Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a912770
Ahmet Izmirlioglu
Abstract:This paper investigates the factors behind the failure of British efforts to cultivate significant amounts of American cotton in the Ottoman Empire to compensate for the supplies cut due to the American Civil War. The reports by British consuls on the subject sheds light on Ottoman labor markets, financial strains on Ottoman agricultural workers and land owners, difficulties posed by natural and climatic conditions, the challenges faced in the difficult Anglo-Ottoman partnership, and the extent of central Ottoman authority (especially in terms of the ability of imperial bureaucracy to co-opt or coerce regional elites) in the third decade of the Tanzimat Reforms. British communications also display the varying opinions among British officials of the Ottoman government, officials, population, and the status of the Tanzimat Reforms.
{"title":"A Failed Transplant: American Cotton in the Ottoman Empire","authors":"Ahmet Izmirlioglu","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a912770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a912770","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper investigates the factors behind the failure of British efforts to cultivate significant amounts of American cotton in the Ottoman Empire to compensate for the supplies cut due to the American Civil War. The reports by British consuls on the subject sheds light on Ottoman labor markets, financial strains on Ottoman agricultural workers and land owners, difficulties posed by natural and climatic conditions, the challenges faced in the difficult Anglo-Ottoman partnership, and the extent of central Ottoman authority (especially in terms of the ability of imperial bureaucracy to co-opt or coerce regional elites) in the third decade of the Tanzimat Reforms. British communications also display the varying opinions among British officials of the Ottoman government, officials, population, and the status of the Tanzimat Reforms.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"1 1","pages":"557 - 583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139234102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a912769
Tyson A. Luneau
Abstract:Though a handful of European accounts of Saharan travel predate the 1830 French invasion of Algiers, this event marked a turning point in French experience with deserts. The period of French occupation fostered a growing belief in the Maghreb's gradual environmental degradation and a desire to "restore" its inherent fertility. The late-nineteenth century plan to create an artificial inland sea represents a grandiose, transformative vision of French colonialism. Influenced by Saint-Simonianism, the project's advocates aimed to use modern technology to fulfill a utopian dream of "reclaiming" the Sahara. Led by Captain François-Élie Roudaire, the project aimed to channel waters from the Mediterranean into saline depressions in the Tunisian and Algerian Sahara. This sea, it was hoped, would transform the northern Sahara into a milder and more hospitable environment. Although it garnered the support of Ferdinand de Lesseps and other notable figures, the project fell apart by the mid-1880s. While the vision of a vast inland Saharan sea occasionally resurfaced through the twentieth century, it never manifested in any genuine construction attempts. The Sahara Sea, however, characterizes aspects of the French colonial enterprise that would manifest in other social and technological developments throughout the colonial and postcolonial periods.
{"title":"A Disdain for Deserts: The Sahara Sea Project and Climatic Modification in North Africa, 1864–1885","authors":"Tyson A. Luneau","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a912769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a912769","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Though a handful of European accounts of Saharan travel predate the 1830 French invasion of Algiers, this event marked a turning point in French experience with deserts. The period of French occupation fostered a growing belief in the Maghreb's gradual environmental degradation and a desire to \"restore\" its inherent fertility. The late-nineteenth century plan to create an artificial inland sea represents a grandiose, transformative vision of French colonialism. Influenced by Saint-Simonianism, the project's advocates aimed to use modern technology to fulfill a utopian dream of \"reclaiming\" the Sahara. Led by Captain François-Élie Roudaire, the project aimed to channel waters from the Mediterranean into saline depressions in the Tunisian and Algerian Sahara. This sea, it was hoped, would transform the northern Sahara into a milder and more hospitable environment. Although it garnered the support of Ferdinand de Lesseps and other notable figures, the project fell apart by the mid-1880s. While the vision of a vast inland Saharan sea occasionally resurfaced through the twentieth century, it never manifested in any genuine construction attempts. The Sahara Sea, however, characterizes aspects of the French colonial enterprise that would manifest in other social and technological developments throughout the colonial and postcolonial periods.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"527 - 556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139229168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a912774
Andrew Kettler
{"title":"The Deepest Dye: Obeah, Hosay, and Race in the Atlantic World by Aisha Khan (review)","authors":"Andrew Kettler","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a912774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a912774","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"176 1","pages":"661 - 663"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139233924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a912773
Andrew Kettler
{"title":"Graphic Worlding: Radical Histories and the Narrative Form in Recent Works from Graphic Mundi","authors":"Andrew Kettler","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a912773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a912773","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"75 1","pages":"651 - 660"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139228238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a912771
Michael Philipp Brunner
Abstract:The end of the First World War heralded a new age of internationalist and pacifist action. After initial hopes for peace and international justice, however, soon followed disillusionment about a post-war order that left little room for the aspirations of colonized people and those nations not amongst the winners of the new geopolitical order. The present article analyses interwar pacifism as a polycentric discourse, moving beyond earlier Anglo-American and European-centered approaches. It introduces the World Conference for International Peace through Religion, an initiative by the American Church Peace Union, focusing on the (inter)actions of its American, German, Indian, and Japanese members. The World Conference set out to tackle world peace from a perspective outside of formal politics and international relations in hopes that religion might succeed where politicians and secular activists had failed. In the end, however, the organization never achieved its ambitious goals due to internal contradictions, differing visions of peace and international (or transnational) justice, and structural problems like the persisting connections of its f(o)unders to the American Protestant missionary milieu.
