Abstract:Experts are very divided about whether religions have helped or hindered the latest step towards globalization. While archive-based studies tracking the relationships between religions and globalization remain scarce, this article aims to contribute to this conversation through a historical inquiry into Word Youth Days (WYDs), global religious festivals organized by the Catholic Church every two or three years since 1984. Reviewing the documentation spread in seven of the eight countries where WYDs were held during John Paul II’s pontificate, the author argues that these mega-events, embedded in the globalization process, were an attempt to make globalization more inclusive. According to Mercier, Catholicism remain a globalizing force in the contemporary era.
{"title":"Religion and the Contemporary Phase of Globalization: Insights from a Study of John Paul II’s World Youth Days","authors":"Charles Mercier","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Experts are very divided about whether religions have helped or hindered the latest step towards globalization. While archive-based studies tracking the relationships between religions and globalization remain scarce, this article aims to contribute to this conversation through a historical inquiry into Word Youth Days (WYDs), global religious festivals organized by the Catholic Church every two or three years since 1984. Reviewing the documentation spread in seven of the eight countries where WYDs were held during John Paul II’s pontificate, the author argues that these mega-events, embedded in the globalization process, were an attempt to make globalization more inclusive. According to Mercier, Catholicism remain a globalizing force in the contemporary era.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"321 - 351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45695336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Taiwan, the first post-Dutch-colonial society in Asia, experienced an exponential growth of sugar production in the six decades following the Siege of Fort Zeelandia (1661–1662) and emerged as a world-leading sugar producer in the 1720s, overshadowing any single sugar island in the contemporary Caribbean region. This unprecedented expansion of a non-western sugar frontier encourages us to revisit the existing theories about sugar and early modern globalization, which represent highly productive offshore sugar islands as a unique product of the expansion of the European capitalist economy in the Atlantic World. The case of Taiwan sugar instead shows how a former European colony in East Asia with a nascent sugar economy was first militarily occupied by a non-western maritime power, then politically incorporated by a non-western empire, and eventually economically integrated by a non-western consumer market. Combining Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, and English sources, in this article, I investigate the rise of Taiwan sugar in a global context from a sugar crisis of the Atlantic system in the 1630s to the Pax Manjurica in the China Seas region in the early eighteenth century.
{"title":"From the Atlantic to the Manchu: Taiwan Sugar and the Early Modern World, 1630s–1720s","authors":"Guanmian Xu","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Taiwan, the first post-Dutch-colonial society in Asia, experienced an exponential growth of sugar production in the six decades following the Siege of Fort Zeelandia (1661–1662) and emerged as a world-leading sugar producer in the 1720s, overshadowing any single sugar island in the contemporary Caribbean region. This unprecedented expansion of a non-western sugar frontier encourages us to revisit the existing theories about sugar and early modern globalization, which represent highly productive offshore sugar islands as a unique product of the expansion of the European capitalist economy in the Atlantic World. The case of Taiwan sugar instead shows how a former European colony in East Asia with a nascent sugar economy was first militarily occupied by a non-western maritime power, then politically incorporated by a non-western empire, and eventually economically integrated by a non-western consumer market. Combining Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, and English sources, in this article, I investigate the rise of Taiwan sugar in a global context from a sugar crisis of the Atlantic system in the 1630s to the Pax Manjurica in the China Seas region in the early eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"265 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47891079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kananoja demonstrates, it was also sometimes an uneven and unpredictable one. It would be interesting to learn more about how some of these ingredients, especially as the author is able to trace them to specific, named plants and animals, may or may not have travelled around the diverse biospheres of the African continent as well as in trans-oceanic contexts. But on the whole these findings make significant contributions to the study of diasporic ingredient circulation. Evidence like this, which Kananoja offers throughout the book, has the potential to lead to truly field-changing insights. The book would have benefitted frommore analysis of the moments in which Black healers and knowledge-keepers showed resilience, perseverance, and autonomy in the midst of the trauma of colonization and enslavement. The example of three Black medical practitioners, named in the records of an eighteenth-century Swedish botanist as Little Andrew, Duffa, and Peter, offers just one such opportunity to imagine these interactions from the perspectives of the Black men themselves. Rather than simply calling the men “loyal” (p. 113) the author might consider how these Black practitioners worked to maintain their own senses of power and control when they were asked or made to share their knowledge with white colonizers. This is especially relevant when it comes to evidence surrounding poisoning accusations (p. 110), which many scholars have shown to be rich sources for understanding the complex and difficult power dynamics between white enslavers and the Black women and men who were forced to cook and care for them. On the whole, Healing Knowledge in Atlantic Africa offers exciting new ranges of archival evidence, which, when remixed, reassembled, and read against the grain, provide key perspectives into Black experiences of health and wellness in the African diaspora.
