Yuusaku Kameyama, Yasuhiro Andou, H. Ohno, Yuusuke Anzai, F. Ishiguri, S. Yokota, K. Iizuka
Effects of depth (30 and 50% of lumber width) and inclination to the loaded face of sawn splits on buckling, bending, and shearing properties were investigated for full-size squared lumber (10.5 by 10.5 cm in cross section) of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). No significant differences in buckling properties, and modulus of elasticity and proportional limit ratio in static bending were found between lumber without or with a sawn split. On the other hand, when load was applied to the side opposite to the sawn split, modulus of rupture in static bending was significantly decreased for all depths of sawn split. In addition, shearing strength determined by an asymmetric four-point loading method largely decreased when the load was applied to the side perpendicular to the sawn split. However, modulus of rupture in static bending and shearing strength of lumber with a sawn split with depth 50% of width exceeded the design strength requirement values of ungraded hinoki lumber listed in Bulletin No. 1452 of the Ministry of Construction, Japan. The obtained values of buckling strength in all specimens tested here were higher than the buckling strength of ungraded hinoki lumber estimated by compression design strength based on “Standard for Structural Design of Timber Structures” of the Architectural Institute of Japan.
{"title":"Effects of Sawn Splits on Buckling, Bending, and Shearing Properties in Full-Size Squared Lumber of Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa)","authors":"Yuusaku Kameyama, Yasuhiro Andou, H. Ohno, Yuusuke Anzai, F. Ishiguri, S. Yokota, K. Iizuka","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.41","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of depth (30 and 50% of lumber width) and inclination to the loaded face of sawn splits on buckling, bending, and shearing properties were investigated for full-size squared lumber (10.5 by 10.5 cm in cross section) of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). No significant differences in buckling properties, and modulus of elasticity and proportional limit ratio in static bending were found between lumber without or with a sawn split. On the other hand, when load was applied to the side opposite to the sawn split, modulus of rupture in static bending was significantly decreased for all depths of sawn split. In addition, shearing strength determined by an asymmetric four-point loading method largely decreased when the load was applied to the side perpendicular to the sawn split. However, modulus of rupture in static bending and shearing strength of lumber with a sawn split with depth 50% of width exceeded the design strength requirement values of ungraded hinoki lumber listed in Bulletin No. 1452 of the Ministry of Construction, Japan. The obtained values of buckling strength in all specimens tested here were higher than the buckling strength of ungraded hinoki lumber estimated by compression design strength based on “Standard for Structural Design of Timber Structures” of the Architectural Institute of Japan.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76425271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels consist of several layers of lumber stacked crosswise and glued together on their faces. CLT panels are excellently applicable for timber buildings as slabs for horizontal structural members. Live load and dead load on CLT panels cause internal shear stress. Distribution of internal shear stress in CLT panels is affected by the modulus of elasticity of parallel layers. Rolling shear stress occurs in cross layers under shear force applied to CLT panels. Generally rolling shear strength is lower than the shear strength parallel to the grain. Few data of rolling shear strength of lumber exist. Internal shear capacity of several types of CLT panels was predicted by calculating the distribution of internal shear stress from the experimental rolling shear strength of sugi lumber. To verify the calculated shear capacity of several types of CLT cross sections, asymmetric four-point bending tests were carried out. The experimental shear capacity was found to be 12% lower than the average value of the rolling shear strength model for the lumber of the shear zone and was 16% higher than the minimum value of rolling shear strength model.
{"title":"Prediction of Internal Shear Capacity of Sugi CLT Panels","authors":"M. Okabe, M. Yasumura, K. Kobayashi","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.169","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels consist of several layers of lumber stacked crosswise and glued together on their faces. CLT panels are excellently applicable for timber buildings as slabs for horizontal structural members. Live load and dead load on CLT panels cause internal shear stress. Distribution of internal shear stress in CLT panels is affected by the modulus of elasticity of parallel layers. Rolling shear stress occurs in cross layers under shear force applied to CLT panels. Generally rolling shear strength is lower than the shear strength parallel to the grain. Few data of rolling shear strength of lumber exist. Internal shear capacity of several types of CLT panels was predicted by calculating the distribution of internal shear stress from the experimental rolling shear strength of sugi lumber. To verify the calculated shear capacity of several types of CLT cross sections, asymmetric four-point bending tests were carried out. The experimental shear capacity was found to be 12% lower than the average value of the rolling shear strength model for the lumber of the shear zone and was 16% higher than the minimum value of rolling shear strength model.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81022545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we prepared benzylated wood meal by a mechanochemical processing method, and investigated the effects of processing time and amount of reagents. Wood meal of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) heartwood, benzyl chloride, and 40% sodium hydroxide aqueous were measured, and processed in a high-speed vibration rod mill for up to three hours at room temperature. Pre-treatment of mercerization was not done to the initial wood meal. The weight percent gain (WPG) of the processed wood meal was calculated based on the yield after washing. WPG of the benzylated wood meal was affected by the additional amount of both 40% sodium hydroxide aqueous and benzyl chloride, and the processing time. The maximum WPG was 68.8% at the processing condition of wood meal 5.0 g, 40% sodium hydroxide aqueous 7.5 g, benzyl chloride 14.0 g, and the processing time of 180 min. According to FT-IR analysis of the benzylated wood meals, the hydroxy groups (3450 cm) were increasingly replaced with benzyl groups (699 cm, 740 cm), as the WPG of wood meal increased. These results showed that the benzylation of wood meal was progressed by the mechanochemical processing method.
