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Enoch’s Green Apocalypse: The Source Material of Aronofsky’s Noah 以诺的绿色启示录:阿罗诺夫斯基《诺亚方舟》的素材来源
Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2022-0011
Robby Waddell
Abstract A cataclysmic event, often spelling disaster for the environment, is an essential element to the backstory of any post-apocalyptic tale. In these stories, the presupposed ecological tragedy may have severely altered the environment, but it has not annihilated it. In fact, what has happened is that the apocalyptic catastrophe has neutralized the ecological threats that were the original catalysts for the devastation in the first place, resulting in an opportunity for the environment to rebound once its abusers have faced judgment. In other words, Earth may get beaten black-and-blue, yet the final effect is a green apocalypse—an event that rids Earth of its destructive inhabitants or at least counterbalances their negative effects, giving the global ecosystem a chance to renew. In this article I offer readings of two apocalyptic stories— 1 Enoch and Darren Aronofsky’s Noah . My approach to these stories utilizes elements from a method of ecological hermeneutics that has been developed by Norman Habel and others from the Earth Bible team. The Noahic flood story is one of the earliest examples of a “green” apocalypse, in which the penultimate event may have been devastation on the planet, but the ultimate end was a renewal of Earth. It is my hope that these ecological readings with their attention to the concept of a green apocalypse may be useful in appreciating the possibility of eco-friendly interpretations of apocalyptic texts.
一个灾难性的事件,往往意味着灾难的环境,是一个必不可少的元素,背景故事的任何后世界末日的故事。在这些故事中,预先假定的生态悲剧可能严重地改变了环境,但它并没有消灭环境。事实上,发生的事情是,世界末日的灾难抵消了生态威胁,而生态威胁最初是造成破坏的催化剂,一旦滥用者面临审判,环境就有机会反弹。换句话说,地球可能会被打得青一块紫一块,但最终的结果是一场绿色末日——这一事件将使地球上的破坏性居民消失,或者至少抵消了它们的负面影响,给全球生态系统一个更新的机会。在这篇文章中,我提供了两个启示录故事的阅读——《以诺记》和达伦·阿伦诺夫斯基的《诺亚方舟》。我对这些故事的研究方法使用了生态解释学的元素,这种方法是由诺曼·哈贝尔和地球圣经团队的其他人开发的。诺亚洪水的故事是最早的“绿色”启示录的例子之一,在这个故事中,倒数第二件事可能是地球上的毁灭,但最终的结局是地球的复兴。我希望这些关注绿色启示录概念的生态读物,可能有助于理解对启示录文本进行生态友好解释的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
A Note on Canon and Hermeneutics: Junillus, Inst. 1.1-10 正典和解释学注释:朱尼卢斯,研究所1.1-10
Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2023-0009
Tarmo Toom
Abstract For interpreting Scripture, one needs to figure out what exactly is to be interpreted when the Word of God is interpreted. Because canon and hermeneutics are so tightly connected, several early Christian introductions to Scripture ( introductiones ) provided lists of canonical books. This article assesses a little-known canonical list provided by a sixth-century treatise Instituta regularia divinae legis by Junillus. His aim was to show the particular ways the biblical books in various genres communicated their message as the canonical Scripture. Junillus’ Instituta is a Latin version of the lost work of Paul the Persian, who was educated in Syria, at the School of Nisibis. As such, Instituta is a unique and original example of a broadly Antiochean exegetical tradition, which is disseminated for western readers. Cassiodorus recommended it to his students at Vivarium.
