Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11483
H.T. Peduruarachchi, G. Liyanage, F. Idroos, M.S. Ekanayake, P. Manage
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin found in natural waters, with potential risk to human health through the inhibition of protein synthesis. Despite the implementation of conventional water treatment procedures, complete removal of CYN remains a question due to its heat-stable nature. Hence, contamination of water sources with CYN is a challenge in providing safe drinking water throughout the world. The present study was conducted to test the ability to degrade CYN at 280C and pH 7, of four bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus-Y, Bacillus cereus-S (B. cereus-S), Micrococcus luteus, and Alcaligenes faecalis, which were previously isolated from different water sources as different hydrocarbon degraders. The CYN degradation kinetics of each bacterial species were studied using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The greatest CYN degradation (28.22 ± 0.24%) was shown by the bacterium B. cereus-S in 5.0 mg/L CYN within 14 days. The CYN degradation by the other strains was lower than 10% under the same conditions. Further studies employing different initial concentrations of CYN revealed that B. cereus-S could degrade lower CYN concentrations at a higher percentage (1.0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L of CYN removal percentages were 36.83 ± 2.43%, 32.25 ± 1.25%, and 24.72 ± 0.40%, respectively, after 14 days of incubation at 280C and pH 7). The maximum average degradation rates were recorded for 1.0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L CYN on the 6th (0.05 ± 0.00 mg/L/day), 8th (0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L/day), and 12th (0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L/day) days of incubation, respectively. The study showed the potentiality of the bacterium B. cereus-S on the application for degrading CYN among the tested bacteria species.
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) 是一种存在于天然水体中的蓝藻毒素，会抑制蛋白质的合成，从而对人类健康造成潜在风险。尽管采用了传统的水处理程序，但由于 CYN 具有热稳定性，完全去除 CYN 仍是一个问题。因此，水源受到 CYN 污染是全世界提供安全饮用水的一个挑战。本研究测试了四种细菌菌株在 280C 和 pH 值为 7 时降解 CYN 的能力：蜡样芽孢杆菌-Y、蜡样芽孢杆菌-S（B. cereus-S）、黄体微球菌（Micrococcus luteus）和粪阿卡菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）。使用高效液相色谱法研究了每种细菌的 CYN 降解动力学。B. cereus-S 细菌在 5.0 mg/L CYN 中 14 天内的 CYN 降解率最高（28.22 ± 0.24%）。在相同条件下，其他菌株的 CYN 降解率低于 10%。使用不同初始浓度的 CYN 进行的进一步研究表明，蜡状芽孢杆菌-S 能以较高的比例降解较低浓度的 CYN（在 280C 和 pH 值为 7 的条件下培养 14 天后，1.0 毫克/升、2.5 毫克/升和 5.0 毫克/升 CYN 的去除率分别为 36.83 ± 2.43%、32.25 ± 1.25% 和 24.72 ± 0.40%）。在培养的第 6 天（0.05 ± 0.00 毫克/升/天）、第 8 天（0.04 ± 0.01 毫克/升/天）和第 12 天（0.02 ± 0.01 毫克/升/天），1.0 毫克/升、2.5 毫克/升和 5.0 毫克/升 CYN 的平均降解率分别达到最大值。研究结果表明，在受测菌种中，蜡样芽孢杆菌-S 在应用中具有降解 CYN 的潜力。
{"title":"Biodegradation of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin by Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus and Alcaligenes faecalis ","authors":"H.T. Peduruarachchi, G. Liyanage, F. Idroos, M.S. Ekanayake, P. Manage","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11483","url":null,"abstract":"Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin found in natural waters, with potential risk to human health through the inhibition of protein synthesis. Despite the implementation of conventional water treatment procedures, complete removal of CYN remains a question due to its heat-stable nature. Hence, contamination of water sources with CYN is a challenge in providing safe drinking water throughout the world. The present study was conducted to test the ability to degrade CYN at 280C and pH 7, of four bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus-Y, Bacillus cereus-S (B. cereus-S), Micrococcus luteus, and Alcaligenes faecalis, which were previously isolated from different water sources as different hydrocarbon degraders. The CYN degradation kinetics of each bacterial species were studied using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The greatest CYN degradation (28.22 ± 0.24%) was shown by the bacterium B. cereus-S in 5.0 mg/L CYN within 14 days. The CYN degradation by the other strains was lower than 10% under the same conditions. Further studies employing different initial concentrations of CYN revealed that B. cereus-S could degrade lower CYN concentrations at a higher percentage (1.0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L of CYN removal percentages were 36.83 ± 2.43%, 32.25 ± 1.25%, and 24.72 ± 0.40%, respectively, after 14 days of incubation at 280C and pH 7). The maximum average degradation rates were recorded for 1.0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L CYN on the 6th (0.05 ± 0.00 mg/L/day), 8th (0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L/day), and 12th (0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L/day) days of incubation, respectively. The study showed the potentiality of the bacterium B. cereus-S on the application for degrading CYN among the tested bacteria species.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11500
H.A.P.A. Shyamalee, A. Ranawake
