The study was conducted in Ruwanwella during November to January 2022. Polythene poses serious impacts on the environment. The aim of this survey was to assess people's perceptions about the usage of polythene and its impact on the environment. Data was collected from 30 housewives and 30 A/L students using two semi-structured questionnaires and interviews with a doctor. The main reason for using polythene bags among both groups were the lack of alternatives. Burning Polythene was the common method used by both groups (93%,63%). They recognized that polythene leads to issues like blocked drainage systems, air pollution, deterioration of scenic beauty, water pollution, and the breeding of mosquitoes due to the presence of polythene waste. Furthermore, 97% of housewives agreed that polythene waste contributes to the sickness of animals and soil infertility. Regarding the concern about causing floods due to polythene blockage, 50% of housewives agreed, 37% disagreed, and 13% were not concerned. On the other hand, the majority of A/L students (80%) were not concerned about the environmental impact of polythene bags causing floods. The study revealed that both groups lack knowledge and awareness about the flood risk posed by polythene waste. This study also indicated that the trend of using polythene bags is increasing, despite respondents' awareness of the harmful effects of plastic products. To mitigate impacts of polythene waste, it is suggested to banning of polythene bags, encourage the use of organic materials to wrap lunch, and promote alternatives to polythene bags. Key words: Polythene, perception, environment, effect, infertility.
{"title":"People perceptions about usage of polythene and its impact on environment at Ruwanwella DS division in Sri Lanka","authors":"A. Thakshila Maduwanthi Senanayaka R.","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2023.0512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2023.0512","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted in Ruwanwella during November to January 2022. Polythene poses serious impacts on the environment. The aim of this survey was to assess people's perceptions about the usage of polythene and its impact on the environment. Data was collected from 30 housewives and 30 A/L students using two semi-structured questionnaires and interviews with a doctor. The main reason for using polythene bags among both groups were the lack of alternatives. Burning Polythene was the common method used by both groups (93%,63%). They recognized that polythene leads to issues like blocked drainage systems, air pollution, deterioration of scenic beauty, water pollution, and the breeding of mosquitoes due to the presence of polythene waste. Furthermore, 97% of housewives agreed that polythene waste contributes to the sickness of animals and soil infertility. Regarding the concern about causing floods due to polythene blockage, 50% of housewives agreed, 37% disagreed, and 13% were not concerned. On the other hand, the majority of A/L students (80%) were not concerned about the environmental impact of polythene bags causing floods. The study revealed that both groups lack knowledge and awareness about the flood risk posed by polythene waste. This study also indicated that the trend of using polythene bags is increasing, despite respondents' awareness of the harmful effects of plastic products. To mitigate impacts of polythene waste, it is suggested to banning of polythene bags, encourage the use of organic materials to wrap lunch, and promote alternatives to polythene bags. Key words: Polythene, perception, environment, effect, infertility.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"18 31","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135809071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uloma Ezeani Ujuamala, Johnson Afonne Onyemaechi, Chukwudi Ezeani Michael, Enoluomen Ehigiator Ben
Indiscriminate use of pesticides to boost agricultural produce and in public health to control pests has raised the emphasis on pesticide residue levels in foods. This study analyzed the pesticides residue levels in some common food crops consumed in Nigeria, and ascertained their suitability for human consumption. The samples were analyzed for the presence of 15 organochlorine and 10 carbamate pesticide residues using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The residual pesticides levels and hazard index in the different food crops were compared with WHO established maximum residual levels (MRL) for the pesticides. The results showed no detectable levels of pesticides in the yam samples. Beans samples, contained hexachlorobenzene and its median level (0.025 mg/kg) was greater than the MRL (0.01 mg/kg). A total of 14 (56%) different pesticides were detected in each of red and green apples, 10 (40%) in pepper and 3 (12%) in rice. The most occurring pesticides in the crops were propachlor, endosulfan-1 and hexachlorobenzene. The median pesticides contents in pepper were greater than their respective MRLs. Organochlorine pesticides are still being used in cultivation of crops, or in storage of food crops and also in some imported plant foods. Crop contents of pesticides found were below the estimated life time exposure (mg/kg/day) of 65 kg man as well as the hazard index of 1. This may pose no immediate risks to human health, but long term effects should be considered.