为了解释圣经,我们需要弄清楚在解释神的话语时到底要解释什么。因为正典和解释学是如此紧密地联系在一起,一些早期基督教对圣经的介绍(介绍)提供了正典书籍的列表。本文评估了一份鲜为人知的规范清单,该清单由六世纪朱尼鲁斯的论文《法律制度》提供。他的目的是展示,不同体裁的《圣经》书卷,作为正典圣经,传达信息的特殊方式。朱尼卢斯的《学院》是波斯人保罗遗失作品的拉丁文版本,保罗在叙利亚的尼西比斯学校接受教育。因此,《学院》是广泛的安提阿古训诂传统的一个独特而原始的例子,它向西方读者传播。卡西奥多鲁斯把它推荐给他在维瓦里姆的学生。
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引用次数: 0
Allegory and Ambiguity in Late Antique Canon Lists 晚期古典表中的寓言与歧义
Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2023-0007
J. Ophoff
Abstract In the mid-sixth century, Cassiodorus wrote his Institutiones Divinarum et Saecularium Litterarum to instruct the monks at Vivarium in their scribal work of collecting, codifying, and copying the Christian Scriptures, along with a vast array of Latin Christian literature. His text remained an essential handbook for monks and nuns working as scribes for centuries. Within it, he includes three authoritative canon lists which he takes from Jerome, Augustine, and the Septuagint. To modern scholars these lists often read as nonsense: he seems entirely ambivalent towards which books are “in” or “out” of the canon, he appears unfaithful to his source material, and none of these lists reflects his own system for listing or grouping the Scriptures. What then is the point of them? The answer lies in the importance that Cassiodorus, and other late antique authors, place on numbers as sources of allegorical interpretation in the search for higher meaning. Through a process of “holy arithmetic”, Cassiodorus presents what he claims is an inner logic of these authoritative canon lists, bringing to light three different hermeneutical lenses for understanding what the Scriptures are. As allegories, those lenses can coexist in a complementary fashion, aiding Cassiodorus in his larger mission to codify a Latin Christian tradition. Examining Cassiodorus’s approach to listing the canon and comparing it to modern scholarship on the subject bring into focus some of the key ways in which our own assumptions and methods differ from those of our late antique sources. It also opens up new possibilities for interrogating these sources.
在六世纪中期,卡西奥多鲁斯撰写了他的著作《神学与文学》,指导维瓦里姆的僧侣们收集、编纂和抄写基督教圣经,以及大量的拉丁基督教文献。几个世纪以来,他的经文一直是僧侣和尼姑作为抄写员的重要手册。在其中,他包括三个权威的正典列表,他从杰罗姆,奥古斯丁,和七十士译本。对于现代学者来说,这些列表通常被视为无稽之谈:他似乎对哪些书是“在”或“在”正典之外完全矛盾,他似乎不忠于他的原始材料,这些列表都没有反映出他自己列出或分组圣经的系统。那么它们的意义是什么呢?答案在于卡西奥多罗斯和其他晚期古代作家在寻找更高意义时,把数字作为寓言解释的来源。通过“神圣算术”的过程,卡西奥多鲁斯呈现了他所声称的这些权威正典列表的内在逻辑,揭示了理解圣经的三种不同的解释学镜头。作为寓言,这些镜头可以以一种互补的方式共存,帮助卡西奥多鲁斯完成他编纂拉丁基督教传统的更大使命。考察卡西奥多鲁斯列出正典的方法,并将其与现代学术研究进行比较,可以发现我们自己的假设和方法与我们晚期的古代文献不同的一些关键方面。这也为审讯这些线人提供了新的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Rabbi Jesus in Martin Luther’s Bible Translations 拉比耶稣在马丁·路德的圣经译本
Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2021-0015
Avner Shamir
Abstract This article explores the figure of Jesus as teacher in Martin Luther’s translation of the New Testament by analysing Luther’s translation of the word “rabbi.” In three of the four Gospels, several interlocutors call Jesus “rabbi.” In his earliest translation (1522), Luther rendered the word as “master” in almost all the verses where the word appeared. However, in the editions of the New Testament that appeared in 1526–30, Luther revised the translation and reinstated “rabbi” as a valid title of Jesus. In order to understand Luther’s meaningful reconsideration of one of the main biblical titles of Jesus, the article discusses Luther’s translation practice, his general view on biblical titles and his employment of the term “rabbi” in polemics. The article suggests that rather than anti- or pro-Jewish sentiments, Luther’s view on the figure of Jesus as teacher enabled the revision in the translation. For Luther, the word “rabbi” was a locus where the Jewish and the Christian met, where the historical Jesus could by glimpsed and the unique qualities of Jesus as a teacher, as the only teacher, could be expressed.
