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Magnetic nanomaterials as an effective absorbent material for removal of fluoride concentration in water: a review 磁性纳米材料作为去除水中氟浓度的有效吸收材料：综述
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.116
S. Panhwar, H. A. Keerio, Nadar Hussain Khokhar, M. Muqeet, Zouhaib Ali, Muhammad Bilal, Ajeeb Ul Rehman
The rapid increases in industrialization and populations are significant sources of water contamination. The speed with which contamination of groundwater and surface water occurs is becoming a serious problem and posing a significant obstacle for water stakeholders. Heavy metals, organic, and inorganic contaminants in the form of suspended and dissolved materials are just a few of the contaminants that can be found in drinking water. One of the most common contaminants in the water is fluoride, which is responsible for numerous toxic diseases. Different traditional techniques, for example, coagulation, ion exchange, absorption, and membrane filtrations are being used to dispose of fluoride from water. However, nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are very efficient, reliable, cost-effective, and stable materials to replace traditional water treatment techniques. There has been an increase in interest in the application of nanomaterials to the purification of drinking water over the past few decades. The use of magnetic NPs, such as metal and metal oxide NPs, to remove fluoride ions and organic matter from water is highlighted in this review article. Also, this section also discusses the properties, benefits and drawbacks, and difficulties of utilizing magnetic NPs in the process of purifying drinking water.
工业化和人口的快速增长是水污染的重要来源。地下水和地表水受污染的速度越来越快，这已成为一个严重的问题，并对水资源利益相关者构成了重大障碍。以悬浮物和溶解物形式存在的重金属、有机污染物和无机污染物只是饮用水中可能存在的污染物的一小部分。水中最常见的污染物之一是氟化物，它是多种有毒疾病的罪魁祸首。不同的传统技术，如混凝、离子交换、吸收和膜过滤，都被用来处理水中的氟。然而，磁性纳米粒子（NPs）等纳米材料是替代传统水处理技术的非常高效、可靠、经济和稳定的材料。过去几十年来，人们对应用纳米材料净化饮用水的兴趣与日俱增。本综述文章重点介绍了磁性 NPs（如金属和金属氧化物 NPs）在去除水中氟离子和有机物方面的应用。此外，本节还讨论了在净化饮用水过程中使用磁性 NPs 的特性、益处、缺点和困难。
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引用次数: 0
Exposure assessment of nitrate and phenol derivatives in Tehran's water distribution system 德黑兰供水系统中硝酸盐和苯酚衍生物的暴露评估
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.133
Mahdi Hadi, Parnia Bashardoust, Mehri Solaimany Aminabad, Shahrokh Nazmara, Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari, Alireza Mesdaghinia, Saeedeh Hemmati Borji
The presence of organic and inorganic contaminants in drinking water is a global concern. Nitrate and phenol derivatives are examples of pollutants that could be of anthropogenic origin. They are associated with numerous health risks, underscoring the importance of monitoring their occurrence in drinking water. This study aimed to measure nitrate and phenol derivatives, including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), and phenol, in Tehran's water distribution system (WDS). Twenty-two districts of the city were compared based on the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and the Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) estimated for the detected pollutants. A positive correlation was observed between the pollutants' concentration in Tehran's WDS and precipitation. The mean of nitrate and PCP in Tehran's WDS were 35.58 ± 8.71 mg L−1 and 76.14 ± 16.93 ng L−1 lower than the guideline values of 50 mg L−1 and 1,000 ng L−1, respectively. Nevertheless, some districts exhibited nitrate concentration exceeding the permissible limit by a factor of 1.2–2.3. Consequently, the nitrate intake in some districts constituted approximately 50% of the reference dose. While PCP as a phenol derivative with more health concerns was identified in Tehran's WDS, the likelihood of its health effects was determined to be negligible.
