{"title":"Globalizing Automobilism: Exuberance and the Emergence of Layered Mobility, 1900–1980 by Gijs Mom (review)","authors":"Kate Mcdonald","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"535 - 537"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48714324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:We synthesize recent archaeological discoveries on the spread of Han wheat farming, including archaeobotanical evidence, artefacts related to wheat farming and wheat flour processing, and discovered texts such as wooden slips. We cross-examine the archaeological data with transmitted historical records within the wider social and cultural contexts of the Yellow River valley and adjacent regions. We conclude that the spread of wheat farming in the Middle Yellow River region was slower than that of the Lower Yellow River region due to environmental and social reasons. After Emperor Wu's era, wheat farming began to take off in both regions, which was characterized by its expanding geographic distributions, its increasing importance in the imperial agricultural economies and its growing recognition by the society. The beneficial factors, including favorable climate-environmental conditions, accumulating agronomic knowledge, technological innovations and other factors, and changing dietary traditions played diverse roles in the regional development of wheat farming in these regions.
{"title":"The Spread and Regional Development of Wheat Farming in the Yellow River Valley under the Han Empire","authors":"Cheng Li, Yijie Zhuang","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:We synthesize recent archaeological discoveries on the spread of Han wheat farming, including archaeobotanical evidence, artefacts related to wheat farming and wheat flour processing, and discovered texts such as wooden slips. We cross-examine the archaeological data with transmitted historical records within the wider social and cultural contexts of the Yellow River valley and adjacent regions. We conclude that the spread of wheat farming in the Middle Yellow River region was slower than that of the Lower Yellow River region due to environmental and social reasons. After Emperor Wu's era, wheat farming began to take off in both regions, which was characterized by its expanding geographic distributions, its increasing importance in the imperial agricultural economies and its growing recognition by the society. The beneficial factors, including favorable climate-environmental conditions, accumulating agronomic knowledge, technological innovations and other factors, and changing dietary traditions played diverse roles in the regional development of wheat farming in these regions.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"367 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43168182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Expansive U.S. extraterritorial claims are nothing new. Such jurisdictional tactics date back to the early republic. This paper focuses on the commingling of extraterritorial and national questions in the U.S.-Ottoman relationship in the nineteenth century. It employs a socio-legal approach to determine how majoritarian and nativist biases—on both sides of the Atlantic—imbued everyday consular practices around extraterritoriality, nationality, and protection. Three primary catalysts advanced the debate. First, the Ottoman state repurposed emerging diplomatic norms in the 1850 s to deny the local brokers of foreign merchants their accustomed protections. Second, Ottoman consuls refuted U.S. notions of expatriation and thereafter vacated key extradition and nationality treaties of 1874. Third, at the first turn of twentieth century, Ottoman officials lobbied against State Department policies enabling further restrictions to naturalized and derivative citizenship. Ultimately, the U.S.-Ottoman case became globally significant in demarcating new flash points of mass migration, humanitarian movements, and human rights on the eve of the Great War.
{"title":"The Privileged and the Unprotected: U.S. Consuls, Return Migrants, and Extraterritorial Debates in the Ottoman Empire, 1830 – 1914","authors":"John K. Bragg","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Expansive U.S. extraterritorial claims are nothing new. Such jurisdictional tactics date back to the early republic. This paper focuses on the commingling of extraterritorial and national questions in the U.S.-Ottoman relationship in the nineteenth century. It employs a socio-legal approach to determine how majoritarian and nativist biases—on both sides of the Atlantic—imbued everyday consular practices around extraterritoriality, nationality, and protection. Three primary catalysts advanced the debate. First, the Ottoman state repurposed emerging diplomatic norms in the 1850 s to deny the local brokers of foreign merchants their accustomed protections. Second, Ottoman consuls refuted U.S. notions of expatriation and thereafter vacated key extradition and nationality treaties of 1874. Third, at the first turn of twentieth century, Ottoman officials lobbied against State Department policies enabling further restrictions to naturalized and derivative citizenship. Ultimately, the U.S.-Ottoman case became globally significant in demarcating new flash points of mass migration, humanitarian movements, and human rights on the eve of the Great War.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"429 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47728864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article analyzes and discusses the modes and forms of cooperation between various groups of foreign nationals sojourning in Ayutthaya during the seventeenth century. It argues that Siamese monarchs' religious and ethnic tolerance toward foreigners as well as the large scope of autonomy they granted to overseas incomers was paralleled by the kings' predatory usage of law and inherently conflictual system of exploitation of foreign merchants that satisfied the court's fiscal needs. In effect, traders residing in Siam reacted by creating among themselves cross-national informal networks and by reaching out to court officials and Buddhist clergy. These networks superseded global conflicts raging between the kingdoms and treading companies (such as Portuguese and Dutch wars and the Dutch East India Company war against Ming loyalists, etc.). Moreover, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, the long-standing cooperation between various nations led to a significant cultural amalgamation and growing uniformization in customs and modes of consumption. Due to the strong state institution and specific multiethnic and multireligious social structure, Ayutthaya provides a fascinating early example of reasons, forms, and limits for social and cultural integration within the globalizing entrepôts of early modern Asia.