A total of eighty different rice genotypes consisting of fifty-three traditional rice accessions and twenty-seven improved rice varieties were evaluated for salinity tolerance. To identify the tolerant genotypes and the relationship between tolerance level with plant height and dry matter accumulation, the seedlings were subjected to electrical conductivity (EC) ~12 dSm-1 for ten and sixteen days separately at the seedling stage. The salinity tolerance of the seedlings was evaluated by standard evaluation scores (SES). Plant height, and total, shoot, and root-dry matter were evaluated in stressed and controlled plants. Rathuheenati4992 was highly tolerant at salinity stresses, and Heenati4618, Kaluwee3728, Mawee (5531, 3618), and Pokkali3573 were highly tolerant at the 10-day and tolerant at the 16-day salinity stress. Pokkali3881 was moderately tolerant at both stress conditions. Improved rice varieties At354 and Bg250 were highly tolerant at 10-day salinity stress and tolerant at 16-day salinity stress. Cultivation of highly susceptible improved rice varieties, Bg360, At306, At362, Ld368 At405, At402, Ld371, Bw272-6b, Ld365, and Bg352 must be avoided in salinized soils. There was no correlation between plant height and salinity tolerance (r = -0.381, α = 0.000), salinity tolerance and total dry matter (r = 0.325 α = 0.002), salinity tolerance and root dry matter (r = 0.294, α = 0.008), or salinity tolerance and shoot dry matter (r = 0.061, α = 0.594). Plant height or dry matter accumulation can be considered unreliable parameters for salinity tolerance screening since they differ with the genotype. The highly tolerant and tolerant genotypes must be further studied at different growth stages.
{"title":"Screening eighty traditional and improved rice genotypes in Sri Lanka for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage in Yoshida solution ","authors":"H.A.P.A. Shyamalee, A. Ranawake","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11500","url":null,"abstract":"A total of eighty different rice genotypes consisting of fifty-three traditional rice accessions and twenty-seven improved rice varieties were evaluated for salinity tolerance. To identify the tolerant genotypes and the relationship between tolerance level with plant height and dry matter accumulation, the seedlings were subjected to electrical conductivity (EC) ~12 dSm-1 for ten and sixteen days separately at the seedling stage. The salinity tolerance of the seedlings was evaluated by standard evaluation scores (SES). Plant height, and total, shoot, and root-dry matter were evaluated in stressed and controlled plants. Rathuheenati4992 was highly tolerant at salinity stresses, and Heenati4618, Kaluwee3728, Mawee (5531, 3618), and Pokkali3573 were highly tolerant at the 10-day and tolerant at the 16-day salinity stress. Pokkali3881 was moderately tolerant at both stress conditions. Improved rice varieties At354 and Bg250 were highly tolerant at 10-day salinity stress and tolerant at 16-day salinity stress. Cultivation of highly susceptible improved rice varieties, Bg360, At306, At362, Ld368 At405, At402, Ld371, Bw272-6b, Ld365, and Bg352 must be avoided in salinized soils. There was no correlation between plant height and salinity tolerance (r = -0.381, α = 0.000), salinity tolerance and total dry matter (r = 0.325 α = 0.002), salinity tolerance and root dry matter (r = 0.294, α = 0.008), or salinity tolerance and shoot dry matter (r = 0.061, α = 0.594). Plant height or dry matter accumulation can be considered unreliable parameters for salinity tolerance screening since they differ with the genotype. The highly tolerant and tolerant genotypes must be further studied at different growth stages.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"141 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139453112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11199
M.A.A. Baheej, H.M. Haniffa, H. Siddiqui, A. Jabeen
Several degenerative diseases, including cancer, are caused by oxidative stress, which is caused by the overproduction and accumulation of free radicals. The purpose of the study was to synthesize gallic acid (GA or 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) esters and evaluate their anti-inflammatory potential through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The compounds methyl gallate (2), sec-butyl gallate (3), ethyl gallate (4), isopropyl gallate (5), 2-methoxyethyl gallate (6), 4-methoxybutyl gallate (7), 2-methylbutyl gallate (8) and pentan-3-yl gallate (9) were synthesized. 1H NMR, MS and IR data are reported for compounds 2-9, and 13C NMR data for compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6. The molecular formulae of compounds 3 and 7-9 were established by HREI-MS spectroscopic data. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities by chemiluminescence and MTT cytotoxicity assay respectively. The results revealed the anti-inflammatory potential of compounds 2-8 with an IC50 range between (13.3 – 54.3 µM) as compared to the standard anti-inflammatory drug, Ibuprofen (IC50 = 54.3 ± 9.2 μM). The most potent inhibitors were found to be compound 3 (ROS IC50 = 15.0 ± 6.6 µM) and compound 7 (ROS IC50 = 13.3 ± 0.8 µM). All compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic in the NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell line. Compounds 3, 7- 9 were identified as new compounds.
