A. Allabi, F. Adounkpe, J. Vigan, M. Gbegbe, A. Topanou, B. Fayomi
Herbal teas are openly sold in markets and main streets of big cities like Cotonou in Benin. Most people treat themselves at low cost with wide variety of herbal plants with proven therapeutic properties. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the content of heavy metals in herbal teas sold daily in Cotonou. In addition, we would evaluate if this heavy metal content of herbal teas could affect the renal function of regular consumers. Therefore, herbal teas samples were collected from selected sellers at well-known places. Samples’ analyses were done by reverse anodic stripping voltammetry with the Metalyser HM 3000 coupled to PC 101 NT pump. Biological markers of kidney failure in blood and urine of regular consumers were also assessed. Renal creatinine clearance and albuminuria were measured, the ratio of micro-albuminuria/creatininuria was calculated, and then red and white blood cells were counted. The results indicate that 7.69 and 30.77% of the herbal teas samples displayed an abnormal high concentration in cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentration, respectively. Statistical significant difference was found between the analyzed herbal tea samples in regard to Cd and Pb content (P ˂ 0.01). No obvious biological sign of severe kidney damage has been noted among regular consumers using their blood and urine samples. Only 8.60% of them had clearances between 60 and 89 ml/min/1.73 m2 with mild kidney failure. This study indicates that some herbal teas contain toxic chemicals such as Cd and Pb over recommended limits of 3 and 10 µg/L, respectively. The regular consumption of these herbal teas could be health threatening for the population. Key words: Herbal teas, heavy metals, environmental pollution, human renal function, anodic stripping voltammetry.
{"title":"Herbal teas heavy metal evaluation with renal function assessment in regular consumers in Benin","authors":"A. Allabi, F. Adounkpe, J. Vigan, M. Gbegbe, A. Topanou, B. Fayomi","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0378","url":null,"abstract":"Herbal teas are openly sold in markets and main streets of big cities like Cotonou in Benin. Most people treat themselves at low cost with wide variety of herbal plants with proven therapeutic properties. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the content of heavy metals in herbal teas sold daily in Cotonou. In addition, we would evaluate if this heavy metal content of herbal teas could affect the renal function of regular consumers. Therefore, herbal teas samples were collected from selected sellers at well-known places. Samples’ analyses were done by reverse anodic stripping voltammetry with the Metalyser HM 3000 coupled to PC 101 NT pump. Biological markers of kidney failure in blood and urine of regular consumers were also assessed. Renal creatinine clearance and albuminuria were measured, the ratio of micro-albuminuria/creatininuria was calculated, and then red and white blood cells were counted. The results indicate that 7.69 and 30.77% of the herbal teas samples displayed an abnormal high concentration in cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentration, respectively. Statistical significant difference was found between the analyzed herbal tea samples in regard to Cd and Pb content (P ˂ 0.01). No obvious biological sign of severe kidney damage has been noted among regular consumers using their blood and urine samples. Only 8.60% of them had clearances between 60 and 89 ml/min/1.73 m2 with mild kidney failure. This study indicates that some herbal teas contain toxic chemicals such as Cd and Pb over recommended limits of 3 and 10 µg/L, respectively. The regular consumption of these herbal teas could be health threatening for the population. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Herbal teas, heavy metals, environmental pollution, human renal function, anodic stripping voltammetry.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"23-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74911506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Osseni, Etienne Adanle, M. Adjagba, Awédé Bonaventure, T. Hountohotegbé, A. Bigot, D. Raphael, Lalèyè Anatole
A 90-days subchronic toxicity assay was evaluated on the aqueous extract of Carissa edulis leaves. Wistar rats were fed daily with oral doses of 125, 31.25 and 7.87 mg/kg of C. edulis leaves extracts. Toxic effects were assessed using physiological observation, body weight, relative organ weights, feed consumption, biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters. Many changes of biological values were observed among treated rats versus controls. Although, alterations in biochemical parameters including aspartate amino transferase were observed, in the middle of treatment (day 45), the values were physiologically normalized at the end of the study. Changes were observed also among renal function parameters including increased levels of creatinine, urea and ions disorders. These results were related by the histopathological examinations. The haematological analysis showed an increase in erythrocytes count, haemoglobin, haematocrit (polyerythrocythemia) associated with an increase of MGV level (macrocytosis). These observations suggest that the long-term uses of Carissa edulis could alter some functions of the organism, especially the hepatic, renal and haematopoietic functions. Further specific toxicity studies must be investigated on the plant. Key words: Carissa edulis, polyerthrocythemia, subchronic toxicity, Wistar rats.