饮用水中的有机和无机污染物是一个全球关注的问题。硝酸盐和苯酚衍生物就是可能源于人类活动的污染物。硝酸盐和苯酚衍生物与多种健康风险有关，因此监测它们在饮用水中的存在非常重要。本研究旨在测量德黑兰配水系统 (WDS) 中的硝酸盐和苯酚衍生物，包括 2,4 二氯苯酚 (2,4-DCP)、五氯苯酚 (PCP)、2,4,5-三氯苯酚 (2,4,5-TCP)、2-氯苯酚 (2-CP)、4-氯苯酚 (4-CP) 和苯酚。根据检测到的污染物的危害商数 (HQ) 和估计的终生癌症超额风险 (ELCR)，对该市的 22 个区进行了比较。德黑兰 WDS 中的污染物浓度与降水量之间呈正相关。德黑兰 WDS 中硝酸盐和五氯苯酚的平均值分别为 35.58 ± 8.71 毫克/升和 76.14 ± 16.93 纳克/升，低于 50 毫克/升和 1,000 纳克/升的指导值。不过，一些地区的硝酸盐浓度超出允许限值 1.2-2.3 倍。因此，一些地区的硝酸盐摄入量约为参考剂量的 50%。虽然在德黑兰的 WDS 中发现五氯苯酚作为一种苯酚衍生物对健康的影响更大，但其对健康影响的可能性被确定为可以忽略不计。
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引用次数: 0
A chemometric and ingestion hazard prediction study of groundwater in proximity of the Bandhwari landfill site, Gurugram, India 印度古鲁格拉姆 Bandhwari 垃圾填埋场附近地下水的化学计量和摄入危害预测研究
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.072
Manbir Singh, Vaishali Wadhwa, Lavisha Batra, Pradeep Khyalia, Vikram Mor
Groundwater contamination due to the leaching of harmful pollutants such as heavy metals, xenobiotic compounds, and other inorganic compounds from solid waste dumping sites has become a major health concern in recent times. Therefore, to assess the effects of the Bandhwari landfill site, groundwater samples from the surrounding region of the dumping site were collected and analyzed for heavy metals and physicochemical properties. The total dissolved solids (TDS) of 67% of samples exceeded the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) permissible limits which makes it unfit for drinking purposes. The groundwater samples were also analyzed for iron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) concentrations and results of heavy metal concentration in the groundwater around the Bandhwari landfill follow the concentration trend of Pb > Cd > Ni > Cu > Zn > Fe > Cr. Risk assessment of consumers' health was done using target hazard quotient calculations which were less than unity (threshold value of <1), indicating that heavy metal concentrations do not pose any serious health effect according to total hazard quotient values. The results of the study made it evident that groundwater is not suitable for drinking purposes due to excess values of water quality parameters but poses no risk due to studied metal concentrations.
近年来，固体废物倾倒场沥滤有害污染物（如重金属、异生物化合物和其他无机化合物）造成的地下水污染已成为一个重大的健康问题。因此，为了评估 Bandhwari 垃圾填埋场的影响，我们收集了垃圾场周边地区的地下水样本，并对其进行了重金属和理化性质分析。67% 的样本的总溶解固体 (TDS) 超过了印度标准局 (BIS) 允许的限度，因此不适合饮用。还对地下水样本中的铁（Fe）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）和铬（Cr）浓度进行了分析，Bandhwari 垃圾填埋场周围地下水中重金属浓度的变化趋势为：Pb > Cd > Ni > Cu > Zn > Fe > Cr。消费者健康风险评估采用目标危害商数计算法，结果小于统一值（阈值小于 1），表明根据总危害商数值，重金属浓度不会对健康造成任何严重影响。研究结果表明，由于水质参数值过高，地下水不适合饮用，但研究的金属浓度不会造成风险。
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引用次数: 0
Health risk assessment of drinking groundwater in rural areas of Ru village and surrounding areas in Wutai County, China 中国五台县茹村及周边农村地区饮用地下水健康风险评估
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.277
Qifa Sun, Lin Guo, Chen Hu, Tao Liu, Jingyao Sun, Long Zhou
Nitrate pollution in groundwater is a global environmental problem that poses health risks to human health. In order to investigate the health risks of nitrate in rural drinking groundwater in Rucun Township and surrounding areas of Wutai County and provide a basis for healthy drinking water, by using statistical analysis software (SPSS19) and hydrogeochemical analysis software (AqQA), a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of nitrate health risks was conducted among populations of different ages and genders through water sample collection, chemical analysis, and construction of a human health risk model (HHRA). Through research, it was found that the average concentration of nitrate in the study area is 43.99 mg/L. The Quaternary loess layer, as a permeable layer, cannot prevent groundwater from being polluted by NO3−. The cation in the groundwater of the research area is mainly calcium-type water, while the anion is bicarbonate type. Through evaluation, it is believed that there is a health risk of nitrate pollution in rural drinking groundwater in Rucun Township and surrounding areas. The discovery and evaluation results can provide a basis for the prevention and control of nitrate pollution in groundwater and improve people's quality of life.