{"title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of gallic acid esters as phagocyte oxidative burst inhibitors","authors":"M.A.A. Baheej, H.M. Haniffa, H. Siddiqui, A. Jabeen","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11199","url":null,"abstract":"Several degenerative diseases, including cancer, are caused by oxidative stress, which is caused by the overproduction and accumulation of free radicals. The purpose of the study was to synthesize gallic acid (GA or 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) esters and evaluate their anti-inflammatory potential through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The compounds methyl gallate (2), sec-butyl gallate (3), ethyl gallate (4), isopropyl gallate (5), 2-methoxyethyl gallate (6), 4-methoxybutyl gallate (7), 2-methylbutyl gallate (8) and pentan-3-yl gallate (9) were synthesized. 1H NMR, MS and IR data are reported for compounds 2-9, and 13C NMR data for compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6. The molecular formulae of compounds 3 and 7-9 were established by HREI-MS spectroscopic data. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities by chemiluminescence and MTT cytotoxicity assay respectively. The results revealed the anti-inflammatory potential of compounds 2-8 with an IC50 range between (13.3 – 54.3 µM) as compared to the standard anti-inflammatory drug, Ibuprofen (IC50 = 54.3 ± 9.2 μM). The most potent inhibitors were found to be compound 3 (ROS IC50 = 15.0 ± 6.6 µM) and compound 7 (ROS IC50 = 13.3 ± 0.8 µM). All compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic in the NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell line. Compounds 3, 7- 9 were identified as new compounds.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11194
K.T. Dilrukshi, D.H. Beneragama, T.S. Suresh, J.K.P. Wanigasuriya, P.M. Manage
Drinking water in areas with a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka is known to have high concentrations of fluoride and hardness. The present study evaluated the individual and combined effects of water hardness and fluoride on potential nephrotoxicity, using Wistar rats as an animal model. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=7). Test groups F, H, RL, and RH were given de-ionized water containing 1.5 mg/L fluoride, 200 mg/L hardness, 1.5:200 mg/L fluoride: hardness, and 5:800 mg/L fluoride: hardness respectively, while control group C was given de-ionized water. Body weight and daily water consumption were measured. Serum creatinine, urine creatinine, and urinary biomarker KIM-1 were analyzed. Histopathological changes in the kidneys were observed. There were no significant differences in body weights (p>0.05) while daily water consumption was reduced significantly in the test groups RL and RH (p<0.05). A significant increment in serum creatinine in the RL and RH groups (p<0.05), and a significant reduction in urine creatinine in the F, H, RL and RH groups (p<0.05), were recorded compared to the control. However, the highest magnitude of the effect on serum creatinine and urine creatinine was recorded in the RL group. Significant increment in KIM-1 levels were recorded in the RH group (p<0.05) while the RH group indicated a more rapid increment from the 28th day. When considering histopathology, renal tubular changes were observed in the test groups. The individual and combined effects of water hardness and fluoride may contribute to the aetiology of CKDu in Sri Lanka.