{"title":"Heavenly Fatherland: German Missionary Culture and Globalization in the Age of Empire by Jeremy Best (review)","authors":"Justin Reynolds","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Kananoja demonstrates, it was also sometimes an uneven and unpredictable one. It would be interesting to learn more about how some of these ingredients, especially as the author is able to trace them to specific, named plants and animals, may or may not have travelled around the diverse biospheres of the African continent as well as in trans-oceanic contexts. But on the whole these findings make significant contributions to the study of diasporic ingredient circulation. Evidence like this, which Kananoja offers throughout the book, has the potential to lead to truly field-changing insights. The book would have benefitted frommore analysis of the moments in which Black healers and knowledge-keepers showed resilience, perseverance, and autonomy in the midst of the trauma of colonization and enslavement. The example of three Black medical practitioners, named in the records of an eighteenth-century Swedish botanist as Little Andrew, Duffa, and Peter, offers just one such opportunity to imagine these interactions from the perspectives of the Black men themselves. Rather than simply calling the men “loyal” (p. 113) the author might consider how these Black practitioners worked to maintain their own senses of power and control when they were asked or made to share their knowledge with white colonizers. This is especially relevant when it comes to evidence surrounding poisoning accusations (p. 110), which many scholars have shown to be rich sources for understanding the complex and difficult power dynamics between white enslavers and the Black women and men who were forced to cook and care for them. On the whole, Healing Knowledge in Atlantic Africa offers exciting new ranges of archival evidence, which, when remixed, reassembled, and read against the grain, provide key perspectives into Black experiences of health and wellness in the African diaspora.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"363 - 366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48726538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article charts the confluence and eventual overlap between two different fields: that of world/global history and that of material culture. At a basic level, world and global historians’ interest in “things” is the result of the fact that material artefacts—whether commodities, luxuries, scientific tools, ethnographic specimens or unique art objects—have been seen as mobile as than people. Yet, the so-called “material turn” in world/global history also raises a series of methodological and theoretical questions. I start with a historiographic overview to map the major currents and areas of global history affected by a “material turn.” Moving from a historiographical to a conceptual plane, the main body of this article is dedicated to showing how material culture might come to the assistance of world/global history. It provides a series of methodological and theoretical tools for historians to play with established narratives and to revise the conceptualization of connectivity—a key concept in global history. I conclude with some reflections on how a material approach might relate to recent forays into what is now called global microhistory, addressing issues of agency and the relationship between academic and public history.
