Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11548
J. Andrieu, K. Anupama, N. Bautes, S. Benabou, O-J. Crook, V. Gunasekara, T. Jayasingam, C. Jayathilaka, K. Kodikara, F. Lombard, S.K. Madarasinghe, T. Mathiventhan, G. Muthusankar, R. Premathilake, C. Proisy, N. Vanniasinkam, N. Weeratunge, N. Wickramaarachchi, R. Mathevet
On a worldwide scale, land use and land cover changes (LULCC) is a major driver of global change and biodiversity erosion. This study aims to monitor at the scale of Sri Lanka, LULCC and vegetation dynamics, to identify the main changes and their drivers. It places emphasis on multiscale geospatial monitoring with satellite data but also mobilises the interdisciplinary knowledge of a research programme. First, national scale data allows the identification of major changes with the MODIS NDVI dataset using Mann-Kendall tests and time profile analysis. A second local scale was mobilised with a systematic diachronic visual interpretation of high-resolution images on Google Earth. The third step, a macro-regional scale focus on the South and East coasts, used LANDSAT imagery (Stacked K-means) verified by field studies (botanical and vegetation analysis, and interviews). About 92.5% of the island of Sri Lanka is stable or presents no significant trends in the vegetation cover. 5% show a significant positive (greening) trend between 2000 and 2020 around the Puttalam lagoon, west of the Samanalawewa Reservoir, in the Udawalawe National Park, east and north of Ella, and the Nuwaragala Forest Reserve. Only about 2.5% (165,000 ha) of the Island shows a negative significant trend mainly in the periphery of Colombo and Trincomalee. The first driver is a set of national planning decisions in terms of infrastructure development (including urban growth, housing programmes and agricultural fields, and the management of protected areas). The second driver comes under rural dynamics with increasing tree density in rural landscapes over the Uva Province. Infrastructure development initiated by the state, creates both underlying conditions for other activities and negative impacts on coastal ecosystems, such as degradation of wetlands (including protected areas).
{"title":"Multiscale analysis of land use and land cover changes in Sri Lanka by remote sensing: the impacts of post-war infrastructure development in the last 20 Years (2002-2022)","authors":"J. Andrieu, K. Anupama, N. Bautes, S. Benabou, O-J. Crook, V. Gunasekara, T. Jayasingam, C. Jayathilaka, K. Kodikara, F. Lombard, S.K. Madarasinghe, T. Mathiventhan, G. Muthusankar, R. Premathilake, C. Proisy, N. Vanniasinkam, N. Weeratunge, N. Wickramaarachchi, R. Mathevet","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11548","url":null,"abstract":"On a worldwide scale, land use and land cover changes (LULCC) is a major driver of global change and biodiversity erosion. This study aims to monitor at the scale of Sri Lanka, LULCC and vegetation dynamics, to identify the main changes and their drivers. It places emphasis on multiscale geospatial monitoring with satellite data but also mobilises the interdisciplinary knowledge of a research programme. First, national scale data allows the identification of major changes with the MODIS NDVI dataset using Mann-Kendall tests and time profile analysis. A second local scale was mobilised with a systematic diachronic visual interpretation of high-resolution images on Google Earth. The third step, a macro-regional scale focus on the South and East coasts, used LANDSAT imagery (Stacked K-means) verified by field studies (botanical and vegetation analysis, and interviews). About 92.5% of the island of Sri Lanka is stable or presents no significant trends in the vegetation cover. 5% show a significant positive (greening) trend between 2000 and 2020 around the Puttalam lagoon, west of the Samanalawewa Reservoir, in the Udawalawe National Park, east and north of Ella, and the Nuwaragala Forest Reserve. Only about 2.5% (165,000 ha) of the Island shows a negative significant trend mainly in the periphery of Colombo and Trincomalee. The first driver is a set of national planning decisions in terms of infrastructure development (including urban growth, housing programmes and agricultural fields, and the management of protected areas). The second driver comes under rural dynamics with increasing tree density in rural landscapes over the Uva Province. Infrastructure development initiated by the state, creates both underlying conditions for other activities and negative impacts on coastal ecosystems, such as degradation of wetlands (including protected areas).","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139453649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11331
K. Nanayakkara, W. Dias
A novel section parameter termed normalized excess kurtosis of a section, inspired by the same parameter used in probability distributions, is introduced to characterize the rotation capacity of a hollow section under bending. The proposed normalization accounts for variations in yield stress and Young’s modulus too. A linear relationship is observed between rotation capacity and the normalized excess kurtosis of circular hollow sections (CHS), rectangular/square hollow sections (RHS) and elliptical/oval hollow sections (EHS), under constant and linearly varying moment conditions, based on experimental and finite element model (FEM) data. It is found that, the rotation capacity variation of hollow sections is better explained by using normalized excess kurtosis than by the conventional section slenderness. The gradient of the above linear relationship varies with the section type and provides an estimate of the rotation capacity of a hollow section with a known shape and aspect ratio. It also provides insights into the section classification of EHS sections, with aspect ratios closer to unity (0.67 < a/b < 1.5) being suitable for an equivalent diameter approach and those with aspect ratios further from unity (a/b < 0.5 and a/b > 2.0) for an equivalent RHS approach. The difference between the moment and rotation capacities of linearly varying moment conditions (3-point bending) and constant moment conditions (4-point bending) is also elucidated.
