in earlier flowering. For triploid genotypes, decreasing dosage of the photoperiod-sensitive allele (A), from AAA to AAa to Aaa, reduced the time to flowering. Flowering timing for the diploid genotype Aa was intermediate between Aaa and AAa. These results provide evidence of incomplete dominance of the A allele at the autoflowering locus. Plants of genotype Aaa flowered 32 to 40 days earlier in the field than genotypes of AA, 15 days earlier than genotype Aa, and were ready for harvest by the second week of August in Connecticut. Plants of Aaa were as tall as other diploid and triploid photoperiod-sensitive genotypes studied, which suggests that they have similar yield potential. The use of tetraploid autoflowering (aaaa) maternal plants in combination with diploid photoperiod-sensitive (AA) pollen parents to produce Aaa genotype seed is a reliable approach for developing early-flowering cultivars of cannabis for flower production purposes.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45191018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenjuan Xu, Niannian Zhou, Pengfei Guo, Huimin Zhou, Shuangshuang Xu, Xiaomei He, D. Gan
This study explored the effects of Ustilago esculenta inoculation on physiological responses (activities of defense and antioxidant enzymes) and chitinase gene expression in male Zizania latifolia “jiaobai” (without U. esculenta infection, with no galls, but normal flowering). Male jiaobai seedlings were injected at the five-leaf stage with U. esculenta suspension, and the impact on transcription of several genes encoding enzymes was examined. Compared with controls, expression of most enzymes was significantly different at 3 or 12 hours postinjection, and most ZlChi genes were involved in the response to U. esculenta inoculation. Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that U. esculenta was present in the roots of male jiaobai inoculated with U. esculenta at the shoot tips. Paraffin sections revealed many fungal hyphae in the roots at 15 d after inoculation, but few in controls. The results provide a basis for further study of the responses of male Z. latifolia to U. esculenta infection.
{"title":"Physiological and Chitinase Gene Expression Responses of Male Zizania latifolia to Ustilago esculenta Infection","authors":"Wenjuan Xu, Niannian Zhou, Pengfei Guo, Huimin Zhou, Shuangshuang Xu, Xiaomei He, D. Gan","doi":"10.21273/jashs05277-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05277-22","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the effects of Ustilago esculenta inoculation on physiological responses (activities of defense and antioxidant enzymes) and chitinase gene expression in male Zizania latifolia “jiaobai” (without U. esculenta infection, with no galls, but normal flowering). Male jiaobai seedlings were injected at the five-leaf stage with U. esculenta suspension, and the impact on transcription of several genes encoding enzymes was examined. Compared with controls, expression of most enzymes was significantly different at 3 or 12 hours postinjection, and most ZlChi genes were involved in the response to U. esculenta inoculation. Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that U. esculenta was present in the roots of male jiaobai inoculated with U. esculenta at the shoot tips. Paraffin sections revealed many fungal hyphae in the roots at 15 d after inoculation, but few in controls. The results provide a basis for further study of the responses of male Z. latifolia to U. esculenta infection.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41874615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annika E. Kohler, Eva M. Birtell, E. Runkle, Q. Meng
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium) is a common ornamental crop with a qualitative short-day flowering response. Extending a short day with moderate blue [B (400–500 nm)] light inhibits flowering in greenhouse conditions with sunlight but does not indoors (without sunlight) under B + red [R (600–700 nm)] light or white light. We postulated that the contrasting responses to B light as a day extension depended on far-red [FR (700–800 nm)] light during the day, which is plentiful under sunlight but lacking indoors under B+R or white light-emitting diodes. To study this response in three chrysanthemum cultivars, we delivered indoor lighting treatments at two locations with an 11-hour main photoperiod of B, green [G (500–600 nm)], R, and FR light, where subscript values indicate the photon flux density (in µmol·m−2·s−1) of each waveband: B60R120, B60G60R60, and B60R60FR60. After each short main photoperiod, plants received 0 or 4 hours of day-extension lighting of 60 µmol·m−2·s−1 of B light (B60). Under all treatments except B60R60FR60 with day-extension B60, it took ‘Chelsey Pink’, ‘Gigi Gold’, and ‘Gigi Yellow’ 13 to 17 days to reach the first visible inflorescence and 42 to 51 days to the first open flower. In contrast, plants grown under B60R60FR60 with day-extension B60 took 41 to 67 days to reach the first visible inflorescence with few plants developing open flowers. Plants were tallest at the first open flower and after 9 weeks of treatments when grown under B60R60FR60 with day-extension B60. These results indicate that the inclusion of FR light, but not G light, in the main photoperiod is necessary for day-extension B light to inhibit flowering in chrysanthemum. On the basis of these results and those of other studies, we postulate that the spectral dependence of flowering in chrysanthemum depends on whether and how the phytochrome photoequilibrium changes during the day. In particular, a sufficiently high daytime phytochrome photoequilibrium (e.g., under B+R and B+G+R light) could establish a predominant mode of floral signaling that prevents perception of subsequent B light as a long day.