地下水硝酸盐污染是一个全球性的环境问题，对人类健康构成健康风险。为探究五台县茹村乡及周边地区农村饮用地下水中硝酸盐的健康风险，为健康饮水提供依据，利用统计分析软件（SPSS19）和水文地质化学分析软件（AqQA），通过水样采集、化学分析和构建人体健康风险模型（HHRA），对不同年龄、性别人群进行了硝酸盐健康风险的定性和定量评价。通过研究发现，研究区域的硝酸盐平均浓度为 43.99 毫克/升。第四纪黄土层作为一个渗透层，无法阻止地下水受到 NO3- 的污染。研究区地下水中的阳离子主要为钙型水，阴离子为重碳酸盐型。通过评价，认为芦村镇及周边地区农村饮用地下水存在硝酸盐污染的健康风险。该发现和评价结果可为防治地下水硝酸盐污染、提高人民生活质量提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Tritium contents in drinking and surface seawaters before the nuclear power plant planned in Sinop (Türkiye) and their radiological risks on human population 计划在土耳其锡诺普（Sinop）建造核电站之前饮用水和表层海水中的氚含量及其对人类的辐射风险
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.205
S. Dizman, Feyza Zeynep Aşık, Ali Erdem Özçelik, R. Keser, F. K. Görür
This study aims to determine the background levels of tritium radioisotope in drinking and seawater samples of Sinop province before the nuclear power plant was established in Sinop. In this context, a total of 174 water samples were collected, these are as follows: 9 drinking water samples from the Sinop center and districts and 165 seawater samples from the seacoast from Samsun to Kastamonu. Tritium concentrations in the collected water samples were measured by the liquid scintillation counter. The minimum detectable activity for the method used was found to be 1.48 Bq/L. The tritium concentrations of the seawater and drinking water samples were found in the range of
本研究旨在确定锡诺普省在核电站建成前饮用水和海水样本中氚放射性同位素的本底水平。为此，共采集了174个水样，其中9个来自Sinop中心和各区的饮用水样本，165个来自Samsun至Kastamonu海岸的海水样本。用液体闪烁计数器测定所收集水样中的氚浓度。该方法的最低检测活性为1.48 Bq/L。海水和饮用水样品的氚浓度分别在
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引用次数: 0
Hydrogen peroxide preoxidation as a strategy for enhanced antimicrobial photodynamic action against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 过氧化氢预氧化作为一种策略，可增强光动力对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.245
Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva, A. R. Lima, L. D. Dias, Mariana de Souza, Thalita Hellen Nunes Lima, V. Bagnato
Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) is a photooxidative process based on the excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of molecular oxygen, under specific wavelengths of light. It is a promising method for advanced treatment of water and wastewater, particularly targeting disinfection challenges, such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Research in improved aPDT has been exploring new PS materials, and additives in general. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) a widely applied disinfectant, mostly in the food industry and clinical settings, present environmentally negligible residuals at the usually applied concentrations, making it friendly for the water and wastewater sectors. Here, we explored the effects of preoxidation with H2O2 followed by blue light-mediated (450 nm) aPDT using curcumin (a natural-based PS) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Results of the sequential treatment pointed to a slight hampering in aPDT efficiency at very low H2O2 concentrations, followed by an increasing cooperative effect up to a deleterious point (≥7 log10 inactivation in CFU mL–1), suggesting a synergistic interaction of preoxidation and aPDT. The increased performance in H2O2-pretreated aPDT encourages studies of optimal operational conditions for the assisted technology and describes potentials for using the described strategy to tackle the issue of ARB spread.