{"title":"Determination of pesticide residue levels in some common food crops: The suitability for human consumption","authors":"Uloma Ezeani Ujuamala, Johnson Afonne Onyemaechi, Chukwudi Ezeani Michael, Enoluomen Ehigiator Ben","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0493","url":null,"abstract":"Indiscriminate use of pesticides to boost agricultural produce and in public health to control pests has raised the emphasis on pesticide residue levels in foods. This study analyzed the pesticides residue levels in some common food crops consumed in Nigeria, and ascertained their suitability for human consumption. The samples were analyzed for the presence of 15 organochlorine and 10 carbamate pesticide residues using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The residual pesticides levels and hazard index in the different food crops were compared with WHO established maximum residual levels (MRL) for the pesticides. The results showed no detectable levels of pesticides in the yam samples. Beans samples, contained hexachlorobenzene and its median level (0.025 mg/kg) was greater than the MRL (0.01 mg/kg). A total of 14 (56%) different pesticides were detected in each of red and green apples, 10 (40%) in pepper and 3 (12%) in rice. The most occurring pesticides in the crops were propachlor, endosulfan-1 and hexachlorobenzene. The median pesticides contents in pepper were greater than their respective MRLs. Organochlorine pesticides are still being used in cultivation of crops, or in storage of food crops and also in some imported plant foods. Crop contents of pesticides found were below the estimated life time exposure (mg/kg/day) of 65 kg man as well as the hazard index of 1. This may pose no immediate risks to human health, but long term effects should be considered.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86351553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tobacco use is one of the main leading causes of disease and death worldwide and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), constitutes a major issue to public health. Given the importance of nicotine as the major constituent of tobacco and its addictive potency on consumers, determining its content in cigarettes sold on Ivorian markets shows to be important. The aim of this study was to determine and compare nicotine content in imported and local brands of cigarettes marketed in the district of Abidjan. Nicotine was extracted from twenty-one brands of cigarettes with six being local and fifteen imported. Nicotine contents were measure by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 508 nm. The assay method was linear on a concentration range of 0.2 to 1 mg/ml with a coefficient of determination of 0.9963 and a detection limit of 0.15 mg/ml. The average nicotine content in cigarettes of Ivory Coast brands was 1.73 ± 0.19 mg of nicotine/cigarette while that in imported brands was 2.25 ± 0.74 mg of nicotine/cigarette (p < 0.05). The lowest nicotine content was found in the local brand cigarette "Ex001", whereas the highest content was found in an imported brand cigarette "OR001 Pulse Bleu". The nicotine content of all tested cigarettes was higher than the European standard and a significative difference was found between the determined amounts of nicotine content in the cigarettes brands and the amounts displayed by the manufacturer on the cigarettes’ packs. Monitoring of nicotine content in cigarettes sold on the Ivorian market should be considered in prevention strategies against smoking addiction and tobacco-related diseases.
