Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad76dd
Minsu Kim, Joachim Schaeffer, Marc D. Berliner, Berta Pedret Sagnier, Martin Z. Bazant, Rolf Findeisen and Richard D. Braatz
Safety and maintaining high performance are key considerations during the operation of lithium-ion batteries. Battery degradation, in particular lithium plating and loss of active material, is often accelerated by fast charging. This study explores a strategy for the design of fast charging protocols that takes into account the influence of the variability between battery cells on factors that can impact degradation. We employ a non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion to identify the key parameters for each degradation condition. We explore the reduction of battery degradation by adjusting constraints such as the maximum C-rate and voltage. Tight control of the key adjustable parameters contributes significantly to reducing the confidence interval of the degradation factors, allowing reduced charging time with minimal degradation. The application of our approach to two state-dependent fast charging protocols for a LiC6/LiCoO2 battery indicates the value in explicitly accounting for uncertainties when designing charging protocols that minimize degradation. Highlights A novel optimal charging strategy is proposed for reducing battery degradation The strategy explicitly takes probabilistic uncertainties into account The uncertainties are addressed by using a polynomial chaos expansion The strategy is used to design fast charging protocols for lithium-ion batteries The key parameters contributing to battery degradation are identified
安全和保持高性能是锂离子电池运行过程中的主要考虑因素。快速充电通常会加速电池降解，特别是锂镀层和活性材料的损失。本研究探讨了快速充电协议的设计策略，该策略考虑到了电池单元之间的变化对可能影响降解的因素的影响。我们采用非侵入式多项式混沌扩展来确定每种退化条件的关键参数。我们探索了通过调整最大 C 率和电压等约束条件来减少电池退化的方法。对关键可调参数的严格控制大大有助于缩小退化因子的置信区间，从而在减少退化的同时缩短充电时间。将我们的方法应用于锂C6/钴酸锂电池的两个与状态有关的快速充电协议表明，在设计可最大限度减少劣化的充电协议时，明确考虑不确定性是很有价值的。该策略明确考虑了概率不确定性，通过使用多项式混沌扩展来解决不确定性问题。
{"title":"Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries While Accounting for Degradation and Cell-to-Cell Variability","authors":"Minsu Kim, Joachim Schaeffer, Marc D. Berliner, Berta Pedret Sagnier, Martin Z. Bazant, Rolf Findeisen and Richard D. Braatz","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad76dd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad76dd","url":null,"abstract":"Safety and maintaining high performance are key considerations during the operation of lithium-ion batteries. Battery degradation, in particular lithium plating and loss of active material, is often accelerated by fast charging. This study explores a strategy for the design of fast charging protocols that takes into account the influence of the variability between battery cells on factors that can impact degradation. We employ a non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion to identify the key parameters for each degradation condition. We explore the reduction of battery degradation by adjusting constraints such as the maximum C-rate and voltage. Tight control of the key adjustable parameters contributes significantly to reducing the confidence interval of the degradation factors, allowing reduced charging time with minimal degradation. The application of our approach to two state-dependent fast charging protocols for a LiC6/LiCoO2 battery indicates the value in explicitly accounting for uncertainties when designing charging protocols that minimize degradation. Highlights A novel optimal charging strategy is proposed for reducing battery degradation The strategy explicitly takes probabilistic uncertainties into account The uncertainties are addressed by using a polynomial chaos expansion The strategy is used to design fast charging protocols for lithium-ion batteries The key parameters contributing to battery degradation are identified","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad7763
F. Gerbig, A. Chauhan, S. Gietl and H. Nirschl
Rechargeable batteries are crucial in modern energy storage, with lithium-ion batteries dominating the market. However, the scarcity and environmental concerns associated with lithium have spurred interest in alternative battery chemistries, particularly sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which utilize abundant sodium resources. Despite extensive experimental research on all-solid-state SIBs (ASSSIBs), theoretical investigations have primarily focused on molecular-level analyses, overlooking the impact of cell composition on overall performance. This paper aims to address this gap by developing a physical model for simulating ASSSIBs at the particle scale. Our methodology involves integrating experimental data with simulation results to identify key factors influencing battery performance. The study reveals slow sodium ion transport as a significant bottleneck, attributed to factors such as low porosity of the half-cell and limited electrolyte ionic conductivity. Simulation outcomes emphasize the importance of advancing fast-ion-conducting solid electrolytes to enhance ASSSIB performance. Moreover, the results suggest that electrodes with high electrolyte active filler content and reduced thickness are necessary for achieving optimal battery capacity utilization. Overall, this research underscores the intricate relationship between electrode microstructure and battery performance, offering valuable insights for the design and optimization of sustainable sodium-ion battery systems suitable for stationary and mobile applications.