{"title":"Seventeenth-Century Foreign Lives of Ayutthaya: Sources of Cross-Cultural Cooperation and Integration in the Asian Trading Entrepôt","authors":"I. Chabrowski","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article analyzes and discusses the modes and forms of cooperation between various groups of foreign nationals sojourning in Ayutthaya during the seventeenth century. It argues that Siamese monarchs' religious and ethnic tolerance toward foreigners as well as the large scope of autonomy they granted to overseas incomers was paralleled by the kings' predatory usage of law and inherently conflictual system of exploitation of foreign merchants that satisfied the court's fiscal needs. In effect, traders residing in Siam reacted by creating among themselves cross-national informal networks and by reaching out to court officials and Buddhist clergy. These networks superseded global conflicts raging between the kingdoms and treading companies (such as Portuguese and Dutch wars and the Dutch East India Company war against Ming loyalists, etc.). Moreover, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, the long-standing cooperation between various nations led to a significant cultural amalgamation and growing uniformization in customs and modes of consumption. Due to the strong state institution and specific multiethnic and multireligious social structure, Ayutthaya provides a fascinating early example of reasons, forms, and limits for social and cultural integration within the globalizing entrepôts of early modern Asia.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"403 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47758906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jagjeet Lally’s India and the Silk Roads examines the world of caravan trade networks in the most intriguing but least understood commercial corridor, namely from Sindh and Punjab of Pakistan, to Kabul in Afghanistan, and to Bukhara in Uzbekistan during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Because this caravan trade arena entangled with economic and power rivalries of inner Eurasia, that is, the Great Game, and faced competition with the high tide of global maritime trade, the history of caravan trade is much more than caravan trade per se, but also displays how the people—traders, kings, peasants, bandits, mercenaries—coped with the changing world around them and took opportunities to develop their networks and reap profits. Nevertheless, they eventually abandoned the caravan trade as their main livelihood and submerged in the new order created by the British and Russian imperial expansions. The Introduction set up the landscape of the caravan trade in the context of the Silk Roads connecting Indian subcontinent to Central Asia including south Russia. The author rebuts the general assumption that maritime trade arose since 1500 suffocated the ancient inland trade of the Silk Roads. The British Empire was a sea power and maritime trade was the tool of exerting its power to India. Meanwhile, the Russian Empire conquered Kazakh hordes and Tajik khans on the
贾吉特·拉里（Jagjeet Lally）的《印度与丝绸之路》（India and the Silk Roads）探讨了18世纪和19世纪从巴基斯坦信德省和旁遮普邦到阿富汗喀布尔，再到乌兹别克斯坦布哈拉的商队贸易网络的世界。由于这个商队贸易舞台与欧亚大陆内部的经济和权力竞争，即大博弈纠缠在一起，并面临着全球海上贸易高潮的竞争，商队贸易的历史远不止商队贸易本身，还展示了人们——商人、国王、农民、土匪，雇佣兵——应对周围不断变化的世界，抓住机会发展网络并获取利润。尽管如此，他们最终放弃了商队贸易作为主要生计，并淹没在英国和俄罗斯帝国扩张所创造的新秩序中。引言介绍了连接印度次大陆和中亚（包括俄罗斯南部）的丝绸之路背景下商队贸易的景观。作者反驳了自1500年以来兴起的海上贸易窒息了古代丝绸之路内陆贸易的普遍假设。大英帝国是一个海洋大国，海上贸易是向印度施加权力的工具。与此同时，俄罗斯帝国在
{"title":"India and the Silk Roads: The History of a Trading World by Jagjeet Lally (review)","authors":"Xinru Liu","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Jagjeet Lally’s India and the Silk Roads examines the world of caravan trade networks in the most intriguing but least understood commercial corridor, namely from Sindh and Punjab of Pakistan, to Kabul in Afghanistan, and to Bukhara in Uzbekistan during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Because this caravan trade arena entangled with economic and power rivalries of inner Eurasia, that is, the Great Game, and faced competition with the high tide of global maritime trade, the history of caravan trade is much more than caravan trade per se, but also displays how the people—traders, kings, peasants, bandits, mercenaries—coped with the changing world around them and took opportunities to develop their networks and reap profits. Nevertheless, they eventually abandoned the caravan trade as their main livelihood and submerged in the new order created by the British and Russian imperial expansions. The Introduction set up the landscape of the caravan trade in the context of the Silk Roads connecting Indian subcontinent to Central Asia including south Russia. The author rebuts the general assumption that maritime trade arose since 1500 suffocated the ancient inland trade of the Silk Roads. The British Empire was a sea power and maritime trade was the tool of exerting its power to India. Meanwhile, the Russian Empire conquered Kazakh hordes and Tajik khans on the","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"527 - 529"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49411886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
reliance on Anglophone sources, which Mom astutely acknowledges must inform how the sources represent automobility). On the other hand, the book is unwieldy. Each chapter runs more than one hundred and fifty pages. The big picture themes (layered mobility, synchronicity, class divisions, modal splits, and coordination crises) are connected somewhat haphazardly to the detailed narratives for each locale. It can be difficult to track the argument. In part this is becauseMom is so attentive to the major debates that inform each local or national history of automobility. That should be celebrated. But it does make for a challenging read. That being said, I would say that anyone writing and teaching the history of mobility in the twentieth century, especially automobility, should consult this volume as they think through their own materials. As historians, we are tempted to extol the uniqueness of our subjects, our periods, our concepts. For that reason, our claims to locality and specificity will be all the more rigorous if we rise to the challenge of Globalizing Automobilism’s panoptic perspective.