{"title":"Comparison of nicotine contents in local and imported cigarettes sold in Abidjan markets in Cte dIvoire: Lessons for regulation","authors":"Fandio Nanfa Veda, Diakité Aïssata","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0492","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco use is one of the main leading causes of disease and death worldwide and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), constitutes a major issue to public health. Given the importance of nicotine as the major constituent of tobacco and its addictive potency on consumers, determining its content in cigarettes sold on Ivorian markets shows to be important. The aim of this study was to determine and compare nicotine content in imported and local brands of cigarettes marketed in the district of Abidjan. Nicotine was extracted from twenty-one brands of cigarettes with six being local and fifteen imported. Nicotine contents were measure by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 508 nm. The assay method was linear on a concentration range of 0.2 to 1 mg/ml with a coefficient of determination of 0.9963 and a detection limit of 0.15 mg/ml. The average nicotine content in cigarettes of Ivory Coast brands was 1.73 ± 0.19 mg of nicotine/cigarette while that in imported brands was 2.25 ± 0.74 mg of nicotine/cigarette (p < 0.05). The lowest nicotine content was found in the local brand cigarette \"Ex001\", whereas the highest content was found in an imported brand cigarette \"OR001 Pulse Bleu\". The nicotine content of all tested cigarettes was higher than the European standard and a significative difference was found between the determined amounts of nicotine content in the cigarettes brands and the amounts displayed by the manufacturer on the cigarettes’ packs. Monitoring of nicotine content in cigarettes sold on the Ivorian market should be considered in prevention strategies against smoking addiction and tobacco-related diseases.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87634654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takuissu Nguemto Guy Roussel, Edoun Ebouel Ferdinand Lanvin, Youovop Fotso Janvier Aim e, N. J. Laure, Oben Julius Enyong
Baillonella toxisperma Pierre, fruit pulp is largely used in traditional medicine. No toxicity study was done on this fruit pulp. The purpose of this study was to assess the acute and subacute toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of the fruit pulp of B. toxisperma. An acute toxicity study was conducted at 2000 mg/kg of body weight as a 14-day limit test in Wistar albino rats. Throughout the experiment, general signs of toxicity were noted. Subsequently, a subacute toxicity study was performed at a dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight for 28 days. General signs of toxicity were also noted, after animal sacrifice, histological, hematological, and biochemical analyses (ALAT, ASAT, triglycerides, total cholesterol, total proteins, creatinine) were performed. At LD50?2000 mg/kg, no general signs of toxicity were noted in either acute or subacute conditions. No signs of toxicity were noted histologically, while slight increases in granulocytes and decreases in lymphocytes were noted hematologically. Biochemically, while no renal observations were made, the extract caused hepatic cytolysis. The fruit pulp of B. toxisperma P could be hepatotoxic at high doses. Key words: Hydroethanolic extract of Baillonella toxisperma Pierre fruit pulp, acute toxicity, subacute toxicity.
{"title":"Acute and subacute toxicity studies of hydroethanolic extract of Baillonella toxisperma Pierre fruit pulp","authors":"Takuissu Nguemto Guy Roussel, Edoun Ebouel Ferdinand Lanvin, Youovop Fotso Janvier Aim e, N. J. Laure, Oben Julius Enyong","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2021.0496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2021.0496","url":null,"abstract":"Baillonella toxisperma Pierre, fruit pulp is largely used in traditional medicine. No toxicity study was done on this fruit pulp. The purpose of this study was to assess the acute and subacute toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of the fruit pulp of B. toxisperma. An acute toxicity study was conducted at 2000 mg/kg of body weight as a 14-day limit test in Wistar albino rats. Throughout the experiment, general signs of toxicity were noted. Subsequently, a subacute toxicity study was performed at a dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight for 28 days. General signs of toxicity were also noted, after animal sacrifice, histological, hematological, and biochemical analyses (ALAT, ASAT, triglycerides, total cholesterol, total proteins, creatinine) were performed. At LD50?2000 mg/kg, no general signs of toxicity were noted in either acute or subacute conditions. No signs of toxicity were noted histologically, while slight increases in granulocytes and decreases in lymphocytes were noted hematologically. Biochemically, while no renal observations were made, the extract caused hepatic cytolysis. The fruit pulp of B. toxisperma P could be hepatotoxic at high doses. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Hydroethanolic extract of Baillonella toxisperma Pierre fruit pulp, acute toxicity, subacute toxicity.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"52-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83334641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the effect of motivation on operatives’ productivity in the Nigerian construction sector. The purposes of this study are to inform the management of contracting firms in Nigeria construction industry about the critical motivational factors that affects operatives’ productivity. The study was conducted by administering questionnaires to people of allied professionals in the Nigerian construction industry. To satisfy the aim of this study, 70 respondents were administered questionnaire, which were analyzed using ranking and percentile. The results showed there were 24 factors which motivate operatives towards improved productivity in the construction industry of Nigeria. The study also found that intrinsic factors have a stronger effect than extrinsic factors in motivating operatives. The study concludes that work itself is the most critical factor that motivates operatives towards improved productivity and recommends that operatives be encouraged by motivation, to make sure that they identify with the organization.