{"title":"Performance Investigations on All-Solid-State Polymer-Ceramic Sodium-Ion Batteries through a Spatially Resolved Electrochemical Model","authors":"F. Gerbig, A. Chauhan, S. Gietl and H. Nirschl","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad7763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad7763","url":null,"abstract":"Rechargeable batteries are crucial in modern energy storage, with lithium-ion batteries dominating the market. However, the scarcity and environmental concerns associated with lithium have spurred interest in alternative battery chemistries, particularly sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which utilize abundant sodium resources. Despite extensive experimental research on all-solid-state SIBs (ASSSIBs), theoretical investigations have primarily focused on molecular-level analyses, overlooking the impact of cell composition on overall performance. This paper aims to address this gap by developing a physical model for simulating ASSSIBs at the particle scale. Our methodology involves integrating experimental data with simulation results to identify key factors influencing battery performance. The study reveals slow sodium ion transport as a significant bottleneck, attributed to factors such as low porosity of the half-cell and limited electrolyte ionic conductivity. Simulation outcomes emphasize the importance of advancing fast-ion-conducting solid electrolytes to enhance ASSSIB performance. Moreover, the results suggest that electrodes with high electrolyte active filler content and reduced thickness are necessary for achieving optimal battery capacity utilization. Overall, this research underscores the intricate relationship between electrode microstructure and battery performance, offering valuable insights for the design and optimization of sustainable sodium-ion battery systems suitable for stationary and mobile applications.","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad76e0
Jia Zhang, Tianye Zheng, Xiaoyang Guo, Hung Quoc Nguyen, Ka-wai Eric Cheng, Kwok-Ho Lam, Daniel Rettenwander, Wei Jin and Steven T. Boles
Group IVA elements have aroused attention in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their Na-storage capability. Among them, Pb is less explored perhaps due to its perceived risks, but its long-standing success in Pb-acid batteries should not be neglected. Together with the well-established recycling procedures, the merits of Pb warrant further investigations as a practical SIB anode. In this work, four intermetallic phases are detected during electrochemical sodiation of Pb, which yields a capacity of ∼460 mAh·g−1 (∼1167 mAh·cm−3) upon the formation of Na15Pb4. When pursuing full capacities, the electrode stops functioning after only 3–4 cycles largely due to electrode physical damage. The reversibility of each phase transformation pair is then assessed to explore the origins of capacity fading. The NaPb/Na9Pb4 transformation shows the worst stability, consistent with the observed structural damage (e.g., cracks and voids). Through bypassing the problematic phase transformations using a partial cycling protocol, the stability of Pb foil anodes is improved, giving 20 cycles with 85% capacity retention. Considering other factors are unoptimized, it is suggested that the Pb-based anodes should not be fully eliminated from the future roadmap of SIBs, as the prospective merits can create value to ensure the management of such materials of concern.