{"title":"Single and combined effect of fluoride and hardness of drinking water on nephrotoxicity: <em>in-vivo</em> study using Wistar rats as an animal model","authors":"K.T. Dilrukshi, D.H. Beneragama, T.S. Suresh, J.K.P. Wanigasuriya, P.M. Manage","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11194","url":null,"abstract":"Drinking water in areas with a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka is known to have high concentrations of fluoride and hardness. The present study evaluated the individual and combined effects of water hardness and fluoride on potential nephrotoxicity, using Wistar rats as an animal model. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=7). Test groups F, H, RL, and RH were given de-ionized water containing 1.5 mg/L fluoride, 200 mg/L hardness, 1.5:200 mg/L fluoride: hardness, and 5:800 mg/L fluoride: hardness respectively, while control group C was given de-ionized water. Body weight and daily water consumption were measured. Serum creatinine, urine creatinine, and urinary biomarker KIM-1 were analyzed. Histopathological changes in the kidneys were observed. There were no significant differences in body weights (p>0.05) while daily water consumption was reduced significantly in the test groups RL and RH (p<0.05). A significant increment in serum creatinine in the RL and RH groups (p<0.05), and a significant reduction in urine creatinine in the F, H, RL and RH groups (p<0.05), were recorded compared to the control. However, the highest magnitude of the effect on serum creatinine and urine creatinine was recorded in the RL group. Significant increment in KIM-1 levels were recorded in the RH group (p<0.05) while the RH group indicated a more rapid increment from the 28th day. When considering histopathology, renal tubular changes were observed in the test groups. The individual and combined effects of water hardness and fluoride may contribute to the aetiology of CKDu in Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11333
H.A.P.A. Shyamalee, A.L. Ranawake
Submergence-tolerant genotypes in rice are essential for flood-prone lands, and recent studies have focused on dissecting tolerance mechanisms considering morphological and physiological changes in the plants upon submergence. Thirty improved rice varieties and sixty-two traditional rice accessions were screened for submergence tolerance under complete 9-day and 14-day submergence stress at the two-week-old seedling stage. The submergence tolerance level of each rice genotype was evaluated according to IRRI guidelines based on survival rates. Accordingly, rice genotypes were categorized into four groups: tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately susceptible, and highly susceptible. Two Mawee accessions (3704, 3618) were submergence tolerant at 14-day submergence stress. The traditional rice accessions Ratawee3466, Mawee (8552, 4145), and Heenati4935 and improved rice varieties Bw400 were moderately submergence tolerant at 14-day submergence stress. Survival rates of the rice genotypes, their initial plant height, and shoot elongation at 9-day and 14-day submergence stress showed that seedling elongation (escape strategy) or reduction of elongation compared to control plants (quiescence strategy) under submergence stress cannot be used as phenotypic markers for selecting rice genotypes for submergence tolerance in rice. Further, the escape strategy or the quiescence strategy was not unique to the genotype, and the survival strategy of some rice genotypes changed with prolonged submergence stress. The escape strategy tended to be an SOS (Save Our Souls) strategy under prolonged submergence stress from 9 days to 14 days. No correlations between initial plant height and survival rate or survival rate and the height gain or reduction at 9-day and 14-day submergence stress showed that the submergence tolerance mechanism in rice was genotype-specific. The submergence-tolerant and moderately tolerant rice genotypes could be further investigated in future studies.