{"title":"Diverging in Peace: (Inter)Religious Internationalism, Interwar Pacifism, and a World Conference that Never Happened","authors":"Michael Philipp Brunner","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a912771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a912771","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The end of the First World War heralded a new age of internationalist and pacifist action. After initial hopes for peace and international justice, however, soon followed disillusionment about a post-war order that left little room for the aspirations of colonized people and those nations not amongst the winners of the new geopolitical order. The present article analyses interwar pacifism as a polycentric discourse, moving beyond earlier Anglo-American and European-centered approaches. It introduces the World Conference for International Peace through Religion, an initiative by the American Church Peace Union, focusing on the (inter)actions of its American, German, Indian, and Japanese members. The World Conference set out to tackle world peace from a perspective outside of formal politics and international relations in hopes that religion might succeed where politicians and secular activists had failed. In the end, however, the organization never achieved its ambitious goals due to internal contradictions, differing visions of peace and international (or transnational) justice, and structural problems like the persisting connections of its f(o)unders to the American Protestant missionary milieu.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"37 1","pages":"585 - 615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139233663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a902026
Tatiana Linkhoeva
Abstract:In 1924, Oyabe Zen’ichirō (1867–1941), an amateur historian, published a small book, Chinggis Khan was Minamoto no Yoshitsune (Jingisu Kan wa Minamoto no Yoshitsune nari), which revived the old tale of the medieval samurai Yoshitsune’s escape to the territory of present Mongolia, where after unifying the Mongolian tribes he took the name of Chinggis Khan. Oyabe’s book reveals how in the interwar period the imagined medieval past and historical personalities were mobilized in the Japanese imperial expansion into the Mongolian lands. This article demonstrates how in the post–World War I years Japanese imperial boosters formulated a new rhetoric of the shared historical, cultural, political, and racial heritage with the Mongols, which ultimately justified the Japanese military plans to bring the Mongolian lands and its people, formally divided between the Qing and Romanov empires, under imperial Japan’s control.
摘要:1924年，业余历史学家Oyabe Zen ' ichiri(1867-1941)出版了一本小书《成吉思汗是Minamoto no Yoshitsune (Jingisu Kan wa Minamoto no Yoshitsune nari)》，重新讲述了中世纪武士吉思汗逃到现在蒙古境内，统一蒙古各部落后改称成吉思汗的故事。Oyabe的书揭示了在两次世界大战之间，想象中的中世纪历史和历史人物是如何在日本帝国主义向蒙古土地扩张的过程中被动员起来的。这篇文章展示了在第一次世界大战后，日本帝国主义的支持者如何制定了一种新的说辞，即与蒙古人拥有共同的历史、文化、政治和种族遗产，这最终证明了日本的军事计划是合理的，即将蒙古的土地和人民，正式划分为清朝和罗曼诺夫帝国，置于日本帝国的控制之下。
{"title":"Samurai and Mongols: How a Medieval Samurai Became Chinggis Khan","authors":"Tatiana Linkhoeva","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a902026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a902026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In 1924, Oyabe Zen’ichirō (1867–1941), an amateur historian, published a small book, Chinggis Khan was Minamoto no Yoshitsune (Jingisu Kan wa Minamoto no Yoshitsune nari), which revived the old tale of the medieval samurai Yoshitsune’s escape to the territory of present Mongolia, where after unifying the Mongolian tribes he took the name of Chinggis Khan. Oyabe’s book reveals how in the interwar period the imagined medieval past and historical personalities were mobilized in the Japanese imperial expansion into the Mongolian lands. This article demonstrates how in the post–World War I years Japanese imperial boosters formulated a new rhetoric of the shared historical, cultural, political, and racial heritage with the Mongols, which ultimately justified the Japanese military plans to bring the Mongolian lands and its people, formally divided between the Qing and Romanov empires, under imperial Japan’s control.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"34 1","pages":"399 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47146852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a902028
M. Barnes
Abstract:This article analyzes Chinese coverage of the African American experience from 1920 to 1940. It argues that through the transfer of news media, ideas, and the physical act of travel, African Americans’ lived experiences and advancement became a point of interest for Chinese students, scholars, and political actors who aspired to address the social and political challenges facing Republican China. These authors extracted broad lessons from Black America and did not focus exclusively on African American bondage. While several studies have shown how African Americans in the twentieth century first looked to the Empire of Japan and then the People’s Republic of China as sources of inspiration, this article reveals a broader story of exchange. By reversing the aforementioned flow of information and ideas back across the Pacific, this article highlights how Black America, beleaguered as it may have been, also served as an object of emulation.