摘要本文通过分析路德对“拉比”一词的翻译,探讨了耶稣在路德翻译《新约》中的教师形象。在四部福音书中的三部中,有几个对话者称耶稣为“拉比”。在他最早的译本(1522年)中,路德在几乎所有出现这个词的经文中都把这个词翻译成“主人”。然而,在1526年至1530年出现的新约版本中,路德修改了翻译,恢复了“拉比”作为耶稣的有效头衔。为了理解路德对耶稣的一个主要圣经头衔的有意义的重新思考,本文讨论了路德的翻译实践,他对圣经头衔的一般看法以及他在辩论中使用“拉比”一词。文章认为,路德对耶稣作为老师的形象的看法促成了翻译中的修订,而不是反或亲犹太人的情绪。对路德来说,“拉比”这个词是犹太人和基督徒相遇的地方,历史上的耶稣可以在这里瞥见,耶稣作为老师的独特品质,作为唯一的老师,可以得到表达。
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引用次数: 1
Ecce Homo: John 19:5, a Portrait of Jesus and a Tangle of Stories 约翰福音19:5,耶稣的肖像和一堆故事
Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2021-0021
Andrew P. Wilson
Abstract In the context of the Bible, reception history is about the inter-play of text and context. It is also about the capacity of stories to continue to be told, the practice of ongoing interpretation and about creativity and meaning making, often in ways that challenge the text/context divide. In exploring this challenge, I ask how a roughly drawn picture of Jesus as Ecce Homo from John’s trial scene (John 19:5), a piece of devotional art from 1940s Europe, might demonstrate the capacity of texts—John 19:5 and others—to act across a range of (loosely connected) contexts. How might diverse narratives—artistic, historical, ideological, biographical—engage with thought on reception theory and trouble the distinction between text and context, so as to demonstrate the surprising expansiveness of texts and textuality? When viewed via this picture, the words on the pages of canonical text are revealed to be dynamic, travelling through the cultural and devotional history of varying locations, times and epochs. These words are in a state of flux, continually being re-written, embellished upon and otherwise shaped and changed. Following their trails in connection with this picture of Jesus, I explore the complex qualities of story and textuality. These qualities have parallel implications for John’s Gospel, as an ongoing and increasingly tangled story of Empire, irony and ambivalence, a story that continues to play out in multiple, messy and often conflicting ways. Ultimately, to gather a number of narratives and to bind them within the frames of this picture becomes a way of demonstrating the slipperiness and even arbitrariness of historical reception. It elucidates the competing interests of context, scholarship and tradition, not to mention the ever-widening scope of possibilities for biblical textuality.
在《圣经》的语境中,接受史是文本与语境相互作用的过程。它还涉及故事继续被讲述的能力,持续解释的实践以及创造力和意义创造,通常以挑战文本/上下文鸿沟的方式。在探索这一挑战的过程中,我提出了这样一个问题:在约翰受审的场景中(约翰福音19:5),一幅20世纪40年代欧洲的祈祷艺术作品,粗略地描绘了耶稣作为“人是人”的形象,这幅画如何展示了文本——约翰福音19:5和其他文本——在一系列(松散连接的)语境中发挥作用的能力。艺术的、历史的、意识形态的、传记的不同叙事如何与接受理论的思想相结合,如何混淆文本与语境的界限,从而表现出文本和文本性的惊人扩张性?当通过这张照片观看时,经典文本页面上的文字显示为动态的,穿越不同地点,时间和时代的文化和宗教历史。这些词处于不断变化的状态,不断地被重写、修饰、塑造和改变。跟随他们的足迹与这幅耶稣画像的联系,我探索了故事和文本的复杂品质。这些特质在约翰福音中也有类似的含义,作为一个不断发展和日益复杂的帝国故事,讽刺和矛盾,这个故事继续以多种,混乱和经常冲突的方式上演。最终,收集大量的叙述,并将它们捆绑在这幅画的框架内,成为一种展示历史接受的滑脱甚至武断的方式。它阐明了上下文,学术和传统的相互竞争的利益,更不用说圣经文本的可能性的不断扩大的范围。
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引用次数: 0
Jesus’ Descent from the Cross in Ancient and Medieval Reception 耶稣从十字架上下来在古代和中世纪的接受
Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2021-0027
R. Edwards
Abstract This article traces out the receptions of the Gospel accounts of the removal of Jesus from the cross (which has been variously titled the “deposition of Christ” or the “descent from the cross”). This scene is narrated only very briefly in the four canonical Gospels and receives very little attention in the commentary tradition. However, it does receive attention in creative retellings of the Gospel narratives in antiquity and the middle ages; whereas receptions of this scene are less frequent in antiquity, they explode in the high middle ages. Focusing on the Gospel of Peter, Nonnus of Panopolis’ poetic Paraphrase of John, and the Pseudo-Bonaventuran work Meditationes Vitae Christi, this article explores what might have interested these authors in Jesus’ descent from the cross, and then what these receptions teach us anew about the scene as narrated in the canonical Gospels.