{"title":"The “Material Turn” in World and Global History","authors":"Giorgio Riello","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article charts the confluence and eventual overlap between two different fields: that of world/global history and that of material culture. At a basic level, world and global historians’ interest in “things” is the result of the fact that material artefacts—whether commodities, luxuries, scientific tools, ethnographic specimens or unique art objects—have been seen as mobile as than people. Yet, the so-called “material turn” in world/global history also raises a series of methodological and theoretical questions. I start with a historiographic overview to map the major currents and areas of global history affected by a “material turn.” Moving from a historiographical to a conceptual plane, the main body of this article is dedicated to showing how material culture might come to the assistance of world/global history. It provides a series of methodological and theoretical tools for historians to play with established narratives and to revise the conceptualization of connectivity—a key concept in global history. I conclude with some reflections on how a material approach might relate to recent forays into what is now called global microhistory, addressing issues of agency and the relationship between academic and public history.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"193 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48353755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Does international development work and how? Is it worth it and why? These are the perennial development questions John Norris addresses in his book, The Enduring Struggle: The History of the U.S. Agency for International Development and America’s Uneasy Transformation of the World, a thorough account of the agency from its birth in 1961 to the end of 2020. Readers who wrestle with these questions in their daily work will appreciate Norris’ powerful examples drawn from meticulous primary and secondary research. Its twelve chapters are chronologically organized by presidential administration and further subdivided by geography, sector, key event, or a thorny issue. Norris draws from interviews (some are personal communications with the author and others from USG archives), substantive news articles (especially the New York Times, Time, and the Washington Post), government documents, and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) publications to tell his story. Norris seeks to locate politicians on a scale between two strategic views of foreign aid—one altruistic and the other realpolitik—did each president and his administration fall and why, and
{"title":"Altruism and Realpolitik: A History of the U.S. Agency for International Development","authors":"M. Maxwell","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Does international development work and how? Is it worth it and why? These are the perennial development questions John Norris addresses in his book, The Enduring Struggle: The History of the U.S. Agency for International Development and America’s Uneasy Transformation of the World, a thorough account of the agency from its birth in 1961 to the end of 2020. Readers who wrestle with these questions in their daily work will appreciate Norris’ powerful examples drawn from meticulous primary and secondary research. Its twelve chapters are chronologically organized by presidential administration and further subdivided by geography, sector, key event, or a thorny issue. Norris draws from interviews (some are personal communications with the author and others from USG archives), substantive news articles (especially the New York Times, Time, and the Washington Post), government documents, and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) publications to tell his story. Norris seeks to locate politicians on a scale between two strategic views of foreign aid—one altruistic and the other realpolitik—did each president and his administration fall and why, and","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"353 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45605287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Using sources in both Japanese and Portuguese, this article examines how maritime connections on the island of Kyushu facilitated the spread of Christianity there during the Jesuit mission to Japan in the mid-sixteenth century. Part I builds upon recent Japanese-language scholarship on the prevalence of maritime activity and transportation on Kyushu and highlights the importance of so-called “sea peoples” for individual daimyo (regional lords) who ruled the island. Part II reveals how the first Jesuits, such as Francis Xavier, used preexisting maritime routes to missionize and founded new Christian communities along the coasts of Kyushu. Many Japanese Christians in these communities had expertise in maritime matters, which proved useful for transporting missionaries, going to church, fleeing persecution, and providing mutual assistance in times of need. In examining how local maritime networks and “sea peoples” facilitated missionization in Japan, we gain greater insight into how Christianity spread globally during the period.
{"title":"The Christian Seas of Kyushu: How Local Maritime Networks Facilitated the Introduction of Catholicism to Japan in the Mid-Sixteenth Century","authors":"Erik Glowark","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Using sources in both Japanese and Portuguese, this article examines how maritime connections on the island of Kyushu facilitated the spread of Christianity there during the Jesuit mission to Japan in the mid-sixteenth century. Part I builds upon recent Japanese-language scholarship on the prevalence of maritime activity and transportation on Kyushu and highlights the importance of so-called “sea peoples” for individual daimyo (regional lords) who ruled the island. Part II reveals how the first Jesuits, such as Francis Xavier, used preexisting maritime routes to missionize and founded new Christian communities along the coasts of Kyushu. Many Japanese Christians in these communities had expertise in maritime matters, which proved useful for transporting missionaries, going to church, fleeing persecution, and providing mutual assistance in times of need. In examining how local maritime networks and “sea peoples” facilitated missionization in Japan, we gain greater insight into how Christianity spread globally during the period.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"233 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48770326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:For decades, historians have argued that the networks of Indian Ocean travel and commerce were a “man’s game.” Men ranged widely across the sea in search of wealth and employment while women stayed at home. This article presents evidence that demonstrates such an understanding of female immobility is greatly overstated. Using the Aden records of the Indian Office Library, this essay first challenges the common assumption that women, of any religious confession, were rarely participants in the networks of movement that shaped Britain’s Indian Ocean realm. Second, it calls into question the widely held notion that female believers had little legal agency under the double yoke of British colonial authority and Islamic law. As such, this article illustrates the dynamic role of women within the milieu of the modern Indian Ocean and their place as active agents in the construction of transregional communities.