{"title":"Modification of biochemical and haematological parameters during 90-days subchronic toxicity assessment of Carissa edulis in Wistar rats","authors":"R. Osseni, Etienne Adanle, M. Adjagba, Awédé Bonaventure, T. Hountohotegbé, A. Bigot, D. Raphael, Lalèyè Anatole","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2017.0379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2017.0379","url":null,"abstract":"A 90-days subchronic toxicity assay was evaluated on the aqueous extract of Carissa edulis leaves. Wistar rats were fed daily with oral doses of 125, 31.25 and 7.87 mg/kg of C. edulis leaves extracts. Toxic effects were assessed using physiological observation, body weight, relative organ weights, feed consumption, biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters. Many changes of biological values were observed among treated rats versus controls. Although, alterations in biochemical parameters including aspartate amino transferase were observed, in the middle of treatment (day 45), the values were physiologically normalized at the end of the study. Changes were observed also among renal function parameters including increased levels of creatinine, urea and ions disorders. These results were related by the histopathological examinations. The haematological analysis showed an increase in erythrocytes count, haemoglobin, haematocrit (polyerythrocythemia) associated with an increase of MGV level (macrocytosis). These observations suggest that the long-term uses of Carissa edulis could alter some functions of the organism, especially the hepatic, renal and haematopoietic functions. Further specific toxicity studies must be investigated on the plant. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Carissa edulis, polyerthrocythemia, subchronic toxicity, Wistar rats.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"132 1","pages":"7-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85403325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was aimed at evaluating the ameliorative effects of melatonin on chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin induced brain biochemical changes involving malonadialdehyde (MDA), catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidise and acetyl cholinesterase in male Wistar rats. The fifty adult male Wistar rats used for this study were divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each. Group I was administered distilled water, group II was given soya oil (2 ml/kg), group III was given melatonin (0.5 mg/kg), group IV was given chlorpyrifos (7.94 mg/kg - 1/10th LD50) and cypermethrin (29.6 mg/kg - 1/10th LD50), and group V was pretreated with melatonin (0.5 mg/kg) and then 30 min later, chlorpyrifos (7.94 mg/kg-1/10th LD50) and cypermethrin (29.6 mg/kg - 1/10th LD50). The regimens were administered by gavage once daily for a period of 12 weeks. Increased MDA concentrations, decreased catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidise, and acetylcholinesterase activities were recorded in the group IV, however, these changes were ameliorated by melatonin. Therefore, it was concluded that melatonin mitigated chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin induced brain biochemical changes due to its antioxidant properties. Key words: Chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, melatonin, biochemical changes, oxidative stress.
{"title":"Ameliorative effects of melatonin on brain biochemical changes induced by subchronic co-administration of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in male Wistar rats","authors":"B. S, F. S, M. M","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0377","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was aimed at evaluating the ameliorative effects of melatonin on chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin induced brain biochemical changes involving malonadialdehyde (MDA), catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidise and acetyl cholinesterase in male Wistar rats. The fifty adult male Wistar rats used for this study were divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each. Group I was administered distilled water, group II was given soya oil (2 ml/kg), group III was given melatonin (0.5 mg/kg), group IV was given chlorpyrifos (7.94 mg/kg - 1/10th LD50) and cypermethrin (29.6 mg/kg - 1/10th LD50), and group V was pretreated with melatonin (0.5 mg/kg) and then 30 min later, chlorpyrifos (7.94 mg/kg-1/10th LD50) and cypermethrin (29.6 mg/kg - 1/10th LD50). The regimens were administered by gavage once daily for a period of 12 weeks. Increased MDA concentrations, decreased catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidise, and acetylcholinesterase activities were recorded in the group IV, however, these changes were ameliorated by melatonin. Therefore, it was concluded that melatonin mitigated chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin induced brain biochemical changes due to its antioxidant properties. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, melatonin, biochemical changes, oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82525596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. B. Short, P. Badger, A. Lorenzi, B. Mentzer, H. Bearer, P. Graves, J. Harris, K. Mahoney, A. Schwaderer, C. Shennan, A. Siters, C. Warner
Electronic fast food premiums were investigated for their ability to leach toxic metals into the environment. Low levels of the metals barium, cadmium, chromium, and mercury were detected. Significant quantities of lead were found, up to 177 mg/L, over thirty five times the permissible levels. Key words: Waste, management, toxic, metal, leachate, lead, toys.