{"title":"Day-extension Blue Light Inhibits Flowering of Chrysanthemum When the Short Main Photoperiod Includes Far-red Light","authors":"Annika E. Kohler, Eva M. Birtell, E. Runkle, Q. Meng","doi":"10.21273/jashs05294-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05294-23","url":null,"abstract":"Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium) is a common ornamental crop with a qualitative short-day flowering response. Extending a short day with moderate blue [B (400–500 nm)] light inhibits flowering in greenhouse conditions with sunlight but does not indoors (without sunlight) under B + red [R (600–700 nm)] light or white light. We postulated that the contrasting responses to B light as a day extension depended on far-red [FR (700–800 nm)] light during the day, which is plentiful under sunlight but lacking indoors under B+R or white light-emitting diodes. To study this response in three chrysanthemum cultivars, we delivered indoor lighting treatments at two locations with an 11-hour main photoperiod of B, green [G (500–600 nm)], R, and FR light, where subscript values indicate the photon flux density (in µmol·m−2·s−1) of each waveband: B60R120, B60G60R60, and B60R60FR60. After each short main photoperiod, plants received 0 or 4 hours of day-extension lighting of 60 µmol·m−2·s−1 of B light (B60). Under all treatments except B60R60FR60 with day-extension B60, it took ‘Chelsey Pink’, ‘Gigi Gold’, and ‘Gigi Yellow’ 13 to 17 days to reach the first visible inflorescence and 42 to 51 days to the first open flower. In contrast, plants grown under B60R60FR60 with day-extension B60 took 41 to 67 days to reach the first visible inflorescence with few plants developing open flowers. Plants were tallest at the first open flower and after 9 weeks of treatments when grown under B60R60FR60 with day-extension B60. These results indicate that the inclusion of FR light, but not G light, in the main photoperiod is necessary for day-extension B light to inhibit flowering in chrysanthemum. On the basis of these results and those of other studies, we postulate that the spectral dependence of flowering in chrysanthemum depends on whether and how the phytochrome photoequilibrium changes during the day. In particular, a sufficiently high daytime phytochrome photoequilibrium (e.g., under B+R and B+G+R light) could establish a predominant mode of floral signaling that prevents perception of subsequent B light as a long day.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48510142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As one of the most important fruit tree crops, apple (Malus ×domestica), is faced with the serious impact of soil salinization. However, the underlying genetic and regulatory network remains elusive. Here, we adopted time-course RNA sequencing to decipher the genetic basis and regulatory module of apple in response to salt stress. Among a series of intense changes in genes at each time point, the critical genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway were highly consistent with the duration of the stress treatment. Moreover, Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) genes were identified and predicted to play important roles in the response process. We constructed coexpression modules and explored modules significantly associated with stress. SOS genes were identified in the hub genes, suggesting a critical role. Interestingly, transcription factors were also identified and predicted to cointeract with SOS genes in the hub genes of the coexpression module [e.g., HB7 (MD01G1226600), WRKY33 (MD12G1181000), and ERF106 (MD07G1248700)]. Collectively, our exploration and findings provide a reference and data resource for the study of genetic and salt regulatory networks in apple.