{"title":"Submergence tolerance and tolerance mechanism: A study on traditional and improved rice genotypes at the seedling stage under complete submergence stress in Sri Lanka","authors":"H.A.P.A. Shyamalee, A.L. Ranawake","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11333","url":null,"abstract":"Submergence-tolerant genotypes in rice are essential for flood-prone lands, and recent studies have focused on dissecting tolerance mechanisms considering morphological and physiological changes in the plants upon submergence. Thirty improved rice varieties and sixty-two traditional rice accessions were screened for submergence tolerance under complete 9-day and 14-day submergence stress at the two-week-old seedling stage. The submergence tolerance level of each rice genotype was evaluated according to IRRI guidelines based on survival rates. Accordingly, rice genotypes were categorized into four groups: tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately susceptible, and highly susceptible. Two Mawee accessions (3704, 3618) were submergence tolerant at 14-day submergence stress. The traditional rice accessions Ratawee3466, Mawee (8552, 4145), and Heenati4935 and improved rice varieties Bw400 were moderately submergence tolerant at 14-day submergence stress. Survival rates of the rice genotypes, their initial plant height, and shoot elongation at 9-day and 14-day submergence stress showed that seedling elongation (escape strategy) or reduction of elongation compared to control plants (quiescence strategy) under submergence stress cannot be used as phenotypic markers for selecting rice genotypes for submergence tolerance in rice. Further, the escape strategy or the quiescence strategy was not unique to the genotype, and the survival strategy of some rice genotypes changed with prolonged submergence stress. The escape strategy tended to be an SOS (Save Our Souls) strategy under prolonged submergence stress from 9 days to 14 days. No correlations between initial plant height and survival rate or survival rate and the height gain or reduction at 9-day and 14-day submergence stress showed that the submergence tolerance mechanism in rice was genotype-specific. The submergence-tolerant and moderately tolerant rice genotypes could be further investigated in future studies.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11200
H.M.S.C.R. Heenkenda, T.G.I. Fernando
A study of this caliber can be identified as a profound source for a wealth of knowledge as the aim of this study is to present chronological attribution of Sinhalese inscriptions based on deep learning approaches. Inscriptions shed light on a multitude of information such as chronicled civilizational thought, economic status, language evolution, cultural boundaries, details of royal officers, local rules, ethnic groups, land tenure, religious activities, beliefs, and trade and industries. Inscriptions are major assets to showcase inclusive of listed above, multitude information; hence, the benefits served by a study of high caliber, especially to the historical heritage research and to the heritage tourism. Several computer-aided solutions have been proposed to resolve the recognition of inscriptions in the Sri Lankan context. But this paper proposes an optimized classification. A dataset of five hundred images of original Sinhalese inscriptions dating from the 3rd century BC to the present was used to train and test the models. This study adopts four deep learning models to classify Sinhalese inscriptions: a newly proposed convolutional neural network model, and the pre-trained models Inception-v3, VGG-19, and ResNet-50. Palaeographical and morphological rules were adopted in the manual classification of Sinhalese inscriptions into a number of eras, namely, the Early Brahmi (3rd century BC to 1st century AD), Late Brahmi (2nd century AD to 4th century AD), Transitional Brahmi (5th century AD to 7th century AD), Medieval Sinhala (8th century AD to 14th century AD), and Modern Sinhala (15th century AD to the present). The results of the study indicate promising outcomes with accuracies of 70.66%, 85.94%, 57.44%, and 58.77% respectively for used four models. Further, the study revealed that the Inception-v3 model outperformed in classifying the Sinhalese inscriptions in respective eras.
{"title":"Chronological attribution of Sinhalese inscriptions using deep learning approaches","authors":"H.M.S.C.R. Heenkenda, T.G.I. Fernando","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11200","url":null,"abstract":"A study of this caliber can be identified as a profound source for a wealth of knowledge as the aim of this study is to present chronological attribution of Sinhalese inscriptions based on deep learning approaches. Inscriptions shed light on a multitude of information such as chronicled civilizational thought, economic status, language evolution, cultural boundaries, details of royal officers, local rules, ethnic groups, land tenure, religious activities, beliefs, and trade and industries. Inscriptions are major assets to showcase inclusive of listed above, multitude information; hence, the benefits served by a study of high caliber, especially to the historical heritage research and to the heritage tourism. Several computer-aided solutions have been proposed to resolve the recognition of inscriptions in the Sri Lankan context. But this paper proposes an optimized classification. A dataset of five hundred images of original Sinhalese inscriptions dating from the 3rd century BC to the present was used to train and test the models. This study adopts four deep learning models to classify Sinhalese inscriptions: a newly proposed convolutional neural network model, and the pre-trained models Inception-v3, VGG-19, and ResNet-50. Palaeographical and morphological rules were adopted in the manual classification of Sinhalese inscriptions into a number of eras, namely, the Early Brahmi (3rd century BC to 1st century AD), Late Brahmi (2nd century AD to 4th century AD), Transitional Brahmi (5th century AD to 7th century AD), Medieval Sinhala (8th century AD to 14th century AD), and Modern Sinhala (15th century AD to the present). The results of the study indicate promising outcomes with accuracies of 70.66%, 85.94%, 57.44%, and 58.77% respectively for used four models. Further, the study revealed that the Inception-v3 model outperformed in classifying the Sinhalese inscriptions in respective eras.