Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.518
J. W. Kim, Y. Kim
This study analyzed the forward linkage effect, backward linkage effect, and induced effects of oil and gas E&P projects using the latest Input-Output Statistics in Australia, Norway, and the US. According to the analysis results, the dependence of the oil and gas E&P industry in Norway was high. Australia and the US had large figures in both forward and backward linkage effects. The share of the value-added to GDP of the oil and gas E&P industry in Norway was greater than that of Australia and the US, but smaller than that of Australia and the US in the forward linkage effect. This means that the economic effect is not determined by the value-added share of the industry but by its relationship with related industries. If Korea's oil and gas E&P projects establish relationships with related industries, the economic effects can be improved, which ultimately contributes to economy.
{"title":"An Induced Effect Analysis for the Oil and Gas E&P Industry of Australia, Norway, and the US","authors":"J. W. Kim, Y. Kim","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.518","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the forward linkage effect, backward linkage effect, and induced effects of oil and gas E&P projects using the latest Input-Output Statistics in Australia, Norway, and the US. According to the analysis results, the dependence of the oil and gas E&P industry in Norway was high. Australia and the US had large figures in both forward and backward linkage effects. The share of the value-added to GDP of the oil and gas E&P industry in Norway was greater than that of Australia and the US, but smaller than that of Australia and the US in the forward linkage effect. This means that the economic effect is not determined by the value-added share of the industry but by its relationship with related industries. If Korea's oil and gas E&P projects establish relationships with related industries, the economic effects can be improved, which ultimately contributes to economy.","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82926149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.585
Seokmin Oh, Bona Kim
The development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), has led to extensive investigations of the applicability of magnetic surveys using various UAV systems, such as a recent multirotor UAV-based magnetic survey. Herein, we analyzed studies that focused on the detection of near-surface targets. In particular, recent studies have examined the installation position and configuration of the magnetometer, and the usage of sensors to improve the positioning accuracy of the multirotor UAVs. We introduced data analysis and processing methods to consider noise generated by multirotor UAVs, and various interpretation methods. The cases presented here show that multirotor UAV-based magnetic surveys have strengths in small-scale target detection with close-to-surface flight and that high-resolution data can be acquired through precise flight for the survey area. This technology is expected to be particularly useful for the detection of man-made objects and subsurface infrastructures, and for archaeological prospection.
{"title":"A Review on Multirotor UAV-based Magnetic Surveys for Near-Surface Targets","authors":"Seokmin Oh, Bona Kim","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.585","url":null,"abstract":"The development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), has led to extensive investigations of the applicability of magnetic surveys using various UAV systems, such as a recent multirotor UAV-based magnetic survey. Herein, we analyzed studies that focused on the detection of near-surface targets. In particular, recent studies have examined the installation position and configuration of the magnetometer, and the usage of sensors to improve the positioning accuracy of the multirotor UAVs. We introduced data analysis and processing methods to consider noise generated by multirotor UAVs, and various interpretation methods. The cases presented here show that multirotor UAV-based magnetic surveys have strengths in small-scale target detection with close-to-surface flight and that high-resolution data can be acquired through precise flight for the survey area. This technology is expected to be particularly useful for the detection of man-made objects and subsurface infrastructures, and for archaeological prospection.","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73457017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.576
Won-Cheol Yun
In this study, natural gas price responses to different factors of the oil market were analyzed. A structural VAR model was developed to include crude oil supply, global economic indicators, crude oil price, and natural gas price as endogenous variables. Sample monthly data from January 1992 to September 2021 were used. The results obtained using the historical decomposition method indicated that the contribution of crude oil supply decreased, whereas that of global demand factor increased. In addition, the unique crude oil market factor was also an important influence.