{"title":"The Myth of Immobility: Women and Travel in the British Imperial Indian Ocean","authors":"S. Reese","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:For decades, historians have argued that the networks of Indian Ocean travel and commerce were a “man’s game.” Men ranged widely across the sea in search of wealth and employment while women stayed at home. This article presents evidence that demonstrates such an understanding of female immobility is greatly overstated. Using the Aden records of the Indian Office Library, this essay first challenges the common assumption that women, of any religious confession, were rarely participants in the networks of movement that shaped Britain’s Indian Ocean realm. Second, it calls into question the widely held notion that female believers had little legal agency under the double yoke of British colonial authority and Islamic law. As such, this article illustrates the dynamic role of women within the milieu of the modern Indian Ocean and their place as active agents in the construction of transregional communities.","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"301 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47671713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the opening anecdote to Healing Knowledge in Atlantic Africa, Kalle Kananoja describes a meeting between a Kongolese father and a Mbundu healer in the spring of 1628. The man’s daughter was ill, and he sought out the healer for a cure. Kananoja includes details about the girl’s illness and its duration.We learn how far the healer lived from the girl and her parents. We even learn about the ingredients used in her treatment—parts of a takula tree—and how themedicine was prepared. This account, with its invaluable glimpse into the lives of Black healers and their patients in the seventeenth century, comes from Inquisition records which Kananoja has mined for evidence. Healing Knowledge in Atlantic Africa examines interactions between Black healers and white colonizers, arguing that healing traditions from Central and West Africa not only had power, held enduring respect, and possessed prevalence among African and African-descended people, but that these knowledge-systems were observed, drawn upon, and taken advantage of by non-African people. When white colonizers encountered healing systems on the African continent, they found much that felt familiar to them. As was the case in Western Europe, in Central and West Africa, patients were comfortable with the idea that they might need to travel long distances in order to receive a cure. They
{"title":"Healing Knowledge in Atlantic Africa: Medical Encounters, 1500–1850 by Kalle Kananoja (review)","authors":"Amanda E. Herbert","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0017","url":null,"abstract":"In the opening anecdote to Healing Knowledge in Atlantic Africa, Kalle Kananoja describes a meeting between a Kongolese father and a Mbundu healer in the spring of 1628. The man’s daughter was ill, and he sought out the healer for a cure. Kananoja includes details about the girl’s illness and its duration.We learn how far the healer lived from the girl and her parents. We even learn about the ingredients used in her treatment—parts of a takula tree—and how themedicine was prepared. This account, with its invaluable glimpse into the lives of Black healers and their patients in the seventeenth century, comes from Inquisition records which Kananoja has mined for evidence. Healing Knowledge in Atlantic Africa examines interactions between Black healers and white colonizers, arguing that healing traditions from Central and West Africa not only had power, held enduring respect, and possessed prevalence among African and African-descended people, but that these knowledge-systems were observed, drawn upon, and taken advantage of by non-African people. When white colonizers encountered healing systems on the African continent, they found much that felt familiar to them. As was the case in Western Europe, in Central and West Africa, patients were comfortable with the idea that they might need to travel long distances in order to receive a cure. They","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"361 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45461133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Missions and Conversions in World History: An Introduction”","authors":"Stephen Francis","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"10000 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47424224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Herbs and Roots: A History of Chinese Doctors in the American Medical Marketplace by Tamara Venit Shelton (review)","authors":"Xiao Li","doi":"10.1353/jwh.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of World History","volume":"33 1","pages":"182 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45216023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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