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Listeria monocytogenes is an important food borne human pathogen associated with severe diseases in humans and animals. Human infection is associated with high mortality rates. Our previous studies done in 2012 on milk and milk products revealed 4b as the dominant serotype followed by 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. Listeria monocytogenes is an important food borne human pathogen associated with severe diseases in humans and animals. Human infection is associated with high mortality rates. Our previous studies done in 2012 on milk and milk products revealed 4b as the dominant serotype followed by 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the sources of contamination and to identify the strain differences (pulsotypes) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing and serotype profiles of L. monocytogenes isolates from farm collected raw milk samples from randomly identified locations in Grama Niladhari divisions of the Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka. Eighty isolates obtained from raw milk samples were confirmed as L. monocytogenes by Polymerase Chain Reaction, belonging to serotypes 4b, 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. The strains were identified by PFGE. PFGE analysis digested with AscI and ApaI enzymes revealed different banding patterns. All the pulsotypes were found to be serotype 4b. The sub typing indicated the diversity of the Listeria species. The presence of serotypes 1/2a, 1⁄2b, 1/2c, and 4b in raw milk is a public health concern, as these serotypes are frequently associated with foodborne outbreaks and sporadic cases of human listeriosis. In our study, PFGE analysis allowed discrimination among isolates of the same serogroup. Further PFGE analysis showed heterogeneity among isolates recovered from both same sampling areas and different areas.
{"title":"Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing and molecular characterization of <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> isolates in raw milk samples from Polonnaruwa District, Sri Lanka","authors":"W.A.S. Wijendra, A.G.G. Kaushalya, K.G.R. Kuruppuarachchi, H.B.C. Harshani, W.A.S.I. Fonseka, R. Ramesh","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11397","url":null,"abstract":"Listeria monocytogenes is an important food borne human pathogen associated with severe diseases in humans and animals. Human infection is associated with high mortality rates. Our previous studies done in 2012 on milk and milk products revealed 4b as the dominant serotype followed by 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. Listeria monocytogenes is an important food borne human pathogen associated with severe diseases in humans and animals. Human infection is associated with high mortality rates. Our previous studies done in 2012 on milk and milk products revealed 4b as the dominant serotype followed by 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the sources of contamination and to identify the strain differences (pulsotypes) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing and serotype profiles of L. monocytogenes isolates from farm collected raw milk samples from randomly identified locations in Grama Niladhari divisions of the Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka. Eighty isolates obtained from raw milk samples were confirmed as L. monocytogenes by Polymerase Chain Reaction, belonging to serotypes 4b, 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. The strains were identified by PFGE. PFGE analysis digested with AscI and ApaI enzymes revealed different banding patterns. All the pulsotypes were found to be serotype 4b. The sub typing indicated the diversity of the Listeria species. The presence of serotypes 1/2a, 1⁄2b, 1/2c, and 4b in raw milk is a public health concern, as these serotypes are frequently associated with foodborne outbreaks and sporadic cases of human listeriosis. In our study, PFGE analysis allowed discrimination among isolates of the same serogroup. Further PFGE analysis showed heterogeneity among isolates recovered from both same sampling areas and different areas.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11201
C. Wijesiriwardana, P. Wimalaratne, T. Abeysinghe, S. Shalika, N. Ahmed, M. Mufarrij
Over the last few decades, the software industry investigated security best practices to guide software developers in producing less vulnerable software products. As a result, security engineering has emerged as an integral part of the software development lifecycle. With the increase in the number of security vulnerabilities discovered, the software industry encountered challenges finding software security experts. Despite the availability of static code analysis tools to detect security vulnerabilities, they are underused due to several reasons such as inadequate usability and the lack of integration support. For example, such tools are deficient in providing enough information, produce faulty warning messages, and miscommunicate with developers. As a solution, this work presents a conceptual framework and a proof-of-concept visualization tool, Secure CodeCity, as an extension to the CodeCity metaphor, to facilitate security analytics. Secure CodeCity extends the CodeCity metaphor into three different granularity levels in 3-dimensional space, facilitating the vulnerability analysis in different granularities. Thus, software practitioners can use Secure CodeCity to obtain useful security-related information such as "What is the most vulnerable class/method in a particular software project?". A between-subjects design-based user study was conducted with 23 subjects using a set of security-related tasks with two benchmark open-source Apache projects. The evaluation results show that Secure CodeCity surpasses the state-of-the-art security analysis tools in terms of correctness, usability, and time efficiency.
