Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1292
T. Dickinson, Shery Han
An agamic complex of 20- and 10-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns (Crataegus subg. Sanguineae, sect. Douglasianae) occurs in western North America, with a 10-stamen taxon disjunct in the upper Great Lakes basin. Here, we recircumscribe the 20-stamen taxa at the core of this complex (C. ser. Douglasianae). This is needed in order to distinguish between a presumptively ancestral diploid and its allo- and autopolyploid derivatives, all differing in breeding system, distribution, morphology, and pattern of genetic variation. The earliest name for these 20-stamen taxa, Crataegus gaylussacia A. Heller, was given to distinctive plants of Marin and Sonoma counties in California that have recently been shown to be autotriploids. In Flora North America, however, this name was applied to all 20-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns. We recircumscribe C. gaylussacia, and also recircumscribe and typify a slightly younger name, C. suksdorfii (Sarg.) Kruschke, with a specimen from southern Washington with the diminished pollen fertility found in allopolyploid, apomictic black-fruited hawthorns occurring east of the Cascades, from northern California north to southernmost Alaska. Finally, we recognize the diploid, self-incompatible, sexual black-fruited hawthorns found west of the Cascades from northern California to southwestern Washington as Crataegus rhodamae-loveae sp. nov. Together with the 10-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns in predominantly tetraploid, apomictic, and self-fertile C. douglasii Lindl. and its segregates (discussed in detail in a companion paper), these species are linked by whole genome duplications associated in most cases with hybridization, with members of red-fruited C. subg. Americanae, and with each other. We suggest that this complex provides a model for understanding other such groups of Crataegus species that are related by whole genome duplications resulting from the fertilization of unreduced gametes (facilitated by but not necessarily dependent on occurrence of gametophytic apomixis), often together with hybridization. We note that an earlier effort at DNA barcoding these and other hawthorn species that provided limited support for our taxonomic decisions here also demonstrated some limited utility of the original plant DNA barcoding loci in groups like Crataegus. The taxonomic decisions we advocate will warrant consideration when other groups of hawthorns are revised in the light of data like those employed here.
{"title":"What is Suksdorf’s hawthorn? Revision of the Western North American 20-stamen black-fruited hawthorns (Crataegus series Douglasianae, Rosaceae subtribe Malinae)","authors":"T. Dickinson, Shery Han","doi":"10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1292","url":null,"abstract":"An agamic complex of 20- and 10-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns (Crataegus subg. Sanguineae, sect. Douglasianae) occurs in western North America, with a 10-stamen taxon disjunct in the upper Great Lakes basin. Here, we recircumscribe the 20-stamen taxa at the core of this complex (C. ser. Douglasianae). This is needed in order to distinguish between a presumptively ancestral diploid and its allo- and autopolyploid derivatives, all differing in breeding system, distribution, morphology, and pattern of genetic variation. The earliest name for these 20-stamen taxa, Crataegus gaylussacia A. Heller, was given to distinctive plants of Marin and Sonoma counties in California that have recently been shown to be autotriploids. In Flora North America, however, this name was applied to all 20-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns. We recircumscribe C. gaylussacia, and also recircumscribe and typify a slightly younger name, C. suksdorfii (Sarg.) Kruschke, with a specimen from southern Washington with the diminished pollen fertility found in allopolyploid, apomictic black-fruited hawthorns occurring east of the Cascades, from northern California north to southernmost Alaska. Finally, we recognize the diploid, self-incompatible, sexual black-fruited hawthorns found west of the Cascades from northern California to southwestern Washington as Crataegus rhodamae-loveae sp. nov. Together with the 10-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns in predominantly tetraploid, apomictic, and self-fertile C. douglasii Lindl. and its segregates (discussed in detail in a companion paper), these species are linked by whole genome duplications associated in most cases with hybridization, with members of red-fruited C. subg. Americanae, and with each other. We suggest that this complex provides a model for understanding other such groups of Crataegus species that are related by whole genome duplications resulting from the fertilization of unreduced gametes (facilitated by but not necessarily dependent on occurrence of gametophytic apomixis), often together with hybridization. We note that an earlier effort at DNA barcoding these and other hawthorn species that provided limited support for our taxonomic decisions here also demonstrated some limited utility of the original plant DNA barcoding loci in groups like Crataegus. The taxonomic decisions we advocate will warrant consideration when other groups of hawthorns are revised in the light of data like those employed here.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41735344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1286
Robert C. Sivinski
A new species of Oreocarya (Boraginaceae), O. worthingtonii Sivinski, is described from the Brokeoff Mountains branch of the Guadalupe Mountain range in Eddy and Otero counties, New Mexico. It is similar to Oreocarya oblata (M.E. Jones) J.F. Macbr. in pubescence, homostyly and globular, roughened fruits, but differs in its slender stems with linear leaves, subcapitate inflorescence and finely tuberculate nutlets. Specimen photos and a key to Oreocarya species with globular fruits and roughened nutlets from the northern Chihuahuan Desert are also presented.