{"title":"Time-course RNA-sequencing and Co-expression Modules Revealed a Critical Salt Response Regulatory Network in Apple","authors":"Xin Huang, Meiling Zhang, Liping Wang, Xuyao Zhang, Ruigang Wu, Fei Shen","doi":"10.21273/jashs05270-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05270-22","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the most important fruit tree crops, apple (Malus ×domestica), is faced with the serious impact of soil salinization. However, the underlying genetic and regulatory network remains elusive. Here, we adopted time-course RNA sequencing to decipher the genetic basis and regulatory module of apple in response to salt stress. Among a series of intense changes in genes at each time point, the critical genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway were highly consistent with the duration of the stress treatment. Moreover, Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) genes were identified and predicted to play important roles in the response process. We constructed coexpression modules and explored modules significantly associated with stress. SOS genes were identified in the hub genes, suggesting a critical role. Interestingly, transcription factors were also identified and predicted to cointeract with SOS genes in the hub genes of the coexpression module [e.g., HB7 (MD01G1226600), WRKY33 (MD12G1181000), and ERF106 (MD07G1248700)]. Collectively, our exploration and findings provide a reference and data resource for the study of genetic and salt regulatory networks in apple.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45514724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew N. Sherwood, L. Alexander, M. Clark, Xingbo Wu, S. Hokanson
Oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia) is an understory shrub native to the southeastern United States. The species occupies a relatively small native range, and little is known about its demography, genetic diversity, or needs for conservation. Samples were collected from 188 plants in 73 locations throughout the species range and were genotyped using genotyping by sequencing. A structure analysis identified six genetic clusters that are geographically defined. Although these clusters are weakly differentiated, each has unique alleles. An environmental association analysis revealed that environmental variables explain 11.3% of genetic diversity, and population structure explains 13.5%. Further, 231 putative adaptive alleles were identified, most of which are correlated with precipitation-related variables, indicating that precipitation has an impact on genetic diversity in H. quercifolia. Many historically documented populations were found to be either extirpated or at risk of extirpation. The genetic clusters on the southern extent of the species range are relatively small and contain putative adaptive alleles at relatively high frequencies. These results highlight the importance of preserving representative germplasm from throughout the species range.
{"title":"Precipitation, Temperature, and Population Structure Influence Genetic Diversity of Oakleaf Hydrangea Throughout Its Native Range","authors":"Andrew N. Sherwood, L. Alexander, M. Clark, Xingbo Wu, S. Hokanson","doi":"10.21273/jashs05255-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05255-22","url":null,"abstract":"Oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia) is an understory shrub native to the southeastern United States. The species occupies a relatively small native range, and little is known about its demography, genetic diversity, or needs for conservation. Samples were collected from 188 plants in 73 locations throughout the species range and were genotyped using genotyping by sequencing. A structure analysis identified six genetic clusters that are geographically defined. Although these clusters are weakly differentiated, each has unique alleles. An environmental association analysis revealed that environmental variables explain 11.3% of genetic diversity, and population structure explains 13.5%. Further, 231 putative adaptive alleles were identified, most of which are correlated with precipitation-related variables, indicating that precipitation has an impact on genetic diversity in H. quercifolia. Many historically documented populations were found to be either extirpated or at risk of extirpation. The genetic clusters on the southern extent of the species range are relatively small and contain putative adaptive alleles at relatively high frequencies. These results highlight the importance of preserving representative germplasm from throughout the species range.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46658963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Lankitus, Yingxiao Zhang, M. Ariyaratne, D. Barker, Sarah L. McNulty, Nikita D. Amstutz, L. Zhao, B. Iaffaldano, K. Cornish
Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation is a more rapid method of obtaining transgenic and edited rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz) plants than Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The hairy root rol genes are present alongside transgenes after transformation, and they change the morphology of rubber dandelion significantly. Although these rol genes are useful visual markers indicating successful transformation of rubber dandelion, they modify the phenotype induced by the target transgenes and are ultimately detrimental to agronomic traits. Fortunately, the rol genes can be removed by conventional plant breeding because they segregate in progeny separately from the targeted transgenes. However, it is preferable to have preliminary identification of promising effects induced by transgenes or gene edits before rol gene removal so that only the best plants are used for breeding. Therefore, the goal of this research was to characterize rol– and rol+ plant morphology so that, in the future, rol+ transgene+ plants can be easily distinguished from rol+ transgene– plants. This requires that rol gene–induced morphological changes and simply assayed physiological traits are first characterized thoroughly so that transgene changes may be observed. Taproot formation is reduced or eliminated in rubber dandelion by rol genes, and rol-induced hairy roots are identifiable easily because they grow shallowly in potting soil, so only partial unearthing is needed. Both leaf and flower numbers are increased by rol genes, but leaves and flowers are smaller than in rubber dandelion wild type with longer stalks. The rosette doming phenotype caused by the induction of a large number of leaf primordia is obvious in rooted plants as young as 1 month old. Photosynthetic rates are reduced significantly in rol+ plants, although growth is not. An accurate description of the morphology of rubber dandelion after A. rhizogenes transformation may allow for initial selection of promising transformed plants before confirmation with polymerase chain reaction, by phenotypic comparison of plants expressing transgenes and the rol gene, with those only expressing the rol gene.