{"title":"Fast food premium toys as a significant source of lead and chromium to the environment","authors":"D. B. Short, P. Badger, A. Lorenzi, B. Mentzer, H. Bearer, P. Graves, J. Harris, K. Mahoney, A. Schwaderer, C. Shennan, A. Siters, C. Warner","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0373","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic fast food premiums were investigated for their ability to leach toxic metals into the environment. Low levels of the metals barium, cadmium, chromium, and mercury were detected. Significant quantities of lead were found, up to 177 mg/L, over thirty five times the permissible levels. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Waste, management, toxic, metal, leachate, lead, toys.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"52 1","pages":"68-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91369128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zakaria A. Elzawahry, M. Abass, M. R. A. El-Haleem, R. A. A. Hamid, H. Atteia
Tacrolimus is a powerful immunosuppressive agent with hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects. It has a protective role against many toxicants. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible protective role of spirulina against tacrolimus induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Forty adult male albino rats divided into 4 groups. Group I, control group, Group II, spirulina group (received spirulina 500 mg/Kg body weight (bw)/day orally), Group III, tacrolimus group (received tacrolimus 12 mg/kg bw/day orally); and Group VI, prophylactic group (orally administered spirulina for 3 days before and 28 days concurrently with tacrolimus in the same previous doses). Tacrolimus induced adverse effects on both liver and kidney functions and structure that was manifested by elevated hepatic transaminases, total and direct bilirubin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. There was a significant decrease in serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hepatic and renal total thiol molecules (TTM), with a significant increase in serum malondialdehyde in tacrolimus group. Histopathologically, tacrolimus induced swelling and granulation of hepatocytes, congestion of blood sinusoids and degeneration of bile ductiles, glomerular hypertrophy and segmentation, swelling, degeneration and hyalinosis of renal tubules. Spirulina pre- and co-treatment significantly improved these deleterious effects. This was accompanied by partial restoration of the expression of PCNA near to the normal level observed in control rats. Moreover, spirulina treatment did not alter the trough blood tacrolimus levels or tacrolimus-induced immunosuppression. Further studies are warranted to evaluate whether transplant patients on tacrolimus treatment may benefit from the protective effects of spirulina. Key words: Antioxidant, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tacrolimus, total thiol molecules (TTM), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), spirulina.