{"title":"A kurtosis-based parameter for classifying elliptical hollow sections under bending","authors":"K. Nanayakkara, W. Dias","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11331","url":null,"abstract":"A novel section parameter termed normalized excess kurtosis of a section, inspired by the same parameter used in probability distributions, is introduced to characterize the rotation capacity of a hollow section under bending. The proposed normalization accounts for variations in yield stress and Young’s modulus too. A linear relationship is observed between rotation capacity and the normalized excess kurtosis of circular hollow sections (CHS), rectangular/square hollow sections (RHS) and elliptical/oval hollow sections (EHS), under constant and linearly varying moment conditions, based on experimental and finite element model (FEM) data. It is found that, the rotation capacity variation of hollow sections is better explained by using normalized excess kurtosis than by the conventional section slenderness. The gradient of the above linear relationship varies with the section type and provides an estimate of the rotation capacity of a hollow section with a known shape and aspect ratio. It also provides insights into the section classification of EHS sections, with aspect ratios closer to unity (0.67 < a/b < 1.5) being suitable for an equivalent diameter approach and those with aspect ratios further from unity (a/b < 0.5 and a/b > 2.0) for an equivalent RHS approach. The difference between the moment and rotation capacities of linearly varying moment conditions (3-point bending) and constant moment conditions (4-point bending) is also elucidated.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11256
M. Muzammal, S. Ahmad, M.Z. Ali, S. Fatima, S. Abbas, J. Khan, H. Ullah, W. Shah, L. Duan, M.A. Khan
Intellectual disability (ID) is a neuro-developmental condition that affects a person’s cognitive ability and results in a learning defect. It affects 1–3% of the general population; however, the ratio may be expected to be more in a consanguineous population. Herein in the present study, we identified a nuclear family from Dera Ismail Khan City in Pakistan. Whole exome sequencing was performed to map the pathogenic variant. Protein structural modeling and interaction studies were carried out to validate the variant with disease association. Molecular modeling of normal and mutated proteins was performed through I-TASSER and Chimera tools, while docking and interaction analysis was carried out using Cluspro. Clinical analysis of the patient determined mild intellectual disability and gait problem. Candidate gene analysis in this family found a homozygous missense mutation NM_002508:c.C2512T (p.Arg838Cys) in the 12th exon of NID1 gene. Molecular modeling of wild-type and mutant NID1 proteins determined a significant effect on the protein’s secondary and tertiary structure. Hence, based on the exome sequence analysis, NID1 is proposed to be a strong novel candidate ID gene in this family. The genetic mapping of the present family led us to determine a novel candidate gene to be associated with intellectual disability. Linkage of additional ID families with genes would confirm its validity and strengthen our notion. Furthermore, expression studies and pathway analysis will help in exploring the biological mechanism of learning and memory.