{"title":"Agrobacterium rhizogenes–induced Altered Morphology and Physiology in Rubber Dandelion after Genetic Transformation","authors":"David Lankitus, Yingxiao Zhang, M. Ariyaratne, D. Barker, Sarah L. McNulty, Nikita D. Amstutz, L. Zhao, B. Iaffaldano, K. Cornish","doi":"10.21273/jashs05217-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05217-22","url":null,"abstract":"Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation is a more rapid method of obtaining transgenic and edited rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz) plants than Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The hairy root rol genes are present alongside transgenes after transformation, and they change the morphology of rubber dandelion significantly. Although these rol genes are useful visual markers indicating successful transformation of rubber dandelion, they modify the phenotype induced by the target transgenes and are ultimately detrimental to agronomic traits. Fortunately, the rol genes can be removed by conventional plant breeding because they segregate in progeny separately from the targeted transgenes. However, it is preferable to have preliminary identification of promising effects induced by transgenes or gene edits before rol gene removal so that only the best plants are used for breeding. Therefore, the goal of this research was to characterize rol– and rol+ plant morphology so that, in the future, rol+ transgene+ plants can be easily distinguished from rol+ transgene– plants. This requires that rol gene–induced morphological changes and simply assayed physiological traits are first characterized thoroughly so that transgene changes may be observed. Taproot formation is reduced or eliminated in rubber dandelion by rol genes, and rol-induced hairy roots are identifiable easily because they grow shallowly in potting soil, so only partial unearthing is needed. Both leaf and flower numbers are increased by rol genes, but leaves and flowers are smaller than in rubber dandelion wild type with longer stalks. The rosette doming phenotype caused by the induction of a large number of leaf primordia is obvious in rooted plants as young as 1 month old. Photosynthetic rates are reduced significantly in rol+ plants, although growth is not. An accurate description of the morphology of rubber dandelion after A. rhizogenes transformation may allow for initial selection of promising transformed plants before confirmation with polymerase chain reaction, by phenotypic comparison of plants expressing transgenes and the rol gene, with those only expressing the rol gene.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49322701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01Epub Date: 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1080/23293691.2023.2186812
A J Lowik, Shams M F Al-Anzi, Anurada Amarasekera, Ace Chan, Monica Rana, Allison Salter, Ronita Nath, Michele Ybarra, Elizabeth Saewyc
Drawing on data from focus groups with 152 trans youth aged 14-18 years in the United States, this article explores the factors that the participants understood as contributing to adolescent pregnancy among trans youth. Youth posited that unintended pregnancies occur due to barriers to contraceptives; a lack of gender-affirming sexual health education; sexual assault and dating violence; and mental health-influenced sexual risk-taking. Participants suggested that intended pregnancies may be a self-development strategy; a self-directed effort to repress/change gender modality or identity; and due to the perceived incompatibility between pregnancy and transition, where pregnancy must occur prior to transitioning.