{"title":"Spirulina protects against tacrolimus-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats: A biochemical and histological study","authors":"Zakaria A. Elzawahry, M. Abass, M. R. A. El-Haleem, R. A. A. Hamid, H. Atteia","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0363","url":null,"abstract":"Tacrolimus is a powerful immunosuppressive agent with hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects. It has a protective role against many toxicants. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible protective role of spirulina against tacrolimus induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Forty adult male albino rats divided into 4 groups. Group I, control group, Group II, spirulina group (received spirulina 500 mg/Kg body weight (bw)/day orally), Group III, tacrolimus group (received tacrolimus 12 mg/kg bw/day orally); and Group VI, prophylactic group (orally administered spirulina for 3 days before and 28 days concurrently with tacrolimus in the same previous doses). Tacrolimus induced adverse effects on both liver and kidney functions and structure that was manifested by elevated hepatic transaminases, total and direct bilirubin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. There was a significant decrease in serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hepatic and renal total thiol molecules (TTM), with a significant increase in serum malondialdehyde in tacrolimus group. Histopathologically, tacrolimus induced swelling and granulation of hepatocytes, congestion of blood sinusoids and degeneration of bile ductiles, glomerular hypertrophy and segmentation, swelling, degeneration and hyalinosis of renal tubules. Spirulina pre- and co-treatment significantly improved these deleterious effects. This was accompanied by partial restoration of the expression of PCNA near to the normal level observed in control rats. Moreover, spirulina treatment did not alter the trough blood tacrolimus levels or tacrolimus-induced immunosuppression. Further studies are warranted to evaluate whether transplant patients on tacrolimus treatment may benefit from the protective effects of spirulina. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antioxidant, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tacrolimus, total thiol molecules (TTM), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), spirulina.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":"46-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90290483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following the introduction of genetically-engineered glyphosate-resistant (GEGR) crops, commercially known as Roundup Ready (RR), no pesticide’s active principle has been used as much as glyphosate; yet its safety measures have been sternly disputed. After its classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably carcinogenic to humans in 2015, scientists, activists, regulators and the general public revisited voluminous studies that outweighed the risk of this herbicide and raised ferocious concerns that warranted serious attention. Recently published studies on glyphosate established at least four toxicological principles. First, glyphosate exhibited severe mammalian toxicity at concentrations orders of magnitude lower than its regulatory-promulgated ‘No Observed Adverse Effect Level’ (NOAEL) or even its ‘Chronic Reference Dose’ (cRfD) and ‘Acceptable Daily Intake’ (ADI). Second, even though not transparently scrutinized or officially required for toxicological testing and risk assessment, glyphosate co-formulants and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are orders of magnitude more toxic than the principle active ingredient alone. Third, glyphosate and GBHs are cytotoxic and endocrine disruptors, and the latter explains why ultra low concentrations - yet environmentally relevant-cause severe chronic toxicity. Fourth, the endocrine disruption likely leads to epigenotoxicity that may be extended to offspring and unexposed descending generations. Taken all together, it can be fairly said that confidence in the regulatory-certified ADI values is highly eroded. To resolve the paradoxical discrepancy between regulatory safety measures and elicited toxicities at concentrations far below these measures, ADI was refined using two safety or adjustment factors. Together, these two factors scale down ADI by four orders of magnitude and bring it to an Adjusted ADI (AADI) value of 2.5 ng/kg bw/day. Contrary to regulatory ADI, the new AADI successfully explains many research findings which demonsted severe mammalian toxicity at concentrations in the neighborhood of nanograms a.i./kg bw/day. This distills confidence in the new AADI value, as well as the magnitude of the proposed safety factors. Glyphosate uses as per human capita, in two countries representing the extremes of adopting RR crops (the USA) or not-adopting these crops (Egypt), were compared. The comparison confirms the association between growing RR crops and the escalated use of glyphosate, and shows that the American public is likely exposed to glyphosate residue at forty times higher levels than the Egyptian public. Key words: Acceptable daily intake, adjuvant, chronic reference dose, co-formulants, food quality protection act, hazard, glyphosate, glyphosate-based herbicides, no observed adverse effect level, risk, roundup, roundup ready crops.