{"title":"Identifying Problematic Phase Transformations in Pb Foil Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Jia Zhang, Tianye Zheng, Xiaoyang Guo, Hung Quoc Nguyen, Ka-wai Eric Cheng, Kwok-Ho Lam, Daniel Rettenwander, Wei Jin and Steven T. Boles","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad76e0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad76e0","url":null,"abstract":"Group IVA elements have aroused attention in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their Na-storage capability. Among them, Pb is less explored perhaps due to its perceived risks, but its long-standing success in Pb-acid batteries should not be neglected. Together with the well-established recycling procedures, the merits of Pb warrant further investigations as a practical SIB anode. In this work, four intermetallic phases are detected during electrochemical sodiation of Pb, which yields a capacity of ∼460 mAh·g−1 (∼1167 mAh·cm−3) upon the formation of Na15Pb4. When pursuing full capacities, the electrode stops functioning after only 3–4 cycles largely due to electrode physical damage. The reversibility of each phase transformation pair is then assessed to explore the origins of capacity fading. The NaPb/Na9Pb4 transformation shows the worst stability, consistent with the observed structural damage (e.g., cracks and voids). Through bypassing the problematic phase transformations using a partial cycling protocol, the stability of Pb foil anodes is improved, giving 20 cycles with 85% capacity retention. Considering other factors are unoptimized, it is suggested that the Pb-based anodes should not be fully eliminated from the future roadmap of SIBs, as the prospective merits can create value to ensure the management of such materials of concern.","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad75bf
Devendra Y. Nikumbe, Priyanka P. Bavdane, Dimple Bora, Vidhiben Dave, Bhavana Bhatt and Rajaram K. Nagarale
Tröger’s base anion exchange membrane (TB-AEM) was readily prepared by condensation polymerization of biphenyl diamine and dimethoxymethane in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid followed by quaternization with methyl iodide. The film cast from N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent displayed good mechanical strength, a tensile modulus of 1.18 GPa with elongation at break of 17%, and a glass transition temperature (Tg) at 248 °C. It exhibited OH− ion conductivity of 108 mS cm−1 by impedance measurement at 80 °C in 1M KOH. The membrane exhibited good affinity toward I2, resulting in the formation of I2Br− ions in the membrane matrix. Over 300 charge/discharge cycles at a 50 mA cm−2 current density, the battery exhibited 95.5% Coulombic efficiency (CE), 76.4% voltage efficiency (VE), and 74.0% energy efficiency (EE) and delivered a capacity of 24.8 Ah L−1. Over a span of 60 h, the open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the cell remained constant at 1.2 V. Collectively, our findings suggest that the anion exchange membrane's charge and porosity tuning are key factors in the design of new generation separators for zinc-iodide flow batteries. Highlights Tröger’s base anion exchange membrane for ZnI2 redox flow battery. Dendrite Mitigation: Achieved through the formation of I2Br− complex. Cycle Stability: Demonstrated stable performance over 300 charge/discharge cycles, with: 95.5% CE), 76.4%, and 74.0% EE, and delivered a capacity of 24.8 Ah L−1. Open-Circuit Voltage: Maintained constant at 1.2 V for 60 h.
{"title":"Mitigation of Dendrite Growth in Zinc-iodide Flow Battery with Tröger’s Base Anion Exchange Membrane","authors":"Devendra Y. Nikumbe, Priyanka P. Bavdane, Dimple Bora, Vidhiben Dave, Bhavana Bhatt and Rajaram K. Nagarale","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad75bf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad75bf","url":null,"abstract":"Tröger’s base anion exchange membrane (TB-AEM) was readily prepared by condensation polymerization of biphenyl diamine and dimethoxymethane in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid followed by quaternization with methyl iodide. The film cast from N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent displayed good mechanical strength, a tensile modulus of 1.18 GPa with elongation at break of 17%, and a glass transition temperature (Tg) at 248 °C. It exhibited OH− ion conductivity of 108 mS cm−1 by impedance measurement at 80 °C in 1M KOH. The membrane exhibited good affinity toward I2, resulting in the formation of I2Br− ions in the membrane matrix. Over 300 charge/discharge cycles at a 50 mA cm−2 current density, the battery exhibited 95.5% Coulombic efficiency (CE), 76.4% voltage efficiency (VE), and 74.0% energy efficiency (EE) and delivered a capacity of 24.8 Ah L−1. Over a span of 60 h, the open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the cell remained constant at 1.2 V. Collectively, our findings suggest that the anion exchange membrane's charge and porosity tuning are key factors in the design of new generation separators for zinc-iodide flow batteries. Highlights Tröger’s base anion exchange membrane for ZnI2 redox flow battery. Dendrite Mitigation: Achieved through the formation of I2Br− complex. Cycle Stability: Demonstrated stable performance over 300 charge/discharge cycles, with: 95.5% CE), 76.4%, and 74.0% EE, and delivered a capacity of 24.8 Ah L−1. Open-Circuit Voltage: Maintained constant at 1.2 V for 60 h.","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad6ebb
Helfried Näfe and Yude Wang
A solid-state electrochemical technique based on a potentiometric oxygen concentration cell has been used to characterize the thermodynamic stability of the phase mixture α-Al2O3 + Na-β-Al2O3 by determining its Na2O activity. In combination with phase analysis based on Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns the magnitude and variability of the stoichiometric composition of the β-phase have been quantified. Upon variation of the Na2O content of the phase mixture, the Na2O activity resulting from the α/β-equilibrium has proved to be stable because both phases are readily inter-convertible. This behaviour guarantees that the material is eminently suitable as a stable sodium electrode, while simultaneously functioning as a sodium-ion conducting solid electrolyte. The temperature dependence of the logarithm of the Na2O activity has been found to be two-part. This is in line with the trend of the majority of critically assessed literature data thus demonstrating that former apprehension about the prevalence of a possible methodical flaw due to electronic conduction was unsubstantiated. As a conclusion, the knowledge about electronic conduction through Na-β-Al2O3 is advanced. The findings are the prerequisite for putting a straightforward solid-state CO2 sensor and sodium ion battery into practice.