{"title":"Assessment of Effects of Motivation on Production Operatives in The Nigerian Construction Industry","authors":"Fagbemi K.B","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.144","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effect of motivation on operatives’ productivity in the Nigerian construction sector. The purposes of this study are to inform the management of contracting firms in Nigeria construction industry about the critical motivational factors that affects operatives’ productivity. The study was conducted by administering questionnaires to people of allied professionals in the Nigerian construction industry. To satisfy the aim of this study, 70 respondents were administered questionnaire, which were analyzed using ranking and percentile. The results showed there were 24 factors which motivate operatives towards improved productivity in the construction industry of Nigeria. The study also found that intrinsic factors have a stronger effect than extrinsic factors in motivating operatives. The study concludes that work itself is the most critical factor that motivates operatives towards improved productivity and recommends that operatives be encouraged by motivation, to make sure that they identify with the organization.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86427494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biosurfactants are natural substances produced by several bacterial and fungal organisms that are amphiphilic and are extracellular (a part of the cell membrane). Biosurfactants can reduce the stress between solids and liquids on the surface and at the end. Biosurfactants have several properties, i.e. they are stable, less harmful, as well as readily degradable, and extremely eco-friendly. Biosurfactants also have a wide range of industrial uses because they are a versatile category of chemical substances. The principal justification for conducting such research was the isolation of possible biosurfactants containing bacteria. Sampling was performed for the isolation of bacteria producing biosurfactants from different oil-polluted sites That is to say, experiment for emulsification, test for oil spreading, test for drop collapse, and measure for hemolysis. The capability to produce biosurfactants was seen in 22 different isolates from polluted sites B1, B2, and B3. Through different biochemical tests and Gram staining, it was identified that isolated bacterial strains are Pseudomonas spp and that is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The procedure used as characterizing biosurfactants was the TLC plate’s procedure, by using TLC plates process yellow dots emerged after spraying on silica gel plates with an throne and ninhydrin reagents. These yellow spots confirmed the presence and production of rhamnolipid in the biosurfactant. Hence, it was concluded that identified strains in the study can be helpful in the heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons bio-degradation and bioremediation. These may also be used as biological control agents to protect plants from various pathogens, resulting in improved crop yields. Introduction Biosurfactants are natural substances produced by several bacterial and fungal organisms that are amphiphilic and are extracellular (a part of the cell membrane) (Chen et al., 2007; Ghayyomiet al., 2012). Main purpose of the bio-surfactantsgeneration or production is a consequence of financial availability (Van Dyke et al., 1993 It is reported that almost 50 percent of the world's surfactants are used because of the need for cleaning agents as well as the