在引入抗草甘膦(GEGR)转基因作物(商业上称为抗农达(RR))之后，没有任何一种农药的活性原理能像草甘膦那样被大量使用;然而，它的安全措施一直备受争议。2015年，国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)将其列为可能对人类致癌的物质，此后，科学家、活动人士、监管机构和公众重新审视了大量的研究，这些研究超越了这种除草剂的风险，引发了强烈的担忧，值得认真关注。最近发表的关于草甘膦的研究至少确立了四项毒理学原则。首先，草甘膦表现出严重的哺乳动物毒性，其浓度低于监管机构颁布的“无观察到的不良影响水平”(NOAEL)，甚至低于其“慢性参考剂量”(cRfD)和“可接受的每日摄入量”(ADI)。其次，即使没有经过透明的审查，也没有正式要求进行毒理学测试和风险评估，草甘膦共制剂和草甘膦除草剂(GBHs)的毒性比主要活性成分单独的毒性要高几个数量级。第三，草甘膦和GBHs具有细胞毒性和内分泌干扰物，后者解释了为什么超低浓度(但与环境相关)会导致严重的慢性毒性。第四，内分泌紊乱可能导致表观遗传毒性，并可能延伸到后代和未暴露的后代。总的来说，可以公平地说，对监管机构认证的ADI值的信心受到了严重的侵蚀。为了解决监管安全措施与远低于这些措施的浓度引起的毒性之间的矛盾差异，ADI使用两个安全或调整因素进行了改进。综上所述，这两个因素将ADI降低了四个数量级，并使其达到2.5 ng/kg bw/day的调整后ADI (AADI)值。与规范的每日推荐摄入量相反，新的每日推荐摄入量成功地解释了许多研究结果，这些研究结果表明，在接近纳克a.i./kg bw/天的浓度下，哺乳动物具有严重的毒性。这使人们对新的AADI值以及所建议的安全系数的大小产生了信心。比较了采用抗草甘膦作物(美国)和不采用抗草甘膦作物(埃及)这两个极端国家的人均草甘膦使用量。这一比较证实了种植抗草甘膦作物与草甘膦使用量增加之间的联系，并表明美国公众接触到的草甘膦残留量可能是埃及公众的40倍。关键词:每日可接受摄入量，佐剂，慢性参考剂量，共制剂，食品质量保护法，危害，草甘膦，草甘膦基除草剂，未观察到的不良影响水平，风险，农达，抗农达作物。
{"title":"Hypothetical adjustment of the acceptable daily intake and correction of the underrated risk: A case study of glyphosate-based herbicides","authors":"Y. A. Ibrahim","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0372","url":null,"abstract":"Following the introduction of genetically-engineered glyphosate-resistant (GEGR) crops, commercially known as Roundup Ready (RR), no pesticide’s active principle has been used as much as glyphosate; yet its safety measures have been sternly disputed. After its classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably carcinogenic to humans in 2015, scientists, activists, regulators and the general public revisited voluminous studies that outweighed the risk of this herbicide and raised ferocious concerns that warranted serious attention. Recently published studies on glyphosate established at least four toxicological principles. First, glyphosate exhibited severe mammalian toxicity at concentrations orders of magnitude lower than its regulatory-promulgated ‘No Observed Adverse Effect Level’ (NOAEL) or even its ‘Chronic Reference Dose’ (cRfD) and ‘Acceptable Daily Intake’ (ADI). Second, even though not transparently scrutinized or officially required for toxicological testing and risk assessment, glyphosate co-formulants and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are orders of magnitude more toxic than the principle active ingredient alone. Third, glyphosate and GBHs are cytotoxic and endocrine disruptors, and the latter explains why ultra low concentrations - yet environmentally relevant-cause severe chronic toxicity. Fourth, the endocrine disruption likely leads to epigenotoxicity that may be extended to offspring and unexposed descending generations. Taken all together, it can be fairly said that confidence in the regulatory-certified ADI values is highly eroded. To resolve the paradoxical discrepancy between regulatory safety measures and elicited toxicities at concentrations far below these measures, ADI was refined using two safety or adjustment factors. Together, these two factors scale down ADI by four orders of magnitude and bring it to an Adjusted ADI (AADI) value of 2.5 ng/kg bw/day. Contrary to regulatory ADI, the new AADI successfully explains many research findings which demonsted severe mammalian toxicity at concentrations in the neighborhood of nanograms a.i./kg bw/day. This distills confidence in the new AADI value, as well as the magnitude of the proposed safety factors. Glyphosate uses as per human capita, in two countries representing the extremes of adopting RR crops (the USA) or not-adopting these crops (Egypt), were compared. The comparison confirms the association between growing RR crops and the escalated use of glyphosate, and shows that the American public is likely exposed to glyphosate residue at forty times higher levels than the Egyptian public. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Acceptable daily intake, adjuvant, chronic reference dose, co-formulants, food quality protection act, hazard, glyphosate, glyphosate-based herbicides, no observed adverse effect level, risk, roundup, roundup ready crops.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":"57-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76454986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Manda, Aholia Jean Baptiste Adepo, Jean Verdier N’gbe, D. Dano
Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by moulds belonging to the Aspergillus and Penicillium species, and is a common contaminant of various food products. Ochratoxin A is known for its nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects; protective actions to protect consumer health must be established. The aim of this study was to assess the level of contamination of manufactured coffee and cocoa-based products marketed in Abidjan to estimate ochratoxin A intake related to the consumption of these goods. We quantified ochratoxin A in 87 samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Coffee samples contained an average of 4.0 ± 3.4 µg/kg ochratoxin A and cocoa-based industrial products 0.9 ± 0.6 µg/kg. OTA intakes were assessed using data obtained from the analysis and the estimated Ivorian adult daily consumptions. The average estimated intake for the Ivorian population is 0.15 ng/kg bw/d for coffee and 0.02 ng/kg bw/d for cocoa, lower than the tolerable daily intakes of 5 and 14 ng/kg bw/d, respectively set by the European Commission and World Health Organization. However, in view of the toxicity of OTA, it is imperative to establish legislation on mycotoxin in Cote d’Ivoire Key words: Product derivatives, coffee, cocoa, ochratoxin A.