{"title":"The Responses of Natural Gas Market to the Structural Shocks in Oil Market","authors":"Won-Cheol Yun","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.576","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, natural gas price responses to different factors of the oil market were analyzed. A structural VAR model was developed to include crude oil supply, global economic indicators, crude oil price, and natural gas price as endogenous variables. Sample monthly data from January 1992 to September 2021 were used. The results obtained using the historical decomposition method indicated that the contribution of crude oil supply decreased, whereas that of global demand factor increased. In addition, the unique crude oil market factor was also an important influence.","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86644502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.428
Dae-Ryong Kim
For 60 years after the establishment of the Korean Government, Korea has achieved a leap from the least developed country to the top 10 GDP economy in the world through compressed economic development strategies. The mining policies of Korea have changed rapidly in response to drastic economic and industrial transition. Korea mining policy started from the promotion of mining industry to securing of foreign currency and basic raw materials for reconstruction of national economy and industry, and in the 1990s, rationalization of domestic coal mines and overseas resources development policies were driven. In addition, sustainable development policies were adopted to control domestic mining activities and pollutions. After the 2000s, mining cooperation policies in South and North Korea were promoted to help the economic and social unification of Korea peninsula. In this study, various mining policies and their outcomes for 60 years were reviewed and expected future mining policies were presented.
{"title":"Korea Mining Policy for 60 Years: Retrospect and Future Prospect","authors":"Dae-Ryong Kim","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.428","url":null,"abstract":"For 60 years after the establishment of the Korean Government, Korea has achieved a leap from the least developed country to the top 10 GDP economy in the world through compressed economic development strategies. The mining policies of Korea have changed rapidly in response to drastic economic and industrial transition. Korea mining policy started from the promotion of mining industry to securing of foreign currency and basic raw materials for reconstruction of national economy and industry, and in the 1990s, rationalization of domestic coal mines and overseas resources development policies were driven. In addition, sustainable development policies were adopted to control domestic mining activities and pollutions. After the 2000s, mining cooperation policies in South and North Korea were promoted to help the economic and social unification of Korea peninsula. In this study, various mining policies and their outcomes for 60 years were reviewed and expected future mining policies were presented.","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79205962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.427
I. Jang
{"title":"The Special Issue on the 60th Anniversary of the KSMER","authors":"I. Jang","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.427","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77040303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.441
Y. Cheong, G. Yim, W. Hur, Yongkun Choi
To evaluate the resource potential of rare earth elements (REEs) in mine drainage and sludge, the research trends on REE recovery from mine waste were investigated. The total average REE in coal and shale was analyzed to be 268 mg/kg and 283 mg/kg, respectively. The TREE (Total REE) concentration of the mine drainage was high in acidic drainage. The REE/NASE ratio displayed enriched middle REE patterns. As the mine drainage of the Daedeok Coal Mine was neutralized to pH 8.5, the REE component was reduced to <0.1 ppb and concentrated into sludge. The average TREE concentrations of sludge from coal and metal mines were quantified as 290 mg/kg and 532.6 mg/kg, respectively. The basket price of REE in 17 sludge sites was estimated to reach USD 790,493. Research on REE recovery is conducted widely to recover REE from raw water and sludge by adsorption and precipitation. A REE recovery system that considers the scattered location of closed mines is presented. It is a concept that primarily concentrates REE in individual mine drainage treatment facilities and subsequently produces high concentrations of REE in a facility with acid dissolution and solvent extraction processes.