新墨西哥州Eddy和Otero县瓜达卢佩山脉的Brokeoff山分支描述了一新种Oreocarya (Boraginaceae) O. worthingtonii Sivinski。它类似于oblata Oreocarya (M.E. Jones) J.F. Macbr。在短柔毛，同质和球状，粗糙的果实，但不同的在其细长茎具线形叶，近头状花序和细具结核的小坚果。本文还介绍了来自奇瓦瓦沙漠北部的Oreocarya种的标本照片和具有球形果实和粗糙坚果的钥匙。
{"title":"Oreocarya worthingtonii (Boraginaceae): A new species from southeastern New Mexico, U.S.A.","authors":"Robert C. Sivinski","doi":"10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1286","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of Oreocarya (Boraginaceae), O. worthingtonii Sivinski, is described from the Brokeoff Mountains branch of the Guadalupe Mountain range in Eddy and Otero counties, New Mexico. It is similar to Oreocarya oblata (M.E. Jones) J.F. Macbr. in pubescence, homostyly and globular, roughened fruits, but differs in its slender stems with linear leaves, subcapitate inflorescence and finely tuberculate nutlets. Specimen photos and a key to Oreocarya species with globular fruits and roughened nutlets from the northern Chihuahuan Desert are also presented.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41747950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1290
J. Miller
A taxonomic revision is provided for Cordiaceae (Boraginales) in Mexico and Central America and the adjacent portions of the United States, including 44 species of Cordia and 17 species of Varronia. Eight of the 44 species of Cordia were described as new to science elsewhere in earlier parts of this study. Cordiaceae are distinguished from other families of Boraginales in being erect woody plants with a style that is twice-divided with four stigmas. Taxonomic history of generic delimitation in the Cordiaceae is presented, along with discussions of morphology of Cordia and Varronia, an overview of breeding systems in the family, provisional conservation assessments, infrageneric classification, keys to species, and descriptions, with complete nomenclature and notes on geographic distribution and how to recognize individual species.
{"title":"A revision of Cordiaceae (Boraginales) in Central America, Mexico, and the United States","authors":"J. Miller","doi":"10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1290","url":null,"abstract":"A taxonomic revision is provided for Cordiaceae (Boraginales) in Mexico and Central America and the adjacent portions of the United States, including 44 species of Cordia and 17 species of Varronia. Eight of the 44 species of Cordia were described as new to science elsewhere in earlier parts of this study. Cordiaceae are distinguished from other families of Boraginales in being erect woody plants with a style that is twice-divided with four stigmas. Taxonomic history of generic delimitation in the Cordiaceae is presented, along with discussions of morphology of Cordia and Varronia, an overview of breeding systems in the family, provisional conservation assessments, infrageneric classification, keys to species, and descriptions, with complete nomenclature and notes on geographic distribution and how to recognize individual species.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48842924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1313
Brit Press
About This Journal—The Annual Review of Environment and Resources, in publication since 1976, providesauthoritative reviews of significant topics within environmental science and engineering, including ecologyand conservation science, water and energy resources, atmosphere, oceans, climate change, agriculture andliving resources, and human dimensions of resource use and global change. 31 articles in Vol. 47.