智力障碍（ID）是一种影响人的认知能力并导致学习缺陷的神经发育疾病。智力障碍患者占总人口的 1%-3%；但在近亲结婚的人群中，这一比例可能会更高。在本研究中，我们发现了一个来自巴基斯坦德拉伊斯梅尔汗市的核心家庭。我们进行了全外显子测序，以绘制致病变异体的图谱。我们还进行了蛋白质结构建模和相互作用研究，以验证变体与疾病的关联性。通过 I-TASSER 和 Chimera 工具对正常蛋白质和变异蛋白质进行了分子建模，并使用 Cluspro 进行了对接和相互作用分析。通过对患者的临床分析，确定其患有轻度智力障碍和步态问题。该家族的候选基因分析发现，NID1基因第12外显子存在一个同卵错义突变NM_002508:c.C2512T (p.Arg838Cys)。对野生型和突变型 NID1 蛋白的分子建模确定，该蛋白的二级和三级结构受到了显著影响。因此，根据外显子组序列分析，NID1 被认为是该家族中一个强有力的新候选 ID 基因。通过对该家族的基因图谱分析，我们确定了一个与智力障碍相关的新型候选基因。对更多的 ID 家系进行基因关联研究将证实其有效性，并强化我们的观点。此外，表达研究和通路分析将有助于探索学习和记忆的生物学机制。
{"title":"Whole exome sequencing coupled with in silico functional analysis identified NID1 as a novel candidate gene causing neuro-psychiatric disorder in a Pakistani family","authors":"M. Muzammal, S. Ahmad, M.Z. Ali, S. Fatima, S. Abbas, J. Khan, H. Ullah, W. Shah, L. Duan, M.A. Khan","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11256","url":null,"abstract":"Intellectual disability (ID) is a neuro-developmental condition that affects a person’s cognitive ability and results in a learning defect. It affects 1–3% of the general population; however, the ratio may be expected to be more in a consanguineous population. Herein in the present study, we identified a nuclear family from Dera Ismail Khan City in Pakistan. Whole exome sequencing was performed to map the pathogenic variant. Protein structural modeling and interaction studies were carried out to validate the variant with disease association. Molecular modeling of normal and mutated proteins was performed through I-TASSER and Chimera tools, while docking and interaction analysis was carried out using Cluspro. Clinical analysis of the patient determined mild intellectual disability and gait problem. Candidate gene analysis in this family found a homozygous missense mutation NM_002508:c.C2512T (p.Arg838Cys) in the 12th exon of NID1 gene. Molecular modeling of wild-type and mutant NID1 proteins determined a significant effect on the protein’s secondary and tertiary structure. Hence, based on the exome sequence analysis, NID1 is proposed to be a strong novel candidate ID gene in this family. The genetic mapping of the present family led us to determine a novel candidate gene to be associated with intellectual disability. Linkage of additional ID families with genes would confirm its validity and strengthen our notion. Furthermore, expression studies and pathway analysis will help in exploring the biological mechanism of learning and memory.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11483
H.T. Peduruarachchi, G. Liyanage, F. Idroos, M.S. Ekanayake, P. Manage
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin found in natural waters, with potential risk to human health through the inhibition of protein synthesis. Despite the implementation of conventional water treatment procedures, complete removal of CYN remains a question due to its heat-stable nature. Hence, contamination of water sources with CYN is a challenge in providing safe drinking water throughout the world. The present study was conducted to test the ability to degrade CYN at 280C and pH 7, of four bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus-Y, Bacillus cereus-S (B. cereus-S), Micrococcus luteus, and Alcaligenes faecalis, which were previously isolated from different water sources as different hydrocarbon degraders. The CYN degradation kinetics of each bacterial species were studied using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The greatest CYN degradation (28.22 ± 0.24%) was shown by the bacterium B. cereus-S in 5.0 mg/L CYN within 14 days. The CYN degradation by the other strains was lower than 10% under the same conditions. Further studies employing different initial concentrations of CYN revealed that B. cereus-S could degrade lower CYN concentrations at a higher percentage (1.0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L of CYN removal percentages were 36.83 ± 2.43%, 32.25 ± 1.25%, and 24.72 ± 0.40%, respectively, after 14 days of incubation at 280C and pH 7). The maximum average degradation rates were recorded for 1.0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L CYN on the 6th (0.05 ± 0.00 mg/L/day), 8th (0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L/day), and 12th (0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L/day) days of incubation, respectively. The study showed the potentiality of the bacterium B. cereus-S on the application for degrading CYN among the tested bacteria species.