{"title":"Secure CodeCity: 3-dimensional visualization of software security facets","authors":"C. Wijesiriwardana, P. Wimalaratne, T. Abeysinghe, S. Shalika, N. Ahmed, M. Mufarrij","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11201","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few decades, the software industry investigated security best practices to guide software developers in producing less vulnerable software products. As a result, security engineering has emerged as an integral part of the software development lifecycle. With the increase in the number of security vulnerabilities discovered, the software industry encountered challenges finding software security experts. Despite the availability of static code analysis tools to detect security vulnerabilities, they are underused due to several reasons such as inadequate usability and the lack of integration support. For example, such tools are deficient in providing enough information, produce faulty warning messages, and miscommunicate with developers. As a solution, this work presents a conceptual framework and a proof-of-concept visualization tool, Secure CodeCity, as an extension to the CodeCity metaphor, to facilitate security analytics. Secure CodeCity extends the CodeCity metaphor into three different granularity levels in 3-dimensional space, facilitating the vulnerability analysis in different granularities. Thus, software practitioners can use Secure CodeCity to obtain useful security-related information such as \"What is the most vulnerable class/method in a particular software project?\". A between-subjects design-based user study was conducted with 23 subjects using a set of security-related tasks with two benchmark open-source Apache projects. The evaluation results show that Secure CodeCity surpasses the state-of-the-art security analysis tools in terms of correctness, usability, and time efficiency.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11367
L.D.B. Suriyagoda, N.A.S.A. Neththasinghe, E.D.C.T. Chandrasekara, E.M.S. Ekanayake, D.M.S.B. Dissanayaka, M. Ariyarathne, B. Marambe
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food in Sri Lanka and phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are major nutrients for the rice plant. However, the variation of P and K contents (mg kg−1) in rice soils and rice grains as affected by agro-climatic zones (ACZs), water source used (i.e., major irrigation, minor irrigation and rain-fed) and cropping systems adopted (i.e., fallow, vegetable, perennials, other field crops) by Sri Lankan farmers are not well elucidated, and are thus investigated in the present study. A total of 200 rice soil and 230 rice grain samples across the country were collected from farmer fields, representing different ACZs, water sources used, and cropping systems adopted using a stratified random sampling approach. The total and available P and K contents in rice soil, and the P and K contents in rice grains were determined. The plant-available P contents in soil were similar among ACZs, water sources, and rice-based cropping systems. Exchangeable K content was higher in rice fields where vegetables were cultivated in the previous season. Grain P and K contents were similar among the water sources used and rice-based cropping systems. Grain P content was the lowest in the Low country Wet zone. Soil available-P and total-P contents (r = 0.29, p < 0.0001), and grain P and K contents were positively correlated (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001). The knowledge generated in the present study is important in P and K nutrient management in rice cultivation in the country.
水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是斯里兰卡的主食，磷(P)和钾(K)是水稻的主要营养成分。然而，水稻土壤和稻谷中磷和钾含量(mg kg−1)的变化受农业气气带(ACZs)、使用的水源(即主要灌溉、次要灌溉和雨养)和采用的种植制度(即休耕、蔬菜、多年生作物和其他大田作物)的影响并没有得到很好的阐明，因此在本研究中进行了调查。采用分层随机抽样方法，从全国各地的农民田间收集了200个水稻土壤和230个水稻颗粒样本，代表了不同的acz、使用的水源和采用的种植制度。测定了水稻土全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量和水稻籽粒磷、钾含量。土壤中植物速效磷含量在acz、水源和稻作制度中相似。前一季种植蔬菜的稻田交换态钾含量较高。不同水源与稻作方式的粮食磷、钾含量基本一致。低乡湿区籽粒磷含量最低。土壤有效磷和全磷含量(r = 0.29, p <0.0001)，籽粒磷、钾含量呈正相关(r = 0.51, P <0.0001)。本研究所获得的知识对我国水稻种植中磷、钾养分管理具有重要意义。