{"title":"Preparation of Benzylated Wood Meal by Mechanochemical Processing","authors":"T. Saitou, H. Yamada, Y. Kurimoto","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.94","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we prepared benzylated wood meal by a mechanochemical processing method, and investigated the effects of processing time and amount of reagents. Wood meal of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) heartwood, benzyl chloride, and 40% sodium hydroxide aqueous were measured, and processed in a high-speed vibration rod mill for up to three hours at room temperature. Pre-treatment of mercerization was not done to the initial wood meal. The weight percent gain (WPG) of the processed wood meal was calculated based on the yield after washing. WPG of the benzylated wood meal was affected by the additional amount of both 40% sodium hydroxide aqueous and benzyl chloride, and the processing time. The maximum WPG was 68.8% at the processing condition of wood meal 5.0 g, 40% sodium hydroxide aqueous 7.5 g, benzyl chloride 14.0 g, and the processing time of 180 min. According to FT-IR analysis of the benzylated wood meals, the hydroxy groups (3450 cm) were increasingly replaced with benzyl groups (699 cm, 740 cm), as the WPG of wood meal increased. These results showed that the benzylation of wood meal was progressed by the mechanochemical processing method.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87913616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Results of 10 Year Outdoor Exposure Tests for Sugi Glulam II.","authors":"Y. Yanagawa, Kaori Mitsuna, H. Wada","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.28","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88306136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The heartwood color of standing sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) trees was evaluated using the lateral impact vibration method. Evaluations were obtained using the diagnostic index (DFr), which is the product of the diameter D of a stem and the resonance frequency Fr obtained when the stem is laterally impacted. The heartwood color was evaluated on the basis of the following assumptions. A lower DFr implies a higher moisture content (Mc) in the heartwood, and a higher Mc implies lower brightness (L) of the heartwood color. Therefore, a low DFr might imply a low L. Seven hundred trees were measured using this method. Seventy of the 700 trees were cut to check the color of the heartwood. The increase or decrease rate R in the DFr of each tree against the regression line of D and DFr for all the cut trees was calculated as the index for evaluating L. The calculations revealed a negative correlation between R and Mc (r=0.71) and between Mc and L (r=0.70). Further, a positive correlation (r=0.53) was observed between R and L. The correlation coefficient between R and Mc was not high, but the brightness of the heartwood color (L) of the standing sugi trees could be classified into three groups by using the index R. The use of heartwood color evaluation by this method in thinning is also discussed.
{"title":"Nondestructive Evaluation of the Heartwood Color of Standing Sugi Trees by Using the Lateral Impact Vibration Method","authors":"H. Suyama","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.35","url":null,"abstract":"The heartwood color of standing sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) trees was evaluated using the lateral impact vibration method. Evaluations were obtained using the diagnostic index (DFr), which is the product of the diameter D of a stem and the resonance frequency Fr obtained when the stem is laterally impacted. The heartwood color was evaluated on the basis of the following assumptions. A lower DFr implies a higher moisture content (Mc) in the heartwood, and a higher Mc implies lower brightness (L) of the heartwood color. Therefore, a low DFr might imply a low L. Seven hundred trees were measured using this method. Seventy of the 700 trees were cut to check the color of the heartwood. The increase or decrease rate R in the DFr of each tree against the regression line of D and DFr for all the cut trees was calculated as the index for evaluating L. The calculations revealed a negative correlation between R and Mc (r=0.71) and between Mc and L (r=0.70). Further, a positive correlation (r=0.53) was observed between R and L. The correlation coefficient between R and Mc was not high, but the brightness of the heartwood color (L) of the standing sugi trees could be classified into three groups by using the index R. The use of heartwood color evaluation by this method in thinning is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83350868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shibutani, S. Yamauchi, Kazuko Kirikoshi, M. Yatagai
Pyroligneous liquids from woody materials are a valuable forest resource, although they are a byproduct of charcoal production. Chemical deodorant effects of pyroligneous liquids were investigated to expand their applications. Three pyroligneous liquids, which were made from nara (Quercus serrata Thunb. and/or Quercus crispula Blume), ubamegashi (Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray) and mosochiku (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel), were evaluated through deodorization tests. Five chemical compounds, ammonia, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and acetaldehyde, were adopted as sources of offensive odors. All the pyroligneous liquids showed remarkable deodorant effects on ammonia and trimethylamine, which are basic compounds. Pyroligneous liquids from nara and mosochiku had no or few deodorant effects on hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, while both the sulfur compounds showed a reduction of about 30% through a 24-hour deodorization test using pyroligneous liquid from ubamegashi. It has been clarified that considerable amounts of acetaldehyde were volatilized from all the pyroligneous liquids.