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) 是一种存在于天然水体中的蓝藻毒素，会抑制蛋白质的合成，从而对人类健康造成潜在风险。尽管采用了传统的水处理程序，但由于 CYN 具有热稳定性，完全去除 CYN 仍是一个问题。因此，水源受到 CYN 污染是全世界提供安全饮用水的一个挑战。本研究测试了四种细菌菌株在 280C 和 pH 值为 7 时降解 CYN 的能力：蜡样芽孢杆菌-Y、蜡样芽孢杆菌-S（B. cereus-S）、黄体微球菌（Micrococcus luteus）和粪阿卡菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）。使用高效液相色谱法研究了每种细菌的 CYN 降解动力学。B. cereus-S 细菌在 5.0 mg/L CYN 中 14 天内的 CYN 降解率最高（28.22 ± 0.24%）。在相同条件下，其他菌株的 CYN 降解率低于 10%。使用不同初始浓度的 CYN 进行的进一步研究表明，蜡状芽孢杆菌-S 能以较高的比例降解较低浓度的 CYN（在 280C 和 pH 值为 7 的条件下培养 14 天后，1.0 毫克/升、2.5 毫克/升和 5.0 毫克/升 CYN 的去除率分别为 36.83 ± 2.43%、32.25 ± 1.25% 和 24.72 ± 0.40%）。在培养的第 6 天（0.05 ± 0.00 毫克/升/天）、第 8 天（0.04 ± 0.01 毫克/升/天）和第 12 天（0.02 ± 0.01 毫克/升/天），1.0 毫克/升、2.5 毫克/升和 5.0 毫克/升 CYN 的平均降解率分别达到最大值。研究结果表明，在受测菌种中，蜡样芽孢杆菌-S 在应用中具有降解 CYN 的潜力。
{"title":"Biodegradation of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin by Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus and Alcaligenes faecalis ","authors":"H.T. Peduruarachchi, G. Liyanage, F. Idroos, M.S. Ekanayake, P. Manage","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11483","url":null,"abstract":"Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin found in natural waters, with potential risk to human health through the inhibition of protein synthesis. Despite the implementation of conventional water treatment procedures, complete removal of CYN remains a question due to its heat-stable nature. Hence, contamination of water sources with CYN is a challenge in providing safe drinking water throughout the world. The present study was conducted to test the ability to degrade CYN at 280C and pH 7, of four bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus-Y, Bacillus cereus-S (B. cereus-S), Micrococcus luteus, and Alcaligenes faecalis, which were previously isolated from different water sources as different hydrocarbon degraders. The CYN degradation kinetics of each bacterial species were studied using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The greatest CYN degradation (28.22 ± 0.24%) was shown by the bacterium B. cereus-S in 5.0 mg/L CYN within 14 days. The CYN degradation by the other strains was lower than 10% under the same conditions. Further studies employing different initial concentrations of CYN revealed that B. cereus-S could degrade lower CYN concentrations at a higher percentage (1.0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L of CYN removal percentages were 36.83 ± 2.43%, 32.25 ± 1.25%, and 24.72 ± 0.40%, respectively, after 14 days of incubation at 280C and pH 7). The maximum average degradation rates were recorded for 1.0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L CYN on the 6th (0.05 ± 0.00 mg/L/day), 8th (0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L/day), and 12th (0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L/day) days of incubation, respectively. The study showed the potentiality of the bacterium B. cereus-S on the application for degrading CYN among the tested bacteria species.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11500
H.A.P.A. Shyamalee, A. Ranawake
A total of eighty different rice genotypes consisting of fifty-three traditional rice accessions and twenty-seven improved rice varieties were evaluated for salinity tolerance. To identify the tolerant genotypes and the relationship between tolerance level with plant height and dry matter accumulation, the seedlings were subjected to electrical conductivity (EC) ~12 dSm-1 for ten and sixteen days separately at the seedling stage. The salinity tolerance of the seedlings was evaluated by standard evaluation scores (SES). Plant height, and total, shoot, and root-dry matter were evaluated in stressed and controlled plants. Rathuheenati4992 was highly tolerant at salinity stresses, and Heenati4618, Kaluwee3728, Mawee (5531, 3618), and Pokkali3573 were highly tolerant at the 10-day and tolerant at the 16-day salinity stress. Pokkali3881 was moderately tolerant at both stress conditions. Improved rice varieties At354 and Bg250 were highly tolerant at 10-day salinity stress and tolerant at 16-day salinity stress. Cultivation of highly susceptible improved rice varieties, Bg360, At306, At362, Ld368 At405, At402, Ld371, Bw272-6b, Ld365, and Bg352 must be avoided in salinized soils. There was no correlation between plant height and salinity tolerance (r = -0.381, α = 0.000), salinity tolerance and total dry matter (r = 0.325 α = 0.002), salinity tolerance and root dry matter (r = 0.294, α = 0.008), or salinity tolerance and shoot dry matter (r = 0.061, α = 0.594). Plant height or dry matter accumulation can be considered unreliable parameters for salinity tolerance screening since they differ with the genotype. The highly tolerant and tolerant genotypes must be further studied at different growth stages.