{"title":"Rare Earth Element Concentration and Recovery Trends in Coal, Mine Drainage, and Sludge","authors":"Y. Cheong, G. Yim, W. Hur, Yongkun Choi","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.441","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the resource potential of rare earth elements (REEs) in mine drainage and sludge, the research trends on REE recovery from mine waste were investigated. The total average REE in coal and shale was analyzed to be 268 mg/kg and 283 mg/kg, respectively. The TREE (Total REE) concentration of the mine drainage was high in acidic drainage. The REE/NASE ratio displayed enriched middle REE patterns. As the mine drainage of the Daedeok Coal Mine was neutralized to pH 8.5, the REE component was reduced to <0.1 ppb and concentrated into sludge. The average TREE concentrations of sludge from coal and metal mines were quantified as 290 mg/kg and 532.6 mg/kg, respectively. The basket price of REE in 17 sludge sites was estimated to reach USD 790,493. Research on REE recovery is conducted widely to recover REE from raw water and sludge by adsorption and precipitation. A REE recovery system that considers the scattered location of closed mines is presented. It is a concept that primarily concentrates REE in individual mine drainage treatment facilities and subsequently produces high concentrations of REE in a facility with acid dissolution and solvent extraction processes.","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79102029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.498
Seil Ki, Seung-Young Back, Kyung-Doo Bae, Joohyung Kim, Taeheun Jang, Dohyun Kim, Jeonggyu Seo, Oukwang Kwon, Jaeheon Shim
Through exploration activities by foreign oil companies in the 1970s and independent exploration activities since the 1980s, in July 1998, high-quality gas reservoirs that could be developed commercially were discovered in the Gorae – V structure in Block 6 – 1 of the East Sea Continental Shelf. Accordingly, construction of a production facility and commercial production of gas/condensate began on March 15, 2002, and July 11, 2004, respectively. After 18 years’ production, the gas supply was finally stopped on December 31, 2021; the Donghae – 1 gas field will be used for CO 2 storage in the future. This paper introduces major technical works and analysis for exploration/development/ production in the gas field, which made Korea the 95th-ranked oil-producing country. In addition, efforts for production enhancement and safe operation of production facilities are reviewed. Then, the results of preliminary analysis of the possibility of using CCS (carbon capture and storage) in the field is introduced.
{"title":"Donghae-1 Gas Field Development and Its Application to CCS","authors":"Seil Ki, Seung-Young Back, Kyung-Doo Bae, Joohyung Kim, Taeheun Jang, Dohyun Kim, Jeonggyu Seo, Oukwang Kwon, Jaeheon Shim","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.498","url":null,"abstract":"Through exploration activities by foreign oil companies in the 1970s and independent exploration activities since the 1980s, in July 1998, high-quality gas reservoirs that could be developed commercially were discovered in the Gorae – V structure in Block 6 – 1 of the East Sea Continental Shelf. Accordingly, construction of a production facility and commercial production of gas/condensate began on March 15, 2002, and July 11, 2004, respectively. After 18 years’ production, the gas supply was finally stopped on December 31, 2021; the Donghae – 1 gas field will be used for CO 2 storage in the future. This paper introduces major technical works and analysis for exploration/development/ production in the gas field, which made Korea the 95th-ranked oil-producing country. In addition, efforts for production enhancement and safe operation of production facilities are reviewed. Then, the results of preliminary analysis of the possibility of using CCS (carbon capture and storage) in the field is introduced.","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78566851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.462
E. Park, Y. Jung, Sewook Oh
This study investigates current technology on large-scale underground hydrogen storage, a clean carbon neutral energy source to prevent the rapid increase of greenhouse gases, and to secure the sustainability of the Earth and mankind. Underground storage technology, which is used for natural gas storage, is widely accepted as the only technology suitable for large-scale hydrogen storage. Many countries have initiated underground hydrogen storage projects by exploiting geological structures such as salt caverns, depleted reservoirs, and aquifers. In Korea, an excavated rock cavern is a unique alternative for hydrogen storage because the other geological structures do not exist. In addition, rock cavern storage can be used for high-pressure gas or cryogenic liquid, and has an advantageous position in the land use, security, and safety aspects. Therefore, it will become an essential infrastructure for the stable and sustainable future hydrogen economy.