木质材料的热解液体是一种宝贵的森林资源，尽管它们是木炭生产的副产品。研究了热解液的化学除臭效果，以扩大其应用范围。三种由黑栎制成的热解液体。通过除臭试验对栎(Quercus crispula Blume)、栎(Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray)和毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel)进行了评价。五种化合物，氨，三甲胺，硫化氢，甲基硫醇和乙醛，被认为是恶臭的来源。所有热解液对碱性化合物氨和三甲胺均有显著的除臭效果。奈良和mosochiku的热解液对硫化氢和甲基硫醇没有或只有很少的除臭效果，而用ubamegashi的热解液进行24小时的除臭试验，这两种硫化物都减少了30%左右。已经澄清的是，相当数量的乙醛从所有热解液体中挥发出来。
{"title":"Chemical Deodorant Effects of Pyroligneous Liquids from Woody Materials","authors":"S. Shibutani, S. Yamauchi, Kazuko Kirikoshi, M. Yatagai","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.261","url":null,"abstract":"Pyroligneous liquids from woody materials are a valuable forest resource, although they are a byproduct of charcoal production. Chemical deodorant effects of pyroligneous liquids were investigated to expand their applications. Three pyroligneous liquids, which were made from nara (Quercus serrata Thunb. and/or Quercus crispula Blume), ubamegashi (Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray) and mosochiku (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel), were evaluated through deodorization tests. Five chemical compounds, ammonia, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and acetaldehyde, were adopted as sources of offensive odors. All the pyroligneous liquids showed remarkable deodorant effects on ammonia and trimethylamine, which are basic compounds. Pyroligneous liquids from nara and mosochiku had no or few deodorant effects on hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, while both the sulfur compounds showed a reduction of about 30% through a 24-hour deodorization test using pyroligneous liquid from ubamegashi. It has been clarified that considerable amounts of acetaldehyde were volatilized from all the pyroligneous liquids.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77496472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Teranishi, H. Sakai, Hajimu Kaimoto, Katsunori Masuda, Yoko Tanaka, T. Itoh, I. Momohara, S. Yata, N. Fujimoto, A. Makita, Tomomi Shigeyama, Akio Yamaguchi, D. Tezuka
To establish adequate pre-treatment for preservation, the effects of the drying method on preservative penetration and dimensional changes in treated wood were investigated using sugi (Cryptomereia japonica D. DON) boxed-heart timber. The high-temperature setting method reduces the amount of wood preservative impregnated in sugi heartwood specimens, as compared with natural and conventional drying methods. In some specimens dried with the high-temperature setting method, remarkable dimensional changes were observed on specimens without kerf due to surface checks which developed on the treated specimens during the drying process. Therefore a few of those specimens
为了建立适当的防腐前处理方法，以杉木(Cryptomereia japonica D. DON)箱心材为研究对象，研究了不同干燥方式对防腐剂渗透和尺寸变化的影响。与自然和常规干燥方法相比，高温定型方法减少了糖心材标本中木材防腐剂的浸渍量。在一些用高温定型方法干燥的样品中，由于干燥过程中处理过的样品上产生的表面检查，在没有切口的样品上观察到显着的尺寸变化。因此，这些标本中的一些
{"title":"Drying and Impregnation for Heavy Timbers of Sugi Heartwood II.","authors":"Y. Teranishi, H. Sakai, Hajimu Kaimoto, Katsunori Masuda, Yoko Tanaka, T. Itoh, I. Momohara, S. Yata, N. Fujimoto, A. Makita, Tomomi Shigeyama, Akio Yamaguchi, D. Tezuka","doi":"10.2488/jwrs.60.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.60.177","url":null,"abstract":"To establish adequate pre-treatment for preservation, the effects of the drying method on preservative penetration and dimensional changes in treated wood were investigated using sugi (Cryptomereia japonica D. DON) boxed-heart timber. The high-temperature setting method reduces the amount of wood preservative impregnated in sugi heartwood specimens, as compared with natural and conventional drying methods. In some specimens dried with the high-temperature setting method, remarkable dimensional changes were observed on specimens without kerf due to surface checks which developed on the treated specimens during the drying process. Therefore a few of those specimens","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89016388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deformation Properties of Wood in Lateral Tension","authors":"Y. Miyoshi, K. Kojiro, Y. Furuta","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90915122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youki Suzuki, K. Kuroda, T. Takano, Chunhua Zhang, Toshikazu Suzuki, M. Takada
{"title":"A Simple Method for Estimating the Radioactive Contamination Level of a Standing Tree by Measuring its Surface Contamination Density","authors":"Youki Suzuki, K. Kuroda, T. Takano, Chunhua Zhang, Toshikazu Suzuki, M. Takada","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82340972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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