{"title":"Screening eighty traditional and improved rice genotypes in Sri Lanka for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage in Yoshida solution ","authors":"H.A.P.A. Shyamalee, A. Ranawake","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i4.11500","url":null,"abstract":"A total of eighty different rice genotypes consisting of fifty-three traditional rice accessions and twenty-seven improved rice varieties were evaluated for salinity tolerance. To identify the tolerant genotypes and the relationship between tolerance level with plant height and dry matter accumulation, the seedlings were subjected to electrical conductivity (EC) ~12 dSm-1 for ten and sixteen days separately at the seedling stage. The salinity tolerance of the seedlings was evaluated by standard evaluation scores (SES). Plant height, and total, shoot, and root-dry matter were evaluated in stressed and controlled plants. Rathuheenati4992 was highly tolerant at salinity stresses, and Heenati4618, Kaluwee3728, Mawee (5531, 3618), and Pokkali3573 were highly tolerant at the 10-day and tolerant at the 16-day salinity stress. Pokkali3881 was moderately tolerant at both stress conditions. Improved rice varieties At354 and Bg250 were highly tolerant at 10-day salinity stress and tolerant at 16-day salinity stress. Cultivation of highly susceptible improved rice varieties, Bg360, At306, At362, Ld368 At405, At402, Ld371, Bw272-6b, Ld365, and Bg352 must be avoided in salinized soils. There was no correlation between plant height and salinity tolerance (r = -0.381, α = 0.000), salinity tolerance and total dry matter (r = 0.325 α = 0.002), salinity tolerance and root dry matter (r = 0.294, α = 0.008), or salinity tolerance and shoot dry matter (r = 0.061, α = 0.594). Plant height or dry matter accumulation can be considered unreliable parameters for salinity tolerance screening since they differ with the genotype. The highly tolerant and tolerant genotypes must be further studied at different growth stages.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139453112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11199
M.A.A. Baheej, H.M. Haniffa, H. Siddiqui, A. Jabeen
Several degenerative diseases, including cancer, are caused by oxidative stress, which is caused by the overproduction and accumulation of free radicals. The purpose of the study was to synthesize gallic acid (GA or 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) esters and evaluate their anti-inflammatory potential through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The compounds methyl gallate (2), sec-butyl gallate (3), ethyl gallate (4), isopropyl gallate (5), 2-methoxyethyl gallate (6), 4-methoxybutyl gallate (7), 2-methylbutyl gallate (8) and pentan-3-yl gallate (9) were synthesized. 1H NMR, MS and IR data are reported for compounds 2-9, and 13C NMR data for compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6. The molecular formulae of compounds 3 and 7-9 were established by HREI-MS spectroscopic data. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities by chemiluminescence and MTT cytotoxicity assay respectively. The results revealed the anti-inflammatory potential of compounds 2-8 with an IC50 range between (13.3 – 54.3 µM) as compared to the standard anti-inflammatory drug, Ibuprofen (IC50 = 54.3 ± 9.2 μM). The most potent inhibitors were found to be compound 3 (ROS IC50 = 15.0 ± 6.6 µM) and compound 7 (ROS IC50 = 13.3 ± 0.8 µM). All compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic in the NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell line. Compounds 3, 7- 9 were identified as new compounds.
{"title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of gallic acid esters as phagocyte oxidative burst inhibitors","authors":"M.A.A. Baheej, H.M. Haniffa, H. Siddiqui, A. Jabeen","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11199","url":null,"abstract":"Several degenerative diseases, including cancer, are caused by oxidative stress, which is caused by the overproduction and accumulation of free radicals. The purpose of the study was to synthesize gallic acid (GA or 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) esters and evaluate their anti-inflammatory potential through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The compounds methyl gallate (2), sec-butyl gallate (3), ethyl gallate (4), isopropyl gallate (5), 2-methoxyethyl gallate (6), 4-methoxybutyl gallate (7), 2-methylbutyl gallate (8) and pentan-3-yl gallate (9) were synthesized. 1H NMR, MS and IR data are reported for compounds 2-9, and 13C NMR data for compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6. The molecular formulae of compounds 3 and 7-9 were established by HREI-MS spectroscopic data. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities by chemiluminescence and MTT cytotoxicity assay respectively. The results revealed the anti-inflammatory potential of compounds 2-8 with an IC50 range between (13.3 – 54.3 µM) as compared to the standard anti-inflammatory drug, Ibuprofen (IC50 = 54.3 ± 9.2 μM). The most potent inhibitors were found to be compound 3 (ROS IC50 = 15.0 ± 6.6 µM) and compound 7 (ROS IC50 = 13.3 ± 0.8 µM). All compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic in the NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell line. Compounds 3, 7- 9 were identified as new compounds.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11194
K.T. Dilrukshi, D.H. Beneragama, T.S. Suresh, J.K.P. Wanigasuriya, P.M. Manage