{"title":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 47","authors":"Brit Press","doi":"10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1313","url":null,"abstract":"About This Journal—The Annual Review of Environment and Resources, in publication since 1976, providesauthoritative reviews of significant topics within environmental science and engineering, including ecologyand conservation science, water and energy resources, atmosphere, oceans, climate change, agriculture andliving resources, and human dimensions of resource use and global change. 31 articles in Vol. 47.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48912131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1294
D. Lewis, J. Ammirati, K. Liimatainen, T. Niskanen, C. Ovrebo, Matthew E. Smith, J. Justice, L. Kaminsky
Cortinarius watsoneae, a new species in subgenus Myxacium, sect. Myxacium, is described from pine and mixed pine and hardwood forests from the Gulf States region of North America. It is characterized by the young lamellae that are grayish violet to pale violet, and relatively large basidiospores in comparison to C. mucosus. The ITS sequence is distinct from other members of sect. Myxacium, with 97% similarity to the closest known species, C. collinitus and C. mucosus. The new species is named in honor of the late Geraldine Watson.
{"title":"Cortinarius watsoneae, a new species of Agaricomycetes (Cortinariaceae) from the Gulf States","authors":"D. Lewis, J. Ammirati, K. Liimatainen, T. Niskanen, C. Ovrebo, Matthew E. Smith, J. Justice, L. Kaminsky","doi":"10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1294","url":null,"abstract":"Cortinarius watsoneae, a new species in subgenus Myxacium, sect. Myxacium, is described from pine and mixed pine and hardwood forests from the Gulf States region of North America. It is characterized by the young lamellae that are grayish violet to pale violet, and relatively large basidiospores in comparison to C. mucosus. The ITS sequence is distinct from other members of sect. Myxacium, with 97% similarity to the closest known species, C. collinitus and C. mucosus. The new species is named in honor of the late Geraldine Watson.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42860121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1310
Brit Press
From the Publisher: This book traces the development of the academic discipline of botany at the University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1792 to 1982. Coverage of the professors who taught botany during UNC’sfirst century includes their biographical background, pedagogical style, scientific instruction, and contributionsto science. The academic influences that each of these educators had on Carolina are also noted. Theconcluding chapter, constituting about one-sixth of the volume, describes the UNC Department of Botany,established in 1908. The principal focus of this chapter is the department’s accomplishments, its faculty, andits graduate students. Several significant themes are woven through the text, particularly for the 1800s: the University Museum,the idea of establishing a model farm, the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, the emergence of laboratory practicein the curriculum, the University Library and the sciences, and the campus landscape and its beautification.Included among the noteworthy milestones of the university and of Chapel Hill are the first woman to teachbotany, the early history of the freedmen’s school for Black children, and the establishment of the campus’sfirst chemical teaching laboratory.
{"title":"Putting Down Roots: Foundations of Botany at Carolina","authors":"Brit Press","doi":"10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1310","url":null,"abstract":"From the Publisher: This book traces the development of the academic discipline of botany at the University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1792 to 1982. Coverage of the professors who taught botany during UNC’sfirst century includes their biographical background, pedagogical style, scientific instruction, and contributionsto science. The academic influences that each of these educators had on Carolina are also noted. Theconcluding chapter, constituting about one-sixth of the volume, describes the UNC Department of Botany,established in 1908. The principal focus of this chapter is the department’s accomplishments, its faculty, andits graduate students. Several significant themes are woven through the text, particularly for the 1800s: the University Museum,the idea of establishing a model farm, the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, the emergence of laboratory practicein the curriculum, the University Library and the sciences, and the campus landscape and its beautification.Included among the noteworthy milestones of the university and of Chapel Hill are the first woman to teachbotany, the early history of the freedmen’s school for Black children, and the establishment of the campus’sfirst chemical teaching laboratory.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46644193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. O., Ogun Mautin L., Ewekeye Tolulope S., T. O., Asokere Simeon Y., Usamot Q.