抗菌光动力处理(aPDT)是一种基于光敏剂(PS)在分子氧存在下，在特定波长的光下激发的光氧化过程。这是一种很有前途的水和废水深度处理方法，特别是针对消毒挑战，如抗生素耐药细菌(ARB)。改进aPDT的研究一直在探索新的PS材料和添加剂。过氧化氢(H2O2)是一种广泛应用的消毒剂，主要用于食品工业和临床环境，在通常使用的浓度下，对环境的残留可以忽略不计，使其对水和废水部门友好。在这里，我们探讨了H2O2预氧化后使用姜黄素(一种天然PS)进行蓝光介导(450 nm) aPDT对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的影响。顺序处理的结果表明，在非常低的H2O2浓度下，aPDT效率略有下降，随后协同效应增加，直至有害点(CFU mL-1失活≥7 log10)，表明预氧化和aPDT之间存在协同相互作用。h2o2预处理aPDT性能的提高鼓励了对辅助技术最佳操作条件的研究，并描述了使用所述策略解决ARB扩散问题的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 as an early-warning system: update of a systematic review during the second year of the pandemic 环境监测 SARS-CoV-2 作为预警系统的有效性：对大流行第二年系统性审查的更新
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.279
Jose Antonio Baz Lomba, João Pires, Mette Myrmel, Jorunn Karterud Arnø, E. Madslien, Petter Langlete, Ettore Amato, S. Hyllestad
The aim of this updated systematic review was to offer an overview of the effectiveness of environmental surveillance (ES) of SARS-CoV-2 as a potential early-warning system (EWS) for COVID-19 and new variants of concerns (VOCs) during the second year of the pandemic. An updated literature search was conducted to evaluate the added value of ES of SARS-CoV-2 for public health decisions. The search for studies published between June 2021 and July 2022 resulted in 1,588 publications, identifying 331 articles for full-text screening. A total of 151 publications met our inclusion criteria for the assessment of the effectiveness of ES as an EWS and early detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants. We identified a further 30 publications among the grey literature. ES confirms its usefulness as an EWS for detecting new waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection with an average lead time of 1–2 weeks for most of the publication. ES could function as an EWS for new VOCs in areas with no registered cases or limited clinical capacity. Challenges in data harmonization and variant detection require standardized approaches and innovations for improved public health decision-making. ES confirms its potential to support public health decision-making and resource allocation in future outbreaks.