Drinking water in areas with a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka is known to have high concentrations of fluoride and hardness. The present study evaluated the individual and combined effects of water hardness and fluoride on potential nephrotoxicity, using Wistar rats as an animal model. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=7). Test groups F, H, RL, and RH were given de-ionized water containing 1.5 mg/L fluoride, 200 mg/L hardness, 1.5:200 mg/L fluoride: hardness, and 5:800 mg/L fluoride: hardness respectively, while control group C was given de-ionized water. Body weight and daily water consumption were measured. Serum creatinine, urine creatinine, and urinary biomarker KIM-1 were analyzed. Histopathological changes in the kidneys were observed. There were no significant differences in body weights (p>0.05) while daily water consumption was reduced significantly in the test groups RL and RH (p<0.05). A significant increment in serum creatinine in the RL and RH groups (p<0.05), and a significant reduction in urine creatinine in the F, H, RL and RH groups (p<0.05), were recorded compared to the control. However, the highest magnitude of the effect on serum creatinine and urine creatinine was recorded in the RL group. Significant increment in KIM-1 levels were recorded in the RH group (p<0.05) while the RH group indicated a more rapid increment from the 28th day. When considering histopathology, renal tubular changes were observed in the test groups. The individual and combined effects of water hardness and fluoride may contribute to the aetiology of CKDu in Sri Lanka.
{"title":"Single and combined effect of fluoride and hardness of drinking water on nephrotoxicity: <em>in-vivo</em> study using Wistar rats as an animal model","authors":"K.T. Dilrukshi, D.H. Beneragama, T.S. Suresh, J.K.P. Wanigasuriya, P.M. Manage","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11194","url":null,"abstract":"Drinking water in areas with a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka is known to have high concentrations of fluoride and hardness. The present study evaluated the individual and combined effects of water hardness and fluoride on potential nephrotoxicity, using Wistar rats as an animal model. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=7). Test groups F, H, RL, and RH were given de-ionized water containing 1.5 mg/L fluoride, 200 mg/L hardness, 1.5:200 mg/L fluoride: hardness, and 5:800 mg/L fluoride: hardness respectively, while control group C was given de-ionized water. Body weight and daily water consumption were measured. Serum creatinine, urine creatinine, and urinary biomarker KIM-1 were analyzed. Histopathological changes in the kidneys were observed. There were no significant differences in body weights (p>0.05) while daily water consumption was reduced significantly in the test groups RL and RH (p<0.05). A significant increment in serum creatinine in the RL and RH groups (p<0.05), and a significant reduction in urine creatinine in the F, H, RL and RH groups (p<0.05), were recorded compared to the control. However, the highest magnitude of the effect on serum creatinine and urine creatinine was recorded in the RL group. Significant increment in KIM-1 levels were recorded in the RH group (p<0.05) while the RH group indicated a more rapid increment from the 28th day. When considering histopathology, renal tubular changes were observed in the test groups. The individual and combined effects of water hardness and fluoride may contribute to the aetiology of CKDu in Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11333
H.A.P.A. Shyamalee, A.L. Ranawake
Submergence-tolerant genotypes in rice are essential for flood-prone lands, and recent studies have focused on dissecting tolerance mechanisms considering morphological and physiological changes in the plants upon submergence. Thirty improved rice varieties and sixty-two traditional rice accessions were screened for submergence tolerance under complete 9-day and 14-day submergence stress at the two-week-old seedling stage. The submergence tolerance level of each rice genotype was evaluated according to IRRI guidelines based on survival rates. Accordingly, rice genotypes were categorized into four groups: tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately susceptible, and highly susceptible. Two Mawee accessions (3704, 3618) were submergence tolerant at 14-day submergence stress. The traditional rice accessions Ratawee3466, Mawee (8552, 4145), and Heenati4935 and improved rice varieties Bw400 were moderately submergence tolerant at 14-day submergence stress. Survival rates of the rice genotypes, their initial plant height, and shoot elongation at 9-day and 14-day submergence stress showed that seedling elongation (escape strategy) or reduction of elongation compared to control plants (quiescence strategy) under submergence stress cannot be used as phenotypic markers for selecting rice genotypes for submergence tolerance in rice. Further, the escape strategy or the quiescence strategy was not unique to the genotype, and the survival strategy of some rice genotypes changed with prolonged submergence stress. The escape strategy tended to be an SOS (Save Our Souls) strategy under prolonged submergence stress from 9 days to 14 days. No correlations between initial plant height and survival rate or survival rate and the height gain or reduction at 9-day and 14-day submergence stress showed that the submergence tolerance mechanism in rice was genotype-specific. The submergence-tolerant and moderately tolerant rice genotypes could be further investigated in future studies.