{"title":"Thermodynamic Equilibrium between Non-Stoichiometric Na-β-Alumina and α-Alumina","authors":"Helfried Näfe and Yude Wang","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad6ebb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad6ebb","url":null,"abstract":"A solid-state electrochemical technique based on a potentiometric oxygen concentration cell has been used to characterize the thermodynamic stability of the phase mixture α-Al2O3 + Na-β-Al2O3 by determining its Na2O activity. In combination with phase analysis based on Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns the magnitude and variability of the stoichiometric composition of the β-phase have been quantified. Upon variation of the Na2O content of the phase mixture, the Na2O activity resulting from the α/β-equilibrium has proved to be stable because both phases are readily inter-convertible. This behaviour guarantees that the material is eminently suitable as a stable sodium electrode, while simultaneously functioning as a sodium-ion conducting solid electrolyte. The temperature dependence of the logarithm of the Na2O activity has been found to be two-part. This is in line with the trend of the majority of critically assessed literature data thus demonstrating that former apprehension about the prevalence of a possible methodical flaw due to electronic conduction was unsubstantiated. As a conclusion, the knowledge about electronic conduction through Na-β-Al2O3 is advanced. The findings are the prerequisite for putting a straightforward solid-state CO2 sensor and sodium ion battery into practice.","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad76e1
Sharafudeen Pamangadan C., Snehangshu Patra and Elumalai Perumal
CO2-tolerant rechargeable Lithium-Air batteries are seen as a high-performing alternative to Li-ion batteries. They utilize O2 from the air, reducing it at the cathode to form lithium peroxide (Li2O2) during discharge which is then oxidized to form lithium-metal and freeing O2 during charging. Most of the present studies involve pure O2 as the cathode material instead of aerial O2, which has a stiff-challenge due to atmospheric CO2 which produces Li2CO3 during discharge, posing a resistive load on the battery if not re-oxidized on charging. Ideally, presence of CO2 should enhance the charge-storage capacity if it is cycled reversibly. Thus, present research aims at taking advantage of both O2 and CO2 by employing metallic Cu on CuFe2O4 catalyst, synthesized from a one-step auto-combustion route. The Cu metal present in the catalyst leads to a low surface-area, yet the catalyst demonstrates excellent oxygen reduction reaction and moderate oxygen evolution reaction activity. excellent CO2 reduction reaction activity, oxidizing both the Li2O2 and the Li2CO3 during charge in both 10% CO2 and 100% CO2 atmospheres. The fabricated Li-CO2 battery operates for practical application, suggesting the suitability of the catalyst for the transition from practical Li-O2 battery to Li-Air battery.