本更新的系统综述的目的是概述SARS-CoV-2环境监测(ES)作为COVID-19和新关注变体(VOCs)的潜在预警系统(EWS)在大流行第二年的有效性。我们进行了最新的文献检索，以评估SARS-CoV-2的ES对公共卫生决策的附加价值。对2021年6月至2022年7月期间发表的研究进行了搜索，结果是1588篇出版物，确定了331篇文章进行全文筛选。在评估ES作为EWS的有效性和早期发现SARS-CoV-2变体方面，共有151篇出版物符合我们的纳入标准。我们在灰色文献中确定了另外30篇出版物。ES证实了其作为检测新一波SARS-CoV-2感染的EWS的有效性，大多数出版物的平均前置时间为1-2周。在没有登记病例或临床能力有限的地区，ES可作为新发VOCs的EWS。数据协调和变体检测方面的挑战要求采用标准化方法和创新，以改进公共卫生决策。该系统确认了在未来疫情中支持公共卫生决策和资源分配的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of gene targets and sampling regimes for SARS-CoV-2 quantification for wastewater epidemiology in UK prisons 用于英国监狱废水流行病学的 SARS-CoV-2 定量基因目标和采样制度比较
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.093
Kelly Jobling, M. Quintela-Baluja, Francis Hassard, Panagiota Adamou, Adrian Blackburn, Term Research Team, Shannon McIntyre-Nolan, Oscar O'Mara, Jesus Romalde, M. Di Cesare, D. Graham
Prisons are high-risk settings for infectious disease transmission, including COVID-19, due to their enclosed and semi-enclosed environments. The close proximity between prisoners and staff, and the diversity of prisons reduces the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing and clinical testing. Therefore, alternative health monitoring methods, such as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), are needed to track pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. This pilot study assessed WBE to quantify SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in prison wastewater to determine its utility within a health protection system for residents. The study analysed 266 samples from six prisons in England over a 12-week period for nucleoprotein 1 (N1 gene) and envelope protein (E gene) using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Both gene assays successfully detected SARS-CoV-2 fragments in wastewater samples, with both genes significantly correlating with COVID-19 case numbers across the prisons (p < 0.01). However, in 25% of the SARS-positive samples, only one gene target was detected, suggesting that both genes be used to reduce false-negative results. No significant differences were observed between 14- and 2-h composite samples, although 2-h samples showed greater signal variance. Population normalisation did not improve correlations between the N1 and E genes and COVID-19 case data. Overall, WBE shows considerable promise for health protection in prison settings.
监狱由于其封闭和半封闭的环境，是包括COVID-19在内的传染病传播的高风险场所。囚犯和工作人员之间的近距离以及监狱的多样性降低了非药物干预措施的有效性，例如保持社交距离和临床检测。因此，需要采用其他健康监测方法，如基于废水的流行病学(WBE)来跟踪包括SARS-CoV-2在内的病原体。本试点研究评估了WBE，以量化监狱废水中SARS-CoV-2的流行程度，以确定其在居民健康保护系统中的效用。该研究利用定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应，在12周的时间里分析了来自英格兰6所监狱的266个样本的核蛋白1 (N1基因)和包膜蛋白(E基因)。两种基因分析均成功检测到废水样品中的SARS-CoV-2片段，两种基因与各监狱的COVID-19病例数显著相关(p < 0.01)。然而，在25%的sars阳性样本中，仅检测到一个基因靶标，这表明可以使用两个基因来减少假阴性结果。14- h和2-h复合样品之间没有观察到显著差异，尽管2-h样品显示出更大的信号方差。人口正常化并未改善N1和E基因与COVID-19病例数据之间的相关性。总体而言，《监狱卫生条例》显示出在监狱环境中保护健康的巨大希望。
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引用次数: 0
Sanitary inspection and microbial health risks associated with enteric bacteria in groundwater sources in Ilara-Mokin and Ibule-Soro, Nigeria. 尼日利亚 Ilara-Mokin 和 Ibule-Soro 地下水源中与肠道细菌相关的卫生检查和微生物健康风险。
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.111
Adewale Oluwasogo Olalemi, Roseline Atiba, Sally Weston, Guy Howard

This study set out to determine the sanitary risk scores and microbial health risks associated with wells and boreholes in Ilara-Mokin and Ibule-Soro, Nigeria. Water samples (n = 96) were collected over a period of five months to determine the levels of enteric bacteria and to perform a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of drinking water quality. Sanitary risk scores revealed `medium' and `low' overall risks for the wells and boreholes, respectively. Three risk factors (faulty fence; small apron; pollution sources) exhibited high significant (p < 0.01) association with the presence of E. coli and thermotolerant coliforms in water samples from the wells. E. coli and Salmonella ranged from 1.82 to 2.28 and 2.15 to 2.63 log10 CFU/100 ml respectively in water from the wells, but were below detection limit in water from the boreholes. Shigella and Campylobacter were detected in all water samples. Estimated risks of infection associated with Shigella (2.1 × 10-2 to 2.3 × 10-1) were higher than those of Campylobacter (6.7 × 10-2 to 1.9 × 10-1) and Salmonella (1.9×10-3 to 5.6×10-3). Adaption of water safety plans may be advantageous in these settings, since intentional ingestion of water from the wells and boreholes may pose potential risks of diarrheal illness to humans.