{"title":"China and the Spirit of Booker T. Washington: Applying Lessons from the Southern Black American Experience in Rural Republican China, 1920–1940","authors":"M. Barnes","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a902028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a902028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article analyzes Chinese coverage of the African American experience from 1920 to 1940. It argues that through the transfer of news media, ideas, and the physical act of travel, African Americans’ lived experiences and advancement became a point of interest for Chinese students, scholars, and political actors who aspired to address the social and political challenges facing Republican China. These authors extracted broad lessons from Black America and did not focus exclusively on African American bondage. While several studies have shown how African Americans in the twentieth century first looked to the Empire of Japan and then the People’s Republic of China as sources of inspiration, this article reveals a broader story of exchange. By reversing the aforementioned flow of information and ideas back across the Pacific, this article highlights how Black America, beleaguered as it may have been, also served as an object of emulation.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"34 1","pages":"463 - 490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44591327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a902030
Martha Chaiklin
{"title":"Natural Disaster at the Closing of the Dutch Golden Age: Floods, Worms, and Cattle Plague by Adam Sundberg (review)","authors":"Martha Chaiklin","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a902030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a902030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"34 1","pages":"494 - 496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49027949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a902025
Benjamin Lieberman
Abstract:Pursuit of invulnerability proliferated in the modern era when individuals took objects into battle or followed practices promising immunity from harm. Western contemporaries wrote off these beliefs as primitive, and later scholars minimized their importance, arguing that colonial authorities exaggerated invulnerability to obscure economic grievances. To date, invulnerability has gained attention for its role in millenarianism. Adopting a case study approach Michael Adas argued that groups that lost power supported prophetic movements. However, the frequency of invulnerability shows the value of a geographic approach. This article charts locations and timing of invulnerability practices to map out zones of invulnerability. This broader approach helps to identify causes for the proliferation of invulnerability. Invulnerability did not create a unified or proto-nationalist response to rapid imperial expansion and settler societies, but invulnerability reflected the shock and disorientation of the period on a global scale.
{"title":"Invulnerability and the Cartography of Resistance to Imperialism","authors":"Benjamin Lieberman","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a902025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a902025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Pursuit of invulnerability proliferated in the modern era when individuals took objects into battle or followed practices promising immunity from harm. Western contemporaries wrote off these beliefs as primitive, and later scholars minimized their importance, arguing that colonial authorities exaggerated invulnerability to obscure economic grievances. To date, invulnerability has gained attention for its role in millenarianism. Adopting a case study approach Michael Adas argued that groups that lost power supported prophetic movements. However, the frequency of invulnerability shows the value of a geographic approach. This article charts locations and timing of invulnerability practices to map out zones of invulnerability. This broader approach helps to identify causes for the proliferation of invulnerability. Invulnerability did not create a unified or proto-nationalist response to rapid imperial expansion and settler societies, but invulnerability reflected the shock and disorientation of the period on a global scale.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"34 1","pages":"369 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49548399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2023.a902024
B. Noordam
Abstract:Volley fire with gunpowder weapons is often seen by modern scholars as one of the important innovations which allowed Europe to politically dominate other cultures and societies. Many historiographical theories, of the kind Lyotard termed metarécits, “metanarratives,” have attempted to explain this phenomenon. Recently, compelling evidence has emerged that other civilizations also practiced the technique, most notably China. This article brings together existing and new evidence that volley fire with firearms was developed and practiced in China long before it appeared in Europe and challenges several of the grand narratives of European exceptionalism. This new evidence shows that the volley fire technique arose in China primarily as a reaction to domestic and foreign (semi-)nomadic cavalry threats, belying geographically deterministic accounts, which suggest that sophisticated infantry tactics with firearms would not arise in states bordering the steppe. This article will also challenge the claim that volley fire in Europe benefitted from its emergence in a competitive system of states undergoing a tradition-challenging Renaissance. I call for a reconsideration of the innovative potential of Eurasian land empires bordering the steppe, and stress the importance of studying political contingencies and cultures of innovation in shaping world history.
{"title":"Chinese Volley Fire and Metanarratives of World History","authors":"B. Noordam","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2023.a902024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.a902024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Volley fire with gunpowder weapons is often seen by modern scholars as one of the important innovations which allowed Europe to politically dominate other cultures and societies. Many historiographical theories, of the kind Lyotard termed metarécits, “metanarratives,” have attempted to explain this phenomenon. Recently, compelling evidence has emerged that other civilizations also practiced the technique, most notably China. This article brings together existing and new evidence that volley fire with firearms was developed and practiced in China long before it appeared in Europe and challenges several of the grand narratives of European exceptionalism. This new evidence shows that the volley fire technique arose in China primarily as a reaction to domestic and foreign (semi-)nomadic cavalry threats, belying geographically deterministic accounts, which suggest that sophisticated infantry tactics with firearms would not arise in states bordering the steppe. This article will also challenge the claim that volley fire in Europe benefitted from its emergence in a competitive system of states undergoing a tradition-challenging Renaissance. I call for a reconsideration of the innovative potential of Eurasian land empires bordering the steppe, and stress the importance of studying political contingencies and cultures of innovation in shaping world history.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"34 1","pages":"329 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46383990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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