耐二氧化碳可充电锂空气电池被视为锂离子电池的高性能替代品。它们利用空气中的氧气，在放电时在阴极还原形成过氧化锂（Li2O2），然后氧化形成锂金属，并在充电时释放出氧气。由于大气中的 CO2 会在放电过程中生成 Li2CO3，如果充电时不重新氧化，就会对电池造成电阻负荷，因此，目前的大多数研究都将纯 O2 作为阴极材料，而不是将空气中的 O2 作为阴极材料。在理想情况下，如果电池可逆循环，二氧化碳的存在应能提高电池的储电能力。因此，本研究旨在通过采用一步法自燃路线合成的 CuFe2O4 催化剂上的金属铜，同时利用氧气和二氧化碳。催化剂中的金属铜导致其表面积较小，但却表现出极佳的氧还原反应活性和适度的氧进化反应活性，同时还表现出极佳的二氧化碳还原反应活性，在 10% CO2 和 100% CO2 的气氛中充电时都能氧化 Li2O2 和 Li2CO3。所制造的锂-CO2 电池可用于实际应用，这表明催化剂适用于从实用的锂-O2 电池过渡到锂-空气电池。
{"title":"CO2- tolerant CuFe2O4 as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Transition from Rechargeable Li-O2 to Li-CO2 Batteries","authors":"Sharafudeen Pamangadan C., Snehangshu Patra and Elumalai Perumal","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad76e1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad76e1","url":null,"abstract":"CO2-tolerant rechargeable Lithium-Air batteries are seen as a high-performing alternative to Li-ion batteries. They utilize O2 from the air, reducing it at the cathode to form lithium peroxide (Li2O2) during discharge which is then oxidized to form lithium-metal and freeing O2 during charging. Most of the present studies involve pure O2 as the cathode material instead of aerial O2, which has a stiff-challenge due to atmospheric CO2 which produces Li2CO3 during discharge, posing a resistive load on the battery if not re-oxidized on charging. Ideally, presence of CO2 should enhance the charge-storage capacity if it is cycled reversibly. Thus, present research aims at taking advantage of both O2 and CO2 by employing metallic Cu on CuFe2O4 catalyst, synthesized from a one-step auto-combustion route. The Cu metal present in the catalyst leads to a low surface-area, yet the catalyst demonstrates excellent oxygen reduction reaction and moderate oxygen evolution reaction activity. excellent CO2 reduction reaction activity, oxidizing both the Li2O2 and the Li2CO3 during charge in both 10% CO2 and 100% CO2 atmospheres. The fabricated Li-CO2 battery operates for practical application, suggesting the suitability of the catalyst for the transition from practical Li-O2 battery to Li-Air battery.","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad75bc
Yanqiu Xu, Yachun Mao, Muhammad Hammad Ijaz, Mohamed E. Ibrahim, Shiru Le, Fang Wang, Jie Jiang, Dazhao Chi, Maozhong An, Shuhuan Song, Yuhui Huang and Yuhan Zhang
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an efficient and precise manufacturing technology with broad prospects for numerous applications. As a subset of electrochemical machining, electrochemical polishing (ECP) is an advanced surface finishing method that utilizes electrochemical principles to produce smooth and reflective surfaces on various materials, particularly metals. This process is distinguished by its ability to refine surfaces without causing scratches or other forms of mechanical damage, thereby providing a significant advantage over traditional mechanical polishing techniques. The high processing efficiency of ECP renders it particularly suitable for industries that demand large-scale production and high-quality surface finishes. This work reviews the fundamental aspects of ECP, comparing three mechanisms: viscous film theory, salt film theory, and enhanced oxidation–dissolution equilibrium theory. Furthermore, it examines the factors influencing the effectiveness of ECP, including electrolyte composition, temperature, electropolishing time, voltage, and current. Applications of ECP in stainless steel, copper, nickel, and tungsten are also explored, along with a summary of its integration with advanced technologies. Finally, perspectives on the future development of ECP are discussed.