{"title":"Distribution of phosphorus and potassium in selected rice cultivated soils and their accumulation in rice grains under farmer-managed field conditions in Sri Lanka","authors":"L.D.B. Suriyagoda, N.A.S.A. Neththasinghe, E.D.C.T. Chandrasekara, E.M.S. Ekanayake, D.M.S.B. Dissanayaka, M. Ariyarathne, B. Marambe","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11367","url":null,"abstract":"Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food in Sri Lanka and phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are major nutrients for the rice plant. However, the variation of P and K contents (mg kg−1) in rice soils and rice grains as affected by agro-climatic zones (ACZs), water source used (i.e., major irrigation, minor irrigation and rain-fed) and cropping systems adopted (i.e., fallow, vegetable, perennials, other field crops) by Sri Lankan farmers are not well elucidated, and are thus investigated in the present study. A total of 200 rice soil and 230 rice grain samples across the country were collected from farmer fields, representing different ACZs, water sources used, and cropping systems adopted using a stratified random sampling approach. The total and available P and K contents in rice soil, and the P and K contents in rice grains were determined. The plant-available P contents in soil were similar among ACZs, water sources, and rice-based cropping systems. Exchangeable K content was higher in rice fields where vegetables were cultivated in the previous season. Grain P and K contents were similar among the water sources used and rice-based cropping systems. Grain P content was the lowest in the Low country Wet zone. Soil available-P and total-P contents (r = 0.29, p < 0.0001), and grain P and K contents were positively correlated (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001). The knowledge generated in the present study is important in P and K nutrient management in rice cultivation in the country.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11380
T.R. Vishnu, K.S. Kumar, S.K.H. Ahammad, G.N.S. Kumar, N. Umakanth, M.C. Rao, S. Krishna
Pre-monsoon showers occur before the beginning of the rainy season. From the months of March to May, they take place, and can be anything from little drizzles to powerful thunderstorms. March, April and May are known as the pre-monsoon season (PRMS). The precipitation patterns recorded in PRMS are critical because they have an impact on a wide range of crop-related operations across the country. During PRMS, the maximum temperature (TMAX), minimum temperature (TMIN), soil moisture, relative humidity, latent heat, convective available potential energy (CAPE), and total precipitable water (TPW) were analysed at Kakinada region. These variables were collected using daily ERA5 reanalysis data for the PRMS from 1981 to 2021. Studying the convection-related characteristics over the Kakinada station during the PRMS was our goal. During the study period, the five years with the highest PRMS rainfall were 1990, 1995, 2008, 2010 and 2016 and the five years with the lowest rainfall were 1990, 1995, 2008, 2010 and 2016. In the months leading up to the monsoon, the Kakinada station experiences CAPE values between 1000 and 6000 J/kg, while TPW values are between 25 and 60 mm. The PRMS values for CAPE and TPW both show that the prerequisites for moderate to severe convection activity have been fulfilled. TPW, soil moisture, relative humidity, and CAPE parameters during PRMS were well estimated using the ARMA and ARIMA models.
{"title":"Variations of Pre-monsoon season related atmospheric parameters over Kakinada region","authors":"T.R. Vishnu, K.S. Kumar, S.K.H. Ahammad, G.N.S. Kumar, N. Umakanth, M.C. Rao, S. Krishna","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11380","url":null,"abstract":"Pre-monsoon showers occur before the beginning of the rainy season. From the months of March to May, they take place, and can be anything from little drizzles to powerful thunderstorms. March, April and May are known as the pre-monsoon season (PRMS). The precipitation patterns recorded in PRMS are critical because they have an impact on a wide range of crop-related operations across the country. During PRMS, the maximum temperature (TMAX), minimum temperature (TMIN), soil moisture, relative humidity, latent heat, convective available potential energy (CAPE), and total precipitable water (TPW) were analysed at Kakinada region. These variables were collected using daily ERA5 reanalysis data for the PRMS from 1981 to 2021. Studying the convection-related characteristics over the Kakinada station during the PRMS was our goal. During the study period, the five years with the highest PRMS rainfall were 1990, 1995, 2008, 2010 and 2016 and the five years with the lowest rainfall were 1990, 1995, 2008, 2010 and 2016. In the months leading up to the monsoon, the Kakinada station experiences CAPE values between 1000 and 6000 J/kg, while TPW values are between 25 and 60 mm. The PRMS values for CAPE and TPW both show that the prerequisites for moderate to severe convection activity have been fulfilled. TPW, soil moisture, relative humidity, and CAPE parameters during PRMS were well estimated using the ARMA and ARIMA models.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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