Pollution in recent times has become prevalent due to industrial expansion, hence, releasing pollutants into the environment. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the effects of effluents from electroplating companies on growth, heavy metals accumulation and concentrations in Amaranthus viridis. Seeds of A. viridis were obtained from the National Institute of Horticulture, Ibadan. Loam soils were collected from Lagos State University and two samples of electroplating effluents were obtained from Oregun, Lagos. Seeds were sown, nursed, and transplanted in a uniform bucket filled with 5 kg loam soil and transplanted seedlings were treated with Effluent A (5 and 10% conc.) and Effluent B (5 and 10% conc.) and control respectively. Growth parameters such as plant height and so on were measured and plant samples harvested were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Data collected were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. Results revealed that Effluents A and B are highly acidic and above discharge limits. Also, the result revealed that 5% conc. of Effluents A and B had more effects on growth (p < 0.05) of A. viridis across the harvests than 10% conc. in relation to control. This result showed that the effluent samples affect the growth rhythms of plants. Results further revealed vigorous accumulation of the heavy metals: Zn (241.66 µg kg–1 ± 0.10 at third harvest in Effluent A: 10%), Cu (68.25 µg kg–1 ± 0.23 at first harvest in Effluent B: 5%), Cr (500 µg kg–1 ± 0.90 in harvests at all concentrations.) and Ni (500 µg kg–1 ± 0.90 at third harvest in Effluent B: 5%) and all these metals are far above the control and permissible limits of WHO/FAO recommendations. From this study, it could be concluded that electroplating effluents had adverse effects on growth and increased metals’ bioaccumulation in A. viridis. Therefore, the treatment of effluents to enhance an eco-friendly environment should be done.
{"title":"Effects of Electroplating Effluents on Growth, Heavy Metals Accumulation and Concentrations in Amaranthus viridis Lin.","authors":"O. O., Ogun Mautin L., Ewekeye Tolulope S., T. O., Asokere Simeon Y., Usamot Q.","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5730","url":null,"abstract":"Pollution in recent times has become prevalent due to industrial expansion, hence, releasing pollutants into the environment. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the effects of effluents from electroplating companies on growth, heavy metals accumulation and concentrations in Amaranthus viridis. Seeds of A. viridis were obtained from the National Institute of Horticulture, Ibadan. Loam soils were collected from Lagos State University and two samples of electroplating effluents were obtained from Oregun, Lagos. Seeds were sown, nursed, and transplanted in a uniform bucket filled with 5 kg loam soil and transplanted seedlings were treated with Effluent A (5 and 10% conc.) and Effluent B (5 and 10% conc.) and control respectively. Growth parameters such as plant height and so on were measured and plant samples harvested were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Data collected were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. Results revealed that Effluents A and B are highly acidic and above discharge limits. Also, the result revealed that 5% conc. of Effluents A and B had more effects on growth (p < 0.05) of A. viridis across the harvests than 10% conc. in relation to control. This result showed that the effluent samples affect the growth rhythms of plants. Results further revealed vigorous accumulation of the heavy metals: Zn (241.66 µg kg–1 ± 0.10 at third harvest in Effluent A: 10%), Cu (68.25 µg kg–1 ± 0.23 at first harvest in Effluent B: 5%), Cr (500 µg kg–1 ± 0.90 in harvests at all concentrations.) and Ni (500 µg kg–1 ± 0.90 at third harvest in Effluent B: 5%) and all these metals are far above the control and permissible limits of WHO/FAO recommendations. From this study, it could be concluded that electroplating effluents had adverse effects on growth and increased metals’ bioaccumulation in A. viridis. Therefore, the treatment of effluents to enhance an eco-friendly environment should be done.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89618076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most indigenous rice landraces are sensitive to photoperiod during short day seasons, and this sensitivity is more pronounced in indica than in japonica landraces. Attempts to identify photoperiod sensitive (PPS) cultivars based on the life history stages of the rice plant, and several models and indices based on phenology and day length have not been precise, and in some cases yield counterfactual inferences. Following the empirical method of traditional Asian rice farmers, the author has developed a robust index, based on the sowing and flowering dates of a large number of landraces grown in different seasons from 2020 to 2023, to contradistinguish PPS from photoperiod insensitive cultivars. Unlike other indices and models of photoperiod sensitivity, the index does not require the presumed duration of different life history stages of the rice plant but relies only on the flowering dates and the number of days till flowering of a rice cultivar sown on different dates to consistently identify photoperiod sensitive cultivars.