{"title":"Review—Principles and Applications of Electrochemical Polishing","authors":"Yanqiu Xu, Yachun Mao, Muhammad Hammad Ijaz, Mohamed E. Ibrahim, Shiru Le, Fang Wang, Jie Jiang, Dazhao Chi, Maozhong An, Shuhuan Song, Yuhui Huang and Yuhan Zhang","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad75bc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad75bc","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an efficient and precise manufacturing technology with broad prospects for numerous applications. As a subset of electrochemical machining, electrochemical polishing (ECP) is an advanced surface finishing method that utilizes electrochemical principles to produce smooth and reflective surfaces on various materials, particularly metals. This process is distinguished by its ability to refine surfaces without causing scratches or other forms of mechanical damage, thereby providing a significant advantage over traditional mechanical polishing techniques. The high processing efficiency of ECP renders it particularly suitable for industries that demand large-scale production and high-quality surface finishes. This work reviews the fundamental aspects of ECP, comparing three mechanisms: viscous film theory, salt film theory, and enhanced oxidation–dissolution equilibrium theory. Furthermore, it examines the factors influencing the effectiveness of ECP, including electrolyte composition, temperature, electropolishing time, voltage, and current. Applications of ECP in stainless steel, copper, nickel, and tungsten are also explored, along with a summary of its integration with advanced technologies. Finally, perspectives on the future development of ECP are discussed.","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad7295
Carlos Tafara Mpupuni, Orynbassar Mukhan, Ji-Su Yun and Sung-Soo Kim
Lithium metal remains a promising candidate for high-energy-density rechargeable batteries due to its exceptional specific capacity and low reduction potential. However, practical implementation of lithium metal anodes faces challenges such as dendrite formation, limited cycle life, and safety concerns. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the performance of lithium metal powder (LMP)-based electrodes by embedding a LiNO3-carbon composite interlayer between the LMP electrode and the copper foil current collector. The N-rich carbon interlayer acts as a reservoir for LiNO3, enabling its gradual release to maintain prolonged stability of the interfacial reactions of the Li-metal and providing additional Li nucleation sites. Our findings demonstrate that the LiNO3-carbon composite effectively suppresses dendrite formation, improves reversible capacity, and stabilizes the solid electrolyte interphase. Additionally, we validated the fast-charging capabilities of the Li/NCM622 half-cell employing the LiNO3-carbon-coated Cu foil with LMP electrodes. Our results highlight the significant synergistic effect of the LiNO3 additive and carbon interlayer in enhancing the performance of lithium metal-based batteries.
{"title":"A Bifunctional Carbon-LiNO3 Composite Interlayer for Stable Lithium Metal Powder Electrodes as High Energy Density Anode Material in Lithium Batteries","authors":"Carlos Tafara Mpupuni, Orynbassar Mukhan, Ji-Su Yun and Sung-Soo Kim","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad7295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad7295","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium metal remains a promising candidate for high-energy-density rechargeable batteries due to its exceptional specific capacity and low reduction potential. However, practical implementation of lithium metal anodes faces challenges such as dendrite formation, limited cycle life, and safety concerns. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the performance of lithium metal powder (LMP)-based electrodes by embedding a LiNO3-carbon composite interlayer between the LMP electrode and the copper foil current collector. The N-rich carbon interlayer acts as a reservoir for LiNO3, enabling its gradual release to maintain prolonged stability of the interfacial reactions of the Li-metal and providing additional Li nucleation sites. Our findings demonstrate that the LiNO3-carbon composite effectively suppresses dendrite formation, improves reversible capacity, and stabilizes the solid electrolyte interphase. Additionally, we validated the fast-charging capabilities of the Li/NCM622 half-cell employing the LiNO3-carbon-coated Cu foil with LMP electrodes. Our results highlight the significant synergistic effect of the LiNO3 additive and carbon interlayer in enhancing the performance of lithium metal-based batteries.","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad73a7
Marc Ayoub, Thomas Böhm, Markus Bierling, Simon Thiele and Matthew Brodt
During steady-state operation, the proton conduction profile and the concentration profiles of the reactants and products transported through catalyst layers are non-uniform in the in-plane and through-plane directions. It is, therefore, a reasonable hypothesis that the optimal arrangement of the constituents of the catalyst layers should also be non-uniform. One way to address the non-uniformity is through graded catalyst layers. This study elucidates the state-of-the-art for graded catalyst layers, which so far were primarily investigated for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). We identify the most impactful types of gradients in the PEMFC cathode and highlight studies displaying their merits in terms of better conversion efficiencies and longer lifetimes. Furthermore, two critical issues that have received little attention so far are emphasized: on the one hand, industrially relevant manufacturing techniques must be developed and implemented. On the other hand, suitable techniques are needed to identify and characterize the gradients. In this study, guidance to navigate both of these challenges is offered.