摘要:本文追溯了福音书中关于耶稣从十字架上被取下的记载(有不同的标题:“基督的沉积”或“从十字架上下来”)。这一幕在四部正典福音书中只被简短地叙述过,在注释传统中很少受到关注。然而,它确实在古代和中世纪福音叙事的创造性复述中受到关注;尽管这种场景在古代不太常见,但它们在中世纪盛期爆发了。本文以《彼得福音》、帕诺波利斯的诺努斯(Nonnus of Panopolis)的《约翰福音》(John’s)的诗歌意译,以及伪博纳文图尔派(Pseudo-Bonaventuran)的著作《基督的沉思》(Meditationes Vitae Christi)为重点,探讨了这些作者对耶稣从十字架上下来感兴趣的是什么,以及这些观点教给我们的关于正统福音书中叙述的场景的新知识。
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引用次数: 0
The Artistic Character of the Spirit in the Beatus Tradition 论比阿特斯传统中精神的艺术特质
Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2021-0008
D. Johnson
Abstract This article examines the visual interpretations of the Spirit in the Beatus illuminated manuscripts. This study will follow methods emerging in the discipline of visual criticism where visual art of biblical texts function like commentaries by offering visual interpretations. This study will investigate the visual interpretations of “John being in the Spirit” (Rev 1:10; 4:2; 17:3; 21:10) and the seven Spirits who are identified as the seven torches, the seven eyes, and the seven horns of the Lamb (Rev 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6) in the Beatus illuminated manuscripts.
摘要本文考察了比阿图斯彩绘手稿中对精神的视觉诠释。本研究将遵循视觉批评学科中出现的方法,其中圣经文本的视觉艺术通过提供视觉解释而发挥评论的作用。本研究将探讨“约翰被圣灵感动”的视觉解释(启1:10;2节;17:3;21:10)和被认定为羔羊的七支火炬、七眼和七角的七灵(启示录1:4;3:1;4:5;比阿图斯的彩绘手稿(5:6)。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter 头版头条
Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2023-frontmatter1
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引用次数: 0
Genre as Reception: A Multidimensional Network Approach 体裁作为接受:一个多维网络方法
Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2020-0017
Will Kynes
Abstract A reception-oriented approach to genre will challenge the “objective” genre categories applied to the Bible by analyzing their culturally contingent place in the history of interpretation. It then gathers alternative genre groupings for the biblical texts from that history in order to comprehend the features of the texts more fully through the multiple ways readers have responded to their various capacities. This article incorporates conceptual blending and network theory with a growing reception-consciousness in biblical studies to develop a new three-dimensional version of the common comparison of genres to constellations. This new version communicates the value of a reception-oriented approach for appreciating the complexity of texts, biblical and otherwise, along with their readers’ cultural perspectives. The new multidimensional approach to genre that results is applied to the “Wisdom Literature” genre category as an example.
摘要一种以接受为导向的体裁研究方法将通过分析圣经体裁在释经史上的文化偶然性,来挑战“客观”的圣经体裁分类。然后,它为那段历史中的圣经文本收集了不同的体裁分组,以便通过读者对不同能力的不同反应,更全面地理解文本的特点。本文将概念混合和网络理论与圣经研究中日益增长的接受意识相结合,建立了一个新的三维版本的体体字与星座的共同比较。这个新版本传达了以接受为导向的方法的价值,以欣赏文本的复杂性,圣经和其他,以及读者的文化视角。由此产生的新的多维体裁研究方法,以《智慧文学》体裁范畴为例加以应用。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: Midrash as Rabbinic Reception of the Bible 引言:米德拉什作为拉比对圣经的接受
Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/jbr-2021-0029
Burton L. Visotzky
Abstract The editor of the special issue on Midrash discusses the history of the genre Midrash as reception of the Hebrew Bible and its evolution during the period from ca. 70–1070 CE.
摘要:米德拉什特刊的编辑讨论了米德拉什体裁作为希伯来圣经的接受的历史及其在大约70-1070年期间的演变。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of the Bible and its Reception
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