rate of growth grows every day (Deleu and Paquot, 2004). Appropriate use of bio-surfactants will control environmental emissions what these are the most dangerous, constantly rising gradually and disrupting the routine maintenance of life every day. Awareness campaign initiatives have been introduced and also increase for environmental laws, various innovative approaches need to be implemented and even the issue of pollution focused entirely. Developing appropriate advanced technologies to help clear up chemicals and toxins from the ecosystem, like hydrocarbons (both inorganic and organic). Studies on biosurfactants are being launched by scholars and researchers with significant health issues like adverse environmental effects, air contamination, environmental change, and waste manage
生物表面活性剂是由几种细菌和真菌生物产生的天然物质，它们是两亲性的，是细胞外的(细胞膜的一部分)。生物表面活性剂可以减少固体和液体在表面和末端之间的压力。生物表面活性剂具有几个特性，即它们稳定，危害小，易于降解，并且非常环保。生物表面活性剂也有广泛的工业用途，因为它们是一种多用途的化学物质。进行这种研究的主要理由是分离可能含有细菌的生物表面活性剂。从不同的油污染部位取样分离产生生物表面活性剂的细菌，即进行乳化试验、油扩散试验、滴塌试验和溶血试验。从污染点B1、B2和B3的22个不同分离株中观察到产生生物表面活性剂的能力。通过不同的生化试验和革兰氏染色，鉴定分离的菌株为假单胞菌，为铜绿假单胞菌。表征生物表面活性剂的程序为薄层色谱板的程序，采用薄层色谱板工艺，用王座和茚三酮试剂在硅胶板上喷涂后出现黄点。这些黄色斑点证实了鼠李糖脂在生物表面活性剂中的存在和产生。因此，本研究鉴定的菌株在重金属、农药和碳氢化合物的生物降解和生物修复中具有一定的应用价值。它们也可用作生物防治剂，保护植物免受各种病原体的侵害，从而提高作物产量。生物表面活性剂是由几种细菌和真菌生物产生的天然物质，它们是两亲性的，是细胞外(细胞膜的一部分)(Chen等人，2007;Ghayyomiet al.， 2012)。生物表面活性剂产生或生产的主要目的是财政可用性的结果(Van Dyke等人，1993年。据报道，世界上几乎50%的表面活性剂的使用是因为对清洁剂的需求以及每天增长的速度(Deleu和Paquot, 2004年)。适当使用生物表面活性剂将控制环境中最危险的排放物，这些排放物不断上升，逐渐扰乱日常生活的维护。提高认识运动的倡议已经出台，环境法也在增加，需要实施各种创新方法，甚至完全关注污染问题。开发适当的先进技术，帮助清除生态系统中的化学物质和毒素，如碳氢化合物(无机和有机)。研究诸如不利环境影响、空气污染、环境变化和废物管理等重大健康问题的学者和研究人员正在开展关于生物表面活性剂的研究(Makkar和camotra, 2002年)。生物表面活性剂有助于扩大对作为化学表面活性剂替代品的微生物产品的需求(Benatet等人，2000年)。微生物似乎具有降解污染物的能力，但它们的生物降解有限，导致这些污染物的疏水性、在水中的溶解度低、生物利用度不足(Patil, et al.， 2012)。GhayyomiJazeh Mishraet。al(2001)从石油泄漏现场分离出产生生物表面活性剂的细菌，随后，160株菌株和59株能够产生生物表面活性剂的菌株在血液溶血测试中表现出较好的性能，在油扩散实验中发现阳性的45株菌株在实验室中分离和分离培养基培养的Banat工艺(Rahman等)。这些观察和研究表明，铜绿假单胞菌的生物表面活性剂最有可能破坏被石油泄漏污染的海水中十一烷、八烷、六烷和七烷等碳氢化合物的结合，其比例约为47%、53%、73%和60%(Abrar等人，2020)。目前的研究表明，分离菌株具有降解碳氢化合物和降解重金属的能力。该菌株还可以保护植物免受各种疾病的侵害。本研究发现，分离出的菌株既能降解烃类，又能降解重金属。此外，这种菌株确实有能力保护植物免受不同疾病的侵害。材料与方法研究区域在巴基斯坦哈扎拉大学微生物实验室进行。巴基斯坦Mansehra市的民寄宿区被命名为一个乡镇，那里发生了石油泄漏，获得了石油泄漏的土壤样本，并从Mansehra的各个汽车车间进行了采样。
{"title":"Isolation And Characterization Of Biosurfactant Producing Bacteria From Different Environmental Soil Samples","authors":"Abrar Hussain Mian","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.133","url":null,"abstract":"Biosurfactants are natural substances produced by several bacterial and fungal organisms that are amphiphilic and are extracellular (a part of the cell membrane). Biosurfactants can reduce the stress between solids and liquids on the surface and at the end. Biosurfactants have several properties, i.e. they are stable, less harmful, as well as readily degradable, and extremely eco-friendly. Biosurfactants also have a wide range of industrial uses because they are a versatile category of chemical substances. The principal justification for conducting such research was the isolation of possible biosurfactants containing bacteria. Sampling was performed for the isolation of bacteria producing biosurfactants from different oil-polluted sites That is to say, experiment for emulsification, test for oil spreading, test for drop collapse, and measure for hemolysis. The capability to produce biosurfactants was seen in 22 different isolates from polluted sites B1, B2, and B3. Through different biochemical tests and Gram staining, it was identified that isolated bacterial strains are Pseudomonas spp and that is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The