{"title":"Assessment of Ochratoxin A intake due to consumption of coffee and cocoa derivatives marketed in Abidjan (Cte dIvoire)","authors":"P. Manda, Aholia Jean Baptiste Adepo, Jean Verdier N’gbe, D. Dano","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0366","url":null,"abstract":"Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by moulds belonging to the Aspergillus and Penicillium species, and is a common contaminant of various food products. Ochratoxin A is known for its nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects; protective actions to protect consumer health must be established. The aim of this study was to assess the level of contamination of manufactured coffee and cocoa-based products marketed in Abidjan to estimate ochratoxin A intake related to the consumption of these goods. We quantified ochratoxin A in 87 samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Coffee samples contained an average of 4.0 ± 3.4 µg/kg ochratoxin A and cocoa-based industrial products 0.9 ± 0.6 µg/kg. OTA intakes were assessed using data obtained from the analysis and the estimated Ivorian adult daily consumptions. The average estimated intake for the Ivorian population is 0.15 ng/kg bw/d for coffee and 0.02 ng/kg bw/d for cocoa, lower than the tolerable daily intakes of 5 and 14 ng/kg bw/d, respectively set by the European Commission and World Health Organization. However, in view of the toxicity of OTA, it is imperative to establish legislation on mycotoxin in Cote d’Ivoire \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Product derivatives, coffee, cocoa, ochratoxin A.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"41-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91523321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study focused on distribution pattern of persistent organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides residues found in water, sediments and fish tissues from the Kali River. The total 10 pesticides were observed viz., monochrotophos, parathione, phorete, malathion, α- BHC, β- BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC, endrine and endosulfon using gas chromatography electron capture detector technique. The concentrations of dominant pesticides were recorded as endosulfon (15.21 ng/L) and γ-BHC (15.54 ng/L) in water samples and γ-BHC (21.23 µg/kg) and parathion (19.14 µg/kg) in sediment samples and malathion (22.72 µg/kg) in liver of H. fossilis and monocrotophos (9.15 µg/g) in liver of Puntius ticto respectively in Kali river. High concentration of all selected pesticides dominant specially (malathion, phorate, monocrotophose, endrin and BHC) observed in all selected component riverin media are an indication of the current illegal use of banned pesticides for agricultural activities in the bank of river. The concentration exceeds to desirable limits indicators that there is a potential cancer risk for the local residents with life time consumption of pesticide contaminated fishes. The biomagnifications pattern of pesticides in Kali River is a major concern with present food web of river ecosystem and ultimately will be caused health hazards in dependent human community of catchment basin of River Kali in western U.P. India. Key words: Pesticide, water, sediments, fish tissues, Kali River.