{"title":"Saving the World? Western Volunteers and the Rise of the Humanitarian-Development Complex by Agnieszka Sobocinska (review)","authors":"Branden Little","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0024","url":null,"abstract":"reliance on Anglophone sources, which Mom astutely acknowledges must inform how the sources represent automobility). On the other hand, the book is unwieldy. Each chapter runs more than one hundred and fifty pages. The big picture themes (layered mobility, synchronicity, class divisions, modal splits, and coordination crises) are connected somewhat haphazardly to the detailed narratives for each locale. It can be difficult to track the argument. In part this is becauseMom is so attentive to the major debates that inform each local or national history of automobility. That should be celebrated. But it does make for a challenging read. That being said, I would say that anyone writing and teaching the history of mobility in the twentieth century, especially automobility, should consult this volume as they think through their own materials. As historians, we are tempted to extol the uniqueness of our subjects, our periods, our concepts. For that reason, our claims to locality and specificity will be all the more rigorous if we rise to the challenge of Globalizing Automobilism’s panoptic perspective.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"537 - 540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42653819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In the 1950s and 1960s, colonial empires turned into what seemed to be a world of nation-states. But the first wave of decolonization came in the Americas between the 1780s and the 1820s. This article explores the relationship between these two waves and the wave of colonizations that occurred in between. Rather than assimilating the two episodes of decolonization to a single narrative, I argue that both entailed profound struggles in which national sovereignty was only one possible outcome and that in between empires were reinvigorated, transformed, and reinvented. The second wave of decolonization entailed what the first did not: undermining the very idea of empire. Both waves left unanswered a question that had concerned activists in their times: could political liberation be turned into economic and social justice? This article points to the uses and limits of the concept of decolonization in understanding struggles for global equality.
{"title":"Decolonizations, Colonizations, and More Decolonizations: The End of Empire in Time and Space","authors":"F. Cooper","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the 1950s and 1960s, colonial empires turned into what seemed to be a world of nation-states. But the first wave of decolonization came in the Americas between the 1780s and the 1820s. This article explores the relationship between these two waves and the wave of colonizations that occurred in between. Rather than assimilating the two episodes of decolonization to a single narrative, I argue that both entailed profound struggles in which national sovereignty was only one possible outcome and that in between empires were reinvigorated, transformed, and reinvented. The second wave of decolonization entailed what the first did not: undermining the very idea of empire. Both waves left unanswered a question that had concerned activists in their times: could political liberation be turned into economic and social justice? This article points to the uses and limits of the concept of decolonization in understanding struggles for global equality.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"491 - 526"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48775030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Throughout the 1930s, as technical officers from multiple territories in British imperial Africa toured the United States to study federal soil conservation efforts in the wake of the Dust Bowl, they made particular observations of programs among southwestern Native American populations and conferred with colleagues in the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs (OIA). These previously unexplored exchanges extended far beyond purely technical matters: they became significant opportunities for both British imperial and OIA officials to reflect comparatively on America's enduring settler colonialism, colonial situations in eastern and southern Africa, and parallel state agendas of "native development." This article focuses on three case studies—involving visitors from colonial South Africa and Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and Kenya to various reservations and Pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona—to reveal how officials used these transcolonial dialogues to articulate their particular interests in and promote their preferred approaches to managing colonized peoples and their landscapes.
{"title":"U.S. Indian Affairs, British Imperial Africa, and Transcolonial Dialogues over Conservation and \"Native Development\" in the 1930s","authors":"Jacob Tropp","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Throughout the 1930s, as technical officers from multiple territories in British imperial Africa toured the United States to study federal soil conservation efforts in the wake of the Dust Bowl, they made particular observations of programs among southwestern Native American populations and conferred with colleagues in the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs (OIA). These previously unexplored exchanges extended far beyond purely technical matters: they became significant opportunities for both British imperial and OIA officials to reflect comparatively on America's enduring settler colonialism, colonial situations in eastern and southern Africa, and parallel state agendas of \"native development.\" This article focuses on three case studies—involving visitors from colonial South Africa and Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and Kenya to various reservations and Pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona—to reveal how officials used these transcolonial dialogues to articulate their particular interests in and promote their preferred approaches to managing colonized peoples and their landscapes.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"459 - 489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49200932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Maladies of Empire: How Colonialism, Slavery, and War Transformed Medicine by Jim Downs (review)","authors":"J. Rankin","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"529 - 532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42092307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Frontier Complex: Geopolitics and the Making of the India-China Border, 1846–1962 by Kyle J. Gardner (review)","authors":"B. Holt","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"532 - 534"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44698592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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