procedure used as characterizing biosurfactants was the TLC plate’s procedure, by using TLC plates process yellow dots emerged after spraying on silica gel plates with an throne and ninhydrin reagents. These yellow spots confirmed the presence and production of rhamnolipid in the biosurfactant. Hence, it was concluded that identified strains in the study can be helpful in the heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons bio-degradation and bioremediation. These may also be used as biological control agents to protect plants from various pathogens, resulting in improved crop yields.\u0000Introduction\u0000Biosurfactants are natural substances produced by several bacterial and fungal organisms that are amphiphilic and are extracellular (a part of the cell membrane) (Chen et al., 2007; Ghayyomiet al., 2012). Main purpose of the bio-surfactantsgeneration or production is a consequence of financial availability (Van Dyke et al., 1993 It is reported that almost 50 percent of the world's surfactants are used because of the need for cleaning agents as well as the rate of growth grows every day (Deleu and Paquot, 2004). Appropriate use of bio-surfactants will control environmental emissions what these are the most dangerous, constantly rising gradually and disrupting the routine maintenance of life every day. Awareness campaign initiatives have been introduced and also increase for environmental laws, various innovative approaches need to be implemented and even the issue of pollution focused entirely. Developing appropriate advanced technologies to help clear up chemicals and toxins from the ecosystem, like hydrocarbons (both inorganic and organic). Studies on biosurfactants are being launched by scholars and researchers with significant health issues like adverse environmental effects, air contamination, environmental change, and waste manage","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88147557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Florsheim, J. Bressler, Gwendolyn Tsai, N. Drichko
Black carbon is a product of incomplete combustion and is associated with a number of adverse health outcomes in epidemiologic studies. To date, anatomic studies investigating the pathogenic mechanisms of black carbon in humans have confirmed black carbon particles accumulate in the lung and in the placenta of pregnant women, and are excreted in urine. In this feasibility study, the presence of black carbon particles was demonstrated in post-mortem spleen, myocardium, and hilar lymph node samples obtained from three de-identified sources. A protocol validated for extraction of chemically inert particles from fish tissue was utilized to extract black carbon particles from human tissue. Visual examination and micro-Raman scattering spectroscopy were used to identify recovered black carbon particles. Recovered particles ranged from 2 to 45 m in greatest dimension. The highest concentrations of black carbon particles were recovered from hilar lymph nodes, followed by the myocardium, with lowest concentrations recovered from the spleen. Particles extracted from the spleen were, on average, larger than particles extracted from the heart or hilar lymph nodes. These findings confirm black carbon particles accumulate in human extrapulmonary organs. Based on the size and concentrations of recovered particles, it is suggested that black carbon particles are transported to extrapulmonary sites via the lymphatic system. Furthermore, the noted concentration differentials suggest reduced black carbon particle clearance from the myocardium compared with the spleen.