本研究旨在确定与尼日利亚 Ilara-Mokin 和 Ibule-Soro 的水井和井眼相关的卫生风险评分和微生物健康风险。在五个月的时间里收集了水样（n = 96），以确定肠道细菌的含量，并对饮用水水质进行微生物定量风险评估（QMRA）。卫生风险评分显示，水井和井眼的总体风险分别为 "中 "和 "低"。三个风险因素（栅栏故障、停机坪过小、污染源）与水井水样中的大肠杆菌和耐热大肠菌群存在高度显著相关性（p < 0.01）。井水样本中的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌含量分别为 1.82-2.28 和 2.15-2.63 log10 CFU/100 ml，但井水样本中的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌含量低于检测限。在所有水样中都检测到志贺氏杆菌和弯曲杆菌。志贺氏菌的估计感染风险（2.1 × 10-2 至 2.3 × 10-1）高于弯曲杆菌（6.7 × 10-2 至 1.9 × 10-1）和沙门氏菌（1.9×10-3 至 5.6×10-3）。在这些环境中，调整水安全计划可能是有利的，因为有意摄入井水和钻孔水可能会给人类带来腹泻疾病的潜在风险。
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引用次数: 0
Short-term impacts of a large cultural event on the microbial pollution status of a pre-alpine river. 大型文化活动对高山前河流微生物污染状况的短期影响。
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of water and health
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.232
Melanie Leopold, Nikola Krlovic, Michael Schagerl, Jakob Schelker, Alexander K T Kirschner

Rivers are impacted by microbial faecal pollution from various sources. We report on a short-term faecal pollution event at the pre-alpine Austrian river Traisen caused by the large cultural event FM4 Frequency music festival, with around 200,000 visitors over 4 days. We observed a massive increase of the faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) intestinal enterococci during the event, while Escherichia coli concentrations were only slightly elevated. This increase poses a significant potential health threat to visitors and people recreating downstream of the festival area. A plausible explanation for the uncoupling of the two FIBs may have been a differential persistence caused by a combination of factors including water temperature, solar radiation, and the excessive presence of personal care products (PCPs) in the river water. However, a potential impact of PCPs on FIB assay performance cannot be ruled out. Our observations are relevant for other intensively used bathing sites; detailed investigations on persistence and assay performance of the FIB in response to different ingredients of PCPs are highly recommended. We conclude that for future festivals at this river or other festivals taking place under similar settings, a more effective management is necessary to reduce deterioration in water quality and minimise health risks.

河流受到各种来源的微生物粪便污染的影响。我们报告了奥地利前阿尔卑斯山特拉森河因大型文化活动 FM4 Frequency 音乐节而造成的短期粪便污染事件。在活动期间，我们观察到粪便指示菌（FIB）肠道肠球菌大量增加，而大肠埃希氏菌的浓度仅略有上升。这种增加对游客和在节日下游休闲的人们构成了巨大的潜在健康威胁。造成这两种 FIBs 脱钩的一个合理解释可能是水温、太阳辐射和河水中个人护理产品 (PCP) 含量过高等综合因素造成的持久性差异。不过，也不能排除五氯苯酚对 FIB 检测性能的潜在影响。我们的观察结果也适用于其他使用频繁的沐浴场所；我们强烈建议对 FIB 在五氯苯酚不同成分作用下的持久性和检测性能进行详细调查。我们得出的结论是，今后在这条河流或类似环境下举行的其他节庆活动中，有必要采取更有效的管理措施，以减少水质恶化并将健康风险降至最低。
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