{"title":"Accumulation and distribution of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in water, sediments and fishes, Heteropneustis fossilis and Puntius ticto from Kali River, India","authors":"K. Maurya P., S. Malik D.","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0367","url":null,"abstract":"The present study focused on distribution pattern of persistent organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides residues found in water, sediments and fish tissues from the Kali River. The total 10 pesticides were observed viz., monochrotophos, parathione, phorete, malathion, α- BHC, β- BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC, endrine and endosulfon using gas chromatography electron capture detector technique. The concentrations of dominant pesticides were recorded as endosulfon (15.21 ng/L) and γ-BHC (15.54 ng/L) in water samples and γ-BHC (21.23 µg/kg) and parathion (19.14 µg/kg) in sediment samples and malathion (22.72 µg/kg) in liver of H. fossilis and monocrotophos (9.15 µg/g) in liver of Puntius ticto respectively in Kali river. High concentration of all selected pesticides dominant specially (malathion, phorate, monocrotophose, endrin and BHC) observed in all selected component riverin media are an indication of the current illegal use of banned pesticides for agricultural activities in the bank of river. The concentration exceeds to desirable limits indicators that there is a potential cancer risk for the local residents with life time consumption of pesticide contaminated fishes. The biomagnifications pattern of pesticides in Kali River is a major concern with present food web of river ecosystem and ultimately will be caused health hazards in dependent human community of catchment basin of River Kali in western U.P. India. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Pesticide, water, sediments, fish tissues, Kali River.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"30-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83200290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gills and muscles of Tilapia fish from Naik lake of Nagpur city were estimated for heavy metals (Zinc, Lead, Nickel, Copper and Cadmium) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results showed higher concentrations of heavy metals in gills than in muscles of tilapia fish. Trends of heavy metal concentrations in gills and muscles of tilapia fish were found Zn > Pb> Ni> Cu >Cd. Highest lead and cadmium levels in muscles of the fish were 83±0.07 µg/g dw and 13±0.21 µg/g dw respectively. These levels were above the maximum permissible limits of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organisation (WHO). The results confirmed that tilapia fish from Naik lake are not safe for human consumption. Further, the health risks related to Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd were assessed based on target hazard quotients (THQ). The health risks from lead and cadmium were found to be the highest among all heavy metals in the study. THQ values of lead and cadmium were 4.0108, and 2.450, 0.818 and 2.57, 1.53 and 0.513 for person who eat tilapia fish from Naik lake five times, three times and once a week respectively. Maximum allowable daily consumption rate (CRlim) for lead and cadmium in tilapia fish from Naik Lake was 0.0015 kg/day and 0.0024 kg/day respectively. Highest allowable weekly (CRwm) and monthly (CRmm) consumption rates for lead and cadmium in tilapia fish from Naik Lake were 0.0105 kg/week , 0.0168 kg/week and 0.198 kg/month, 0.318 kg/month respectively. Above these values of highest allowable daily, weekly and monthly consumption rates for lead and cadmium are unsafe for inhabitant who eats tilapia fish from Naik lake. Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium in tilapia fish from Naik lake suggests that consumption of fish from Naik lake might be unsafe for humans. Regular assessment of heavy metals in fish in Naik lake must be conducted to assure food safety. Key words: Health risk estimation, heavy metals, tilapia fish, allowable daily consumption, target hazard quotients.