{"title":"Submergence tolerance and tolerance mechanism: A study on traditional and improved rice genotypes at the seedling stage under complete submergence stress in Sri Lanka","authors":"H.A.P.A. Shyamalee, A.L. Ranawake","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11333","url":null,"abstract":"Submergence-tolerant genotypes in rice are essential for flood-prone lands, and recent studies have focused on dissecting tolerance mechanisms considering morphological and physiological changes in the plants upon submergence. Thirty improved rice varieties and sixty-two traditional rice accessions were screened for submergence tolerance under complete 9-day and 14-day submergence stress at the two-week-old seedling stage. The submergence tolerance level of each rice genotype was evaluated according to IRRI guidelines based on survival rates. Accordingly, rice genotypes were categorized into four groups: tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately susceptible, and highly susceptible. Two Mawee accessions (3704, 3618) were submergence tolerant at 14-day submergence stress. The traditional rice accessions Ratawee3466, Mawee (8552, 4145), and Heenati4935 and improved rice varieties Bw400 were moderately submergence tolerant at 14-day submergence stress. Survival rates of the rice genotypes, their initial plant height, and shoot elongation at 9-day and 14-day submergence stress showed that seedling elongation (escape strategy) or reduction of elongation compared to control plants (quiescence strategy) under submergence stress cannot be used as phenotypic markers for selecting rice genotypes for submergence tolerance in rice. Further, the escape strategy or the quiescence strategy was not unique to the genotype, and the survival strategy of some rice genotypes changed with prolonged submergence stress. The escape strategy tended to be an SOS (Save Our Souls) strategy under prolonged submergence stress from 9 days to 14 days. No correlations between initial plant height and survival rate or survival rate and the height gain or reduction at 9-day and 14-day submergence stress showed that the submergence tolerance mechanism in rice was genotype-specific. The submergence-tolerant and moderately tolerant rice genotypes could be further investigated in future studies.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11200
H.M.S.C.R. Heenkenda, T.G.I. Fernando
A study of this caliber can be identified as a profound source for a wealth of knowledge as the aim of this study is to present chronological attribution of Sinhalese inscriptions based on deep learning approaches. Inscriptions shed light on a multitude of information such as chronicled civilizational thought, economic status, language evolution, cultural boundaries, details of royal officers, local rules, ethnic groups, land tenure, religious activities, beliefs, and trade and industries. Inscriptions are major assets to showcase inclusive of listed above, multitude information; hence, the benefits served by a study of high caliber, especially to the historical heritage research and to the heritage tourism. Several computer-aided solutions have been proposed to resolve the recognition of inscriptions in the Sri Lankan context. But this paper proposes an optimized classification. A dataset of five hundred images of original Sinhalese inscriptions dating from the 3rd century BC to the present was used to train and test the models. This study adopts four deep learning models to classify Sinhalese inscriptions: a newly proposed convolutional neural network model, and the pre-trained models Inception-v3, VGG-19, and ResNet-50. Palaeographical and morphological rules were adopted in the manual classification of Sinhalese inscriptions into a number of eras, namely, the Early Brahmi (3rd century BC to 1st century AD), Late Brahmi (2nd century AD to 4th century AD), Transitional Brahmi (5th century AD to 7th century AD), Medieval Sinhala (8th century AD to 14th century AD), and Modern Sinhala (15th century AD to the present). The results of the study indicate promising outcomes with accuracies of 70.66%, 85.94%, 57.44%, and 58.77% respectively for used four models. Further, the study revealed that the Inception-v3 model outperformed in classifying the Sinhalese inscriptions in respective eras.