{"title":"Transgender Youth's Perspectives on Factors Influencing Intended and Unintended Pregnancies.","authors":"A J Lowik, Shams M F Al-Anzi, Anurada Amarasekera, Ace Chan, Monica Rana, Allison Salter, Ronita Nath, Michele Ybarra, Elizabeth Saewyc","doi":"10.1080/23293691.2023.2186812","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23293691.2023.2186812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drawing on data from focus groups with 152 trans youth aged 14-18 years in the United States, this article explores the factors that the participants understood as contributing to adolescent pregnancy among trans youth. Youth posited that unintended pregnancies occur due to barriers to contraceptives; a lack of gender-affirming sexual health education; sexual assault and dating violence; and mental health-influenced sexual risk-taking. Participants suggested that intended pregnancies may be a self-development strategy; a self-directed effort to repress/change gender modality or identity; and due to the perceived incompatibility between pregnancy and transition, where pregnancy must occur prior to transitioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"572-590"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10906744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89952483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21273/jashs1481reviewers
{"title":"Thank You Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science Peer Reviewers 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.21273/jashs1481reviewers","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs1481reviewers","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44671561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Conner, Gaurab Bhattarai, Haley N. Williams, E. Stafne
Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia var. rotundifolia) is a rare crop in that it has transitioned from a wild fruiting plant to a domesticated fruit within the past 150 years. Furthermore, this domestication process was carried out by just a few institutions that published copious records of the origin and traits of the first wild selections, goals and methods of the breeding programs, and the pedigrees of releases. We thus have a near complete record of the domestication of this interesting fruit crop. Early breeding efforts made use of fewer than a dozen wild selections, most of which were collected from the coastal plain of North Carolina and South Carolina. This narrow germplasm base has led to increasing levels of inbreeding in the most recent muscadine cultivar releases. To better understand the germplasm base of muscadine, the pedigrees of 54 muscadine cultivars released since 1970 were examined. Only 15 founders (founding clones) were identified that appeared in more than two cultivars, and five of these represent open pollination events that may not indicate the addition of new genetic material. By far the most used founder was ‘Scuppernong’, which appeared in 53 of 54 pedigrees and had an average genetic contribution of 22.8%. The remaining founders varied from 0.9% to 14.8% in their average genetic contribution. Coancestry coefficients between cultivars averaged 0.18, but were often much higher among recent fresh-market releases. Analysis of vine vigor as measured by trunk caliper in seedling progenies suggests that coancestry coefficients greater than 0.23 result in below average seedling vigor. The University of Georgia muscadine breeding program is evaluating multiple wild muscadine accessions to reduce inbreeding and increase the genetic diversity of its germplasm.
麝香葡萄(Vitis rotundifolia var. rotundifolia)是一种罕见的作物，在过去的150年里，它已经从一种野生结果植物转变为一种驯化的果实。此外，这一驯化过程是由少数机构进行的，这些机构发表了大量关于第一批野生选择的起源和特征、育种计划的目标和方法以及释放的血统的记录。因此，我们对这种有趣的水果作物的驯化有了近乎完整的记录。早期的育种工作使用了不到12种野生选择，其中大部分是从北卡罗来纳州和南卡罗来纳州的沿海平原收集的。这种狭窄的种质资源基础导致了最近发布的麝香碱品种近交水平的提高。为了更好地了解麝香碱的种质资源基础，对1970年以来发布的54个麝香碱品种的家系进行了分析。只有15个建立者(建立克隆)出现在两个以上的栽培品种中，其中5个代表开放授粉事件，可能不表明添加了新的遗传物质。到目前为止，最常用的创始人是“Scuppernong”，在54个血统中出现了53个，平均遗传贡献为22.8%。其余创始人的平均基因贡献从0.9%到14.8%不等。品种之间的共祖系数平均为0.18，但在最近的新鲜市场发布中往往要高得多。用树干卡尺测定幼苗后代的幼苗活力分析表明，同祖系数大于0.23的幼苗活力低于平均值。佐治亚大学的麝香碱育种计划正在评估多种野生麝香碱的加入，以减少近亲繁殖和增加其种质的遗传多样性。
{"title":"Pedigree Analysis of Modern Muscadine Cultivars Reveals a Narrow Genetic Base","authors":"P. Conner, Gaurab Bhattarai, Haley N. Williams, E. Stafne","doi":"10.21273/jashs05278-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05278-22","url":null,"abstract":"Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia var. rotundifolia) is a rare crop in that it has transitioned from a wild fruiting plant to a domesticated fruit within the past 150 years. Furthermore, this domestication process was carried out by just a few institutions that published copious records of the origin and traits of the first wild selections, goals and methods of the breeding programs, and the pedigrees of releases. We thus have a near complete record of the domestication of this interesting fruit crop. Early breeding efforts made use of fewer than a dozen wild selections, most of which were collected from the coastal plain of North Carolina and South Carolina. This narrow germplasm base has led to increasing levels of inbreeding in the most recent muscadine cultivar releases. To better understand the germplasm base of muscadine, the pedigrees of 54 muscadine cultivars released since 1970 were examined. Only 15 founders (founding clones) were identified