{"title":"Review—Graded Catalyst Layers in Hydrogen Fuel Cells - A Pathway to Application-Tailored Cells","authors":"Marc Ayoub, Thomas Böhm, Markus Bierling, Simon Thiele and Matthew Brodt","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad73a7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad73a7","url":null,"abstract":"During steady-state operation, the proton conduction profile and the concentration profiles of the reactants and products transported through catalyst layers are non-uniform in the in-plane and through-plane directions. It is, therefore, a reasonable hypothesis that the optimal arrangement of the constituents of the catalyst layers should also be non-uniform. One way to address the non-uniformity is through graded catalyst layers. This study elucidates the state-of-the-art for graded catalyst layers, which so far were primarily investigated for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). We identify the most impactful types of gradients in the PEMFC cathode and highlight studies displaying their merits in terms of better conversion efficiencies and longer lifetimes. Furthermore, two critical issues that have received little attention so far are emphasized: on the one hand, industrially relevant manufacturing techniques must be developed and implemented. On the other hand, suitable techniques are needed to identify and characterize the gradients. In this study, guidance to navigate both of these challenges is offered.","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad7296
Raegan Chambers, Sajid Hussain, Jekaterina Kozlova, Kaupo Kukli, Peeter Ritslaid, Arvo Kikas, Vambola Kisand, Heiki Erikson and Kaido Tammeveski
Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are attached to different single heteroatom-doped (N, S, P, and B) and dual heteroatom-doped (N, B and N, P) graphene nanosheets via electrochemical deposition using the chronoamperometric method, which allowed for strong attachment of the PtNPs onto the support surface. The effect of the support material on the electrocatalytic activity of the PtNPs on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic media is examined. The PtNPs supported on boron-doped graphene exhibit the highest specific activity (1.26 mA cm−2), and the PtNPs supported on nitrogen and boron dual heteroatom-doped graphene exhibit the highest mass activity (0.70 A mg−1) at 0.9 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode. The kinetics of the ORR vary significantly depending on the dopants, thus concluding that the heteroatom doping of the graphene support material affects the electrocatalytic activity of PtNPs toward the ORR.
利用计时沉积法，通过电化学沉积将铂纳米粒子（PtNPs）附着在不同的单杂原子掺杂（N、S、P 和 B）和双杂原子掺杂（N、B 和 N、P）石墨烯纳米片上，从而使 PtNPs 强力附着在支撑表面。研究了支撑材料对 PtNPs 在酸性介质中氧还原反应（ORR）电催化活性的影响。掺硼石墨烯支持的 PtNPs 表现出最高的比活性（1.26 mA cm-2），而氮和硼双杂原子掺杂石墨烯支持的 PtNPs 在 0.9 V 与可逆氢电极的电压下表现出最高的质量活性（0.70 A mg-1）。ORR 的动力学因掺杂剂的不同而有很大差异，因此得出结论：石墨烯支撑材料的杂原子掺杂会影响 PtNPs 对 ORR 的电催化活性。
{"title":"Pt Nanoparticles Electrochemically Deposited onto Heteroatom-Doped Graphene Supports as Electrocatalysts for ORR in Acid Media","authors":"Raegan Chambers, Sajid Hussain, Jekaterina Kozlova, Kaupo Kukli, Peeter Ritslaid, Arvo Kikas, Vambola Kisand, Heiki Erikson and Kaido Tammeveski","doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad7296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad7296","url":null,"abstract":"Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are attached to different single heteroatom-doped (N, S, P, and B) and dual heteroatom-doped (N, B and N, P) graphene nanosheets via electrochemical deposition using the chronoamperometric method, which allowed for strong attachment of the PtNPs onto the support surface. The effect of the support material on the electrocatalytic activity of the PtNPs on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic media is examined. The PtNPs supported on boron-doped graphene exhibit the highest specific activity (1.26 mA cm−2), and the PtNPs supported on nitrogen and boron dual heteroatom-doped graphene exhibit the highest mass activity (0.70 A mg−1) at 0.9 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode. The kinetics of the ORR vary significantly depending on the dopants, thus concluding that the heteroatom doping of the graphene support material affects the electrocatalytic activity of PtNPs toward the ORR.","PeriodicalId":17364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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