{"title":"Chronological attribution of Sinhalese inscriptions using deep learning approaches","authors":"H.M.S.C.R. Heenkenda, T.G.I. Fernando","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11200","url":null,"abstract":"A study of this caliber can be identified as a profound source for a wealth of knowledge as the aim of this study is to present chronological attribution of Sinhalese inscriptions based on deep learning approaches. Inscriptions shed light on a multitude of information such as chronicled civilizational thought, economic status, language evolution, cultural boundaries, details of royal officers, local rules, ethnic groups, land tenure, religious activities, beliefs, and trade and industries. Inscriptions are major assets to showcase inclusive of listed above, multitude information; hence, the benefits served by a study of high caliber, especially to the historical heritage research and to the heritage tourism. Several computer-aided solutions have been proposed to resolve the recognition of inscriptions in the Sri Lankan context. But this paper proposes an optimized classification. A dataset of five hundred images of original Sinhalese inscriptions dating from the 3rd century BC to the present was used to train and test the models. This study adopts four deep learning models to classify Sinhalese inscriptions: a newly proposed convolutional neural network model, and the pre-trained models Inception-v3, VGG-19, and ResNet-50. Palaeographical and morphological rules were adopted in the manual classification of Sinhalese inscriptions into a number of eras, namely, the Early Brahmi (3rd century BC to 1st century AD), Late Brahmi (2nd century AD to 4th century AD), Transitional Brahmi (5th century AD to 7th century AD), Medieval Sinhala (8th century AD to 14th century AD), and Modern Sinhala (15th century AD to the present). The results of the study indicate promising outcomes with accuracies of 70.66%, 85.94%, 57.44%, and 58.77% respectively for used four models. Further, the study revealed that the Inception-v3 model outperformed in classifying the Sinhalese inscriptions in respective eras.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Listeria monocytogenes is an important food borne human pathogen associated with severe diseases in humans and animals. Human infection is associated with high mortality rates. Our previous studies done in 2012 on milk and milk products revealed 4b as the dominant serotype followed by 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. Listeria monocytogenes is an important food borne human pathogen associated with severe diseases in humans and animals. Human infection is associated with high mortality rates. Our previous studies done in 2012 on milk and milk products revealed 4b as the dominant serotype followed by 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the sources of contamination and to identify the strain differences (pulsotypes) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing and serotype profiles of L. monocytogenes isolates from farm collected raw milk samples from randomly identified locations in Grama Niladhari divisions of the Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka. Eighty isolates obtained from raw milk samples were confirmed as L. monocytogenes by Polymerase Chain Reaction, belonging to serotypes 4b, 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. The strains were identified by PFGE. PFGE analysis digested with AscI and ApaI enzymes revealed different banding patterns. All the pulsotypes were found to be serotype 4b. The sub typing indicated the diversity of the Listeria species. The presence of serotypes 1/2a, 1⁄2b, 1/2c, and 4b in raw milk is a public health concern, as these serotypes are frequently associated with foodborne outbreaks and sporadic cases of human listeriosis. In our study, PFGE analysis allowed discrimination among isolates of the same serogroup. Further PFGE analysis showed heterogeneity among isolates recovered from both same sampling areas and different areas.
{"title":"Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing and molecular characterization of <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> isolates in raw milk samples from Polonnaruwa District, Sri Lanka","authors":"W.A.S. Wijendra, A.G.G. Kaushalya, K.G.R. Kuruppuarachchi, H.B.C. Harshani, W.A.S.I. Fonseka, R. Ramesh","doi":"10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v51i3.11397","url":null,"abstract":"Listeria monocytogenes is an important food borne human pathogen associated with severe diseases in humans and animals. Human infection is associated with high mortality rates. Our previous studies done in 2012 on milk and milk products revealed 4b as the dominant serotype followed by 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. Listeria monocytogenes is an important food borne human pathogen associated with severe diseases in humans and animals. Human infection is associated with high mortality rates. Our previous studies done in 2012 on milk and milk products revealed 4b as the dominant serotype followed by 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the sources of contamination and to identify the strain differences (pulsotypes) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing and serotype profiles of L. monocytogenes isolates from farm collected raw milk samples from randomly identified locations in Grama Niladhari divisions of the Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka. Eighty isolates obtained from raw milk samples were confirmed as L. monocytogenes by Polymerase Chain Reaction, belonging to serotypes 4b, 1/2a, 1/2b and 1/2c. The strains were identified by PFGE. PFGE analysis digested with AscI and ApaI enzymes revealed different banding patterns. All the pulsotypes were found to be serotype 4b. The sub typing indicated the diversity of the Listeria species. The presence of serotypes 1/2a, 1⁄2b, 1/2c, and 4b in raw milk is a public health concern, as these serotypes are frequently associated with foodborne outbreaks and sporadic cases of human listeriosis. In our study, PFGE analysis allowed discrimination among isolates of the same serogroup. Further PFGE analysis showed heterogeneity among isolates recovered from both same sampling areas and different areas.","PeriodicalId":17429,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136057566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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