that appeared in more than two cultivars, and five of these represent open pollination events that may not indicate the addition of new genetic material. By far the most used founder was ‘Scuppernong’, which appeared in 53 of 54 pedigrees and had an average genetic contribution of 22.8%. The remaining founders varied from 0.9% to 14.8% in their average genetic contribution. Coancestry coefficients between cultivars averaged 0.18, but were often much higher among recent fresh-market releases. Analysis of vine vigor as measured by trunk caliper in seedling progenies suggests that coancestry coefficients greater than 0.23 result in below average seedling vigor. The University of Georgia muscadine breeding program is evaluating multiple wild muscadine accessions to reduce inbreeding and increase the genetic diversity of its germplasm.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44884431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ten 16-year-old trees were used as test materials to investigate the effect of foliar calcium fertilizer on the sugar content of ‘Feizixiao’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pulp. The experiment began 35 days after anthesis (DAA) in 2020 and 2021, and the treatment was a foliar spray application of 0.3% CaCl2 aqueous solution, whereas the control was a foliar spray application of water. The sugar content, sucrose-metabolizing enzymes, and ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities in pulp were measured in 2020 and 2021. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on RNA samples from treatment and control fruit pulps at 35, 63, and 69 DAA (full mature stage) in 2020, and 10 genes were chosen for confirmation by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 2020 and 2021. At full maturity, the soluble sugar content in the calcium-treated group was extremely significantly or significantly higher than that in the control group. After 63 DAA, the net sucrose-metabolizing enzyme activity in the calcium-treated group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Furthermore, at full maturity, the calcium-treated group had significantly higher sucrose synthase cleavage activity and significantly lower PFK activity than the control group. Fifty-four highly expressed genes in the glycolytic pathway (EMP) were screened from transcriptome data, including hexokinase, PFK, and pyruvate kinase genes; 87% of these genes were downregulated in the treatment group compared with the control group at 69 DAA in 2020. The linear regression between RNA-seq and real-time PCR results was significant in 2020 (r = 0.9292) and 2021 (r = 0.8889). When the fruit is fully ripe, calcium treatment increases net sucrose-metabolizing enzyme activity by increasing sucrose synthase cleavage activity, promoting the accumulation of reducing sugars, and it downregulates phosphofructokinase gene expression in EMP, promoting sugar accumulation.
{"title":"Transcriptomics-based Analysis of the Response of Sugar Content in Litchi Pulp to Foliar Calcium Fertilizer Treatment","authors":"Junjie Peng, Jingjia Du, Tiantian Chen, Xian Shui, Haizhi Liao, Xiaokai Lin, Kaibing Zhou","doi":"10.21273/jashs05258-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05258-22","url":null,"abstract":"Ten 16-year-old trees were used as test materials to investigate the effect of foliar calcium fertilizer on the sugar content of ‘Feizixiao’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pulp. The experiment began 35 days after anthesis (DAA) in 2020 and 2021, and the treatment was a foliar spray application of 0.3% CaCl2 aqueous solution, whereas the control was a foliar spray application of water. The sugar content, sucrose-metabolizing enzymes, and ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities in pulp were measured in 2020 and 2021. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on RNA samples from treatment and control fruit pulps at 35, 63, and 69 DAA (full mature stage) in 2020, and 10 genes were chosen for confirmation by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 2020 and 2021. At full maturity, the soluble sugar content in the calcium-treated group was extremely significantly or significantly higher than that in the control group. After 63 DAA, the net sucrose-metabolizing enzyme activity in the calcium-treated group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Furthermore, at full maturity, the calcium-treated group had significantly higher sucrose synthase cleavage activity and significantly lower PFK activity than the control group. Fifty-four highly expressed genes in the glycolytic pathway (EMP) were screened from transcriptome data, including hexokinase, PFK, and pyruvate kinase genes; 87% of these genes were downregulated in the treatment group compared with the control group at 69 DAA in 2020. The linear regression between RNA-seq and real-time PCR results was significant in 2020 (r = 0.9292) and 2021 (r = 0.8889). When the fruit is fully ripe, calcium treatment increases net sucrose-metabolizing enzyme activity by increasing sucrose synthase cleavage activity, promoting the accumulation of reducing sugars, and it downregulates phosphofructokinase gene expression in EMP, promoting sugar accumulation.","PeriodicalId":17226,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47523036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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