{"title":"Assessment of heavy metals and estimation of human health risk in Tilapia fish from Naik lake of Nagpur, India","authors":"Giripunje, A. Fulke, P. Meshram","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0359","url":null,"abstract":"Gills and muscles of Tilapia fish from Naik lake of Nagpur city were estimated for heavy metals (Zinc, Lead, Nickel, Copper and Cadmium) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results showed higher concentrations of heavy metals in gills than in muscles of tilapia fish. Trends of heavy metal concentrations in gills and muscles of tilapia fish were found Zn > Pb> Ni> Cu >Cd. Highest lead and cadmium levels in muscles of the fish were 83±0.07 µg/g dw and 13±0.21 µg/g dw respectively. These levels were above the maximum permissible limits of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organisation (WHO). The results confirmed that tilapia fish from Naik lake are not safe for human consumption. Further, the health risks related to Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd were assessed based on target hazard quotients (THQ). The health risks from lead and cadmium were found to be the highest among all heavy metals in the study. THQ values of lead and cadmium were 4.0108, and 2.450, 0.818 and 2.57, 1.53 and 0.513 for person who eat tilapia fish from Naik lake five times, three times and once a week respectively. Maximum allowable daily consumption rate (CRlim) for lead and cadmium in tilapia fish from Naik Lake was 0.0015 kg/day and 0.0024 kg/day respectively. Highest allowable weekly (CRwm) and monthly (CRmm) consumption rates for lead and cadmium in tilapia fish from Naik Lake were 0.0105 kg/week , 0.0168 kg/week and 0.198 kg/month, 0.318 kg/month respectively. Above these values of highest allowable daily, weekly and monthly consumption rates for lead and cadmium are unsafe for inhabitant who eats tilapia fish from Naik lake. Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium in tilapia fish from Naik lake suggests that consumption of fish from Naik lake might be unsafe for humans. Regular assessment of heavy metals in fish in Naik lake must be conducted to assure food safety. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Health risk estimation, heavy metals, tilapia fish, allowable daily consumption, target hazard quotients.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"162 1","pages":"22-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79597101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arsenic and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are environmentally ubiquitous and epidemiologically important toxic agents that millions of people are currently exposed to, worldwide. Although the adverse impact due to exposure to either arsenic or DEHP are documented, the toxicological effects of co-exposure to these agents are largely unknown. In this study, exposure to these chemicals was investigated for their effects on ATPase activities in the brain, liver and kidney of rats. Male Wistar rats were exposed daily to 100 mg L-1 arsenic via drinking water and to 100 mg DEHP kg-1 body weight in corn oil either individually or concurrently for 30 days. Toxicity was assessed by evaluating changes in body and organ weights, as well as, Na+/K+-, Ca2+-, Mg2+- and total ATPase activities in the brain, liver and kidney. Exposure to either arsenic or DEHP resulted in drastic reduction in activities of the enzymes in the compartments investigated, except in the brain where Na+/K+- and Mg2+- ATPases had their activities significantly increased. Also, DEHP displayed no effect on the total ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase in the kidney and brain, respectively. Interestingly, co-exposure to these toxicants significantly stimulated the activities of all these enzymes in the brain. In this compartment, combined treatment resulted in an additive interaction between the toxicants and a potentiation effect of arsenic on DEHP with regards to the Na+/K+- ATPase activity and Ca2+- ATPase activity, respectively. Our findings demonstrate tissue specific response to combined arsenic and DEHP exposure in rats with the effect on the brain significantly different from other compartments. Key words: Arsenic, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, co-exposure.
{"title":"Combined arsenic and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure elicits responses in brain ATPases different from hepatic and renal activities in rats","authors":"O. Afolabi, R. Ugbaja, O. Ademuyiwa","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0349","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are environmentally ubiquitous and epidemiologically important toxic agents that millions of people are currently exposed to, worldwide. Although the adverse impact due to exposure to either arsenic or DEHP are documented, the toxicological effects of co-exposure to these agents are largely unknown. In this study, exposure to these chemicals was investigated for their effects on ATPase activities in the brain, liver and kidney of rats. Male Wistar rats were exposed daily to 100 mg L-1 arsenic via drinking water and to 100 mg DEHP kg-1 body weight in corn oil either individually or concurrently for 30 days. Toxicity was assessed by evaluating changes in body and organ weights, as well as, Na+/K+-, Ca2+-, Mg2+- and total ATPase activities in the brain, liver and kidney. Exposure to either arsenic or DEHP resulted in drastic reduction in activities of the enzymes in the compartments investigated, except in the brain where Na+/K+- and Mg2+- ATPases had their activities significantly increased. Also, DEHP displayed no effect on the total ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase in the kidney and brain, respectively. Interestingly, co-exposure to these toxicants significantly stimulated the activities of all these enzymes in the brain. In this compartment, combined treatment resulted in an additive interaction between the toxicants and a potentiation effect of arsenic on DEHP with regards to the Na+/K+- ATPase activity and Ca2+- ATPase activity, respectively. Our findings demonstrate tissue specific response to combined arsenic and DEHP exposure in rats with the effect on the brain significantly different from other compartments. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Arsenic, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, co-exposure.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"330 4 1","pages":"6-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77410939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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