{"title":"A Farmer’s Approach to Detecting Photoperiod Sensitivity in Rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) Landraces","authors":"Debal Deb","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5737","url":null,"abstract":"Most indigenous rice landraces are sensitive to photoperiod during short day seasons, and this sensitivity is more pronounced in indica than in japonica landraces. Attempts to identify photoperiod sensitive (PPS) cultivars based on the life history stages of the rice plant, and several models and indices based on phenology and day length have not been precise, and in some cases yield counterfactual inferences. Following the empirical method of traditional Asian rice farmers, the author has developed a robust index, based on the sowing and flowering dates of a large number of landraces grown in different seasons from 2020 to 2023, to contradistinguish PPS from photoperiod insensitive cultivars. Unlike other indices and models of photoperiod sensitivity, the index does not require the presumed duration of different life history stages of the rice plant but relies only on the flowering dates and the number of days till flowering of a rice cultivar sown on different dates to consistently identify photoperiod sensitive cultivars.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85785130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Debal Deb, N. V. Joshi, Debdulal Bhattacharya, Mahendra Nauri, Rakesh Ganguly
Different cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa) open at different times of the day, and the overlap of anthesis time in rice between the neighbouring cultivars is of crucial importance to the degree of cross pollination in rice. Nevertheless, none of the past experiments with cross pollination between different rice cultivars ever reported the respective flower opening time (FOT) and flower exposure duration (FED) of the parent cultivars, until recently. The authors present here the first record of FOT and FED of 1114 indica rice landraces of South and Southeast Asia, growing during summer and winter seasons in three consecutive years. The authors also present an analysis of the influences of the growing season on the anthesis behaviour, and present the first records of the FOT and FED variability on sunny and cloudy days of a large number of landraces. The data show that rice florets tend to open later in the morning (that is, take longer time to anthesis after sunrise) on sunny days than on cloudy days, and also significantly later during long day seasons (spring and summer) than during short day season (winter); and that FED is inversely related to both FOT and the length of duration from sunrise to first flower opening. The wide ranges of FOT (8:50 a.m. to 12:40 p.m.) and FED (15 to 194 minutes) also suggest the ample time window for receiving pollen from neighbouring cultivars with different FOT, enhancing the chances of cross pollination between hundreds of rice landraces with FOT and FED overlaps.
{"title":"Diversity of Flower Opening Time and Duration in Rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) Landraces of South and Southeast Asia in Different Cultivation Seasons","authors":"Debal Deb, N. V. Joshi, Debdulal Bhattacharya, Mahendra Nauri, Rakesh Ganguly","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5724","url":null,"abstract":"Different cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa) open at different times of the day, and the overlap of anthesis time in rice between the neighbouring cultivars is of crucial importance to the degree of cross pollination in rice. Nevertheless, none of the past experiments with cross pollination between different rice cultivars ever reported the respective flower opening time (FOT) and flower exposure duration (FED) of the parent cultivars, until recently. The authors present here the first record of FOT and FED of 1114 indica rice landraces of South and Southeast Asia, growing during summer and winter seasons in three consecutive years. The authors also present an analysis of the influences of the growing season on the anthesis behaviour, and present the first records of the FOT and FED variability on sunny and cloudy days of a large number of landraces. The data show that rice florets tend to open later in the morning (that is, take longer time to anthesis after sunrise) on sunny days than on cloudy days, and also significantly later during long day seasons (spring and summer) than during short day season (winter); and that FED is inversely related to both FOT and the length of duration from sunrise to first flower opening. The