{"title":"Carbon Neutrality and Underground Hydrogen Storage","authors":"E. Park, Y. Jung, Sewook Oh","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.462","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates current technology on large-scale underground hydrogen storage, a clean carbon neutral energy source to prevent the rapid increase of greenhouse gases, and to secure the sustainability of the Earth and mankind. Underground storage technology, which is used for natural gas storage, is widely accepted as the only technology suitable for large-scale hydrogen storage. Many countries have initiated underground hydrogen storage projects by exploiting geological structures such as salt caverns, depleted reservoirs, and aquifers. In Korea, an excavated rock cavern is a unique alternative for hydrogen storage because the other geological structures do not exist. In addition, rock cavern storage can be used for high-pressure gas or cryogenic liquid, and has an advantageous position in the land use, security, and safety aspects. Therefore, it will become an essential infrastructure for the stable and sustainable future hydrogen economy.","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73002696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.474
I. Yang, Jayhyun Park, Yoon-Tae Kim
According to a survey of small- and medium-sized mining companies, 90% of the surveyed companies recognized the necessity of carbon neutrality. However, systematic mitigations have not yet been introduced; therefore, policy support for activation is urgently required. In mining companies, major industrial processes account for 84.6% of their total emissions, so improvements in their processes and facilities should be implemented to reduce carbon emissions. According to government statistics, the carbon-emitting factors of small- and medium-sized enterprises are complicated by industry, and reducing and managing greenhouse gases are challenging because of the large number of companies; therefore, customized reduction measures for each company should be prepared. In this study, we compared and analyzed the differences between the mining and cement industries related to greenhouse gas reduction and examined the cases of related companies and the governmental carbon-neutral support policy to suggest a direction for the domestic small- and medium-sized mining industry to move toward carbon-neutrality.
{"title":"Recommendations for Carbon Neutrality and ESG Management in Mining Industry","authors":"I. Yang, Jayhyun Park, Yoon-Tae Kim","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.474","url":null,"abstract":"According to a survey of small- and medium-sized mining companies, 90% of the surveyed companies recognized the necessity of carbon neutrality. However, systematic mitigations have not yet been introduced; therefore, policy support for activation is urgently required. In mining companies, major industrial processes account for 84.6% of their total emissions, so improvements in their processes and facilities should be implemented to reduce carbon emissions. According to government statistics, the carbon-emitting factors of small- and medium-sized enterprises are complicated by industry, and reducing and managing greenhouse gases are challenging because of the large number of companies; therefore, customized reduction measures for each company should be prepared. In this study, we compared and analyzed the differences between the mining and cement industries related to greenhouse gas reduction and examined the cases of related companies and the governmental carbon-neutral support policy to suggest a direction for the domestic small- and medium-sized mining industry to move toward carbon-neutrality.","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89504965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.489
K. Chung
Securing critical minerals is becoming a major issue. Regarding this, Korea selected resource circulation as a primary mean, as well as overseas resource development and stockpiling. However, the rate of recycling domestic core mineral is low due to insufficient economic feasibility. This article discusses the additional benefits of recycled raw materials and economic improvement. The various extra benefits include the reduction of the cost of responding to environmental and carbon-neutral regulations, securing the ability to respond to rules of origin, and spreading ESG marketing promotions. Therefore, quantitative evaluation of these benefits and establishing a fair cost payment system is required through a shift in the perception of demanding companies that use recycled raw materials. In addition, the government also needs to promote policies to build and spread this system, because it will improve the economic feasibility of the recycling industry and lead to the vitalization of critical mineral resources circulation.
{"title":"Proposal on how to Activate Recycling of Critical Minerals","authors":"K. Chung","doi":"10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.489","url":null,"abstract":"Securing critical minerals is becoming a major issue. Regarding this, Korea selected resource circulation as a primary mean, as well as overseas resource development and stockpiling. However, the rate of recycling domestic core mineral is low due to insufficient economic feasibility. This article discusses the additional benefits of recycled raw materials and economic improvement. The various extra benefits include the reduction of the cost of responding to environmental and carbon-neutral regulations, securing the ability to respond to rules of origin, and spreading ESG marketing promotions. Therefore, quantitative evaluation of these benefits and establishing a fair cost payment system is required through a shift in the perception of demanding companies that use recycled raw materials. In addition, the government also needs to promote policies to build and spread this system, because it will improve the economic feasibility of the recycling industry and lead to the vitalization of critical mineral resources circulation.","PeriodicalId":17454,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83452261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：