wide ranges of FOT (8:50 a.m. to 12:40 p.m.) and FED (15 to 194 minutes) also suggest the ample time window for receiving pollen from neighbouring cultivars with different FOT, enhancing the chances of cross pollination between hundreds of rice landraces with FOT and FED overlaps.","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79108688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the dynamics and patterns of biodiversity in transition forests is vital in promoting conservation and addressing environmental change issues. This work focused on elucidating the diversity, structure, and carbon potentials of a forest-savannah ecosystem. To achieve this, 8 forest plots that measured 50 m × 50 m each was set up in a forest-savannah landscape and used to identify and measure tree species ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH measured at 130 cm). Species importance value was used to summarize the biodiversity patterns and the aboveground carbon estimates were elicited with the allometric equation. 43 species within 22 families were enumerated and the diversity was generally low (ranging from 1.82-2.5). Species such as Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel, Pyrostria guinnensis Comm. ex A. Juss, Dialium guineense Willd. and Margariteria discoidea (Baill.) G.L Webster were the dominant species, and had the highest importance values of 113.06, 55.13, 28.16 and 16.95, respectively, while Allophlus africanus P. Beauv., Annona senegalensis Pers., Anthonatha macrophylla P. Beauv., Ficus capensis Thumb. and Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch had the least importance values of 0.16 each. Carbon estimates ranged from 16.43172-42.9298 t/Ha. Most frequent species with higher basal areas no doubt contributed much to the carbon estimates, but did not have higher capacities in storing carbon. Managing the ecosystem with more carbon-dense species was seen as a suitable strategy for addressing environmental change in the ecosystem and region.
了解过渡森林生物多样性的动态和模式对于促进保护和解决环境变化问题至关重要。这项工作的重点是阐明森林-草原生态系统的多样性、结构和碳潜力。为了实现这一目标，在森林-稀树草原景观中设置了8个50 m × 50 m的森林样地，用于鉴定和测量胸径≥10 cm的树种(测量胸径为130 cm)。利用物种重要值对生物多样性格局进行总结，利用异速生长方程对地上碳进行估算。共有22科43种，多样性总体较低(1.82 ~ 2.5)。如Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch等物种。& Dalziel，几内亚火鼠(Pyrostria guinnensis)， ex A. Juss, Dialium guineense wild。玛格丽蒂亚迪斯科(贝尔)优势种为G.L Webster，重要性值最高，分别为113.06、55.13、28.16和16.95;凤仙花;大叶Anthonatha P. Beauv;Ficus capensis拇指。最小的重要值为0.16;碳估算范围为16.43172-42.9298 t/Ha。基底面积较大的最常见树种无疑对碳估算贡献较大，但其碳储存能力不高。利用碳密度更高的物种管理生态系统被视为解决生态系统和区域环境变化的合适策略。
{"title":"Species Distribution and Patterns in a Forest-savannah Ecotone: Environmental Change and Conservation Concerns","authors":"N. Igu","doi":"10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5588","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the dynamics and patterns of biodiversity in transition forests is vital in promoting conservation and addressing environmental change issues. This work focused on elucidating the diversity, structure, and carbon potentials of a forest-savannah ecosystem. To achieve this, 8 forest plots that measured 50 m × 50 m each was set up in a forest-savannah landscape and used to identify and measure tree species ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH measured at 130 cm). Species importance value was used to summarize the biodiversity patterns and the aboveground carbon estimates were elicited with the allometric equation. 43 species within 22 families were enumerated and the diversity was generally low (ranging from 1.82-2.5). Species such as Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel, Pyrostria guinnensis Comm. ex A. Juss, Dialium guineense Willd. and Margariteria discoidea (Baill.) G.L Webster were the dominant species, and had the highest importance values of 113.06, 55.13, 28.16 and 16.95, respectively, while Allophlus africanus P. Beauv., Annona senegalensis Pers., Anthonatha macrophylla P. Beauv., Ficus capensis Thumb. and Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch had the least importance values of 0.16 each. Carbon estimates ranged from 16.43172-42.9298 t/Ha. Most frequent species with higher basal areas no doubt contributed much to the carbon estimates, but did not have higher capacities in storing carbon. Managing the ecosystem with more carbon-dense species was seen as a suitable strategy for addressing environmental change in the ecosystem and region. ","PeriodicalId":17307,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90645845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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