{"title":"Black carbon accumulation in extrapulmonary human tissues","authors":"R. Florsheim, J. Bressler, Gwendolyn Tsai, N. Drichko","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0489","url":null,"abstract":"Black carbon is a product of incomplete combustion and is associated with a number of adverse health outcomes in epidemiologic studies. To date, anatomic studies investigating the pathogenic mechanisms of black carbon in humans have confirmed black carbon particles accumulate in the lung and in the placenta of pregnant women, and are excreted in urine. In this feasibility study, the presence of black carbon particles was demonstrated in post-mortem spleen, myocardium, and hilar lymph node samples obtained from three de-identified sources. A protocol validated for extraction of chemically inert particles from fish tissue was utilized to extract black carbon particles from human tissue. Visual examination and micro-Raman scattering spectroscopy were used to identify recovered black carbon particles. Recovered particles ranged from 2 to 45 m in greatest dimension. The highest concentrations of black carbon particles were recovered from hilar lymph nodes, followed by the myocardium, with lowest concentrations recovered from the spleen. Particles extracted from the spleen were, on average, larger than particles extracted from the heart or hilar lymph nodes. These findings confirm black carbon particles accumulate in human extrapulmonary organs. Based on the size and concentrations of recovered particles, it is suggested that black carbon particles are transported to extrapulmonary sites via the lymphatic system. Furthermore, the noted concentration differentials suggest reduced black carbon particle clearance from the myocardium compared with the spleen.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74353844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leticia Loukou Ahou, Jean-Baptiste Adepo Aholia, N'sa Romaric Alloh Atse, B. Kouakou
Mycotoxins constitute a real problem of public health because of their highly toxic effects for the populations. This study aims to evaluate the practices that favor aflatoxins and ochratoxin A development in rice sold on the markets of Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire). A food consumption survey was conducted among 45 traders and 135 consumers of rice in three markets in Abobo and Cocody communes. A simple, open-ended questionnaire was submitted to the rice traders and consumers. It covered socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, level of education), location and conditions of storage, place of supply, and knowledge of mycotoxins. Following the survey, 20 samples of rice, prized by the population, were collected and analyzed. Total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels were determined using HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry. The results revealed that all traders were unaware of the existence of mycotoxins. The storage and marketing of rice are housed in very unhygienic premises (lack of brick walls in some cases, poor quality tin roof, premises not swept regularly). Most traders renew their rice stocks over an average of one to two months (66.66% in Abobo; 79.99% in Cocody) and prefer to buy their supplies from large stores and other markets in Abidjan. Aflatoxin B1 (0.75±0.05 μg/kg) and total aflatoxin (1.73±0.34 μg/kg) were detected in the rice samples from Abobo market. The presence of Aflatoxins in rice could be related to poor post-harvest practices identified.
{"title":"Evaluation of practices favoring the development of mycotoxigenic molds in rice sold in the retail markets of Abidjan, Cte dIvoire","authors":"Leticia Loukou Ahou, Jean-Baptiste Adepo Aholia, N'sa Romaric Alloh Atse, B. Kouakou","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0495","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins constitute a real problem of public health because of their highly toxic effects for the populations. This study aims to evaluate the practices that favor aflatoxins and ochratoxin A development in rice sold on the markets of Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire). A food consumption survey was conducted among 45 traders and 135 consumers of rice in three markets in Abobo and Cocody communes. A simple, open-ended questionnaire was submitted to the rice traders and consumers. It covered socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, level of education), location and conditions of storage, place of supply, and knowledge of mycotoxins. Following the survey, 20 samples of rice, prized by the population, were collected and analyzed. Total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels were determined using HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry. The results revealed that all traders were unaware of the existence of mycotoxins. The storage and marketing of rice are housed in very unhygienic premises (lack of brick walls in some cases, poor quality tin roof, premises not swept regularly). Most traders renew their rice stocks over an average of one to two months (66.66% in Abobo; 79.99% in Cocody) and prefer to buy their supplies from large stores and other markets in Abidjan. Aflatoxin B1 (0.75±0.05 μg/kg) and total aflatoxin (1.73±0.34 μg/kg) were detected in the rice samples from Abobo market. The presence of Aflatoxins in rice could be related to poor post-harvest practices identified.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86049525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If you own a car, then at some point in your life, you’ll end up having to go to the mechanic to address any emergent car troubles. You may experience engine troubles, slower acceleration, or smoke coming out of your car’s exhaust, only to find out that you have a “bad cat.” What do these cute little furballs have to do with cars?
{"title":"Will Catalysts Save Our Environment?","authors":"Suryakiran Navath","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.94","url":null,"abstract":"If you own a car, then at some point in your life, you’ll end up having to go to the mechanic to address any emergent car troubles. You may experience engine troubles, slower acceleration, or smoke coming out of your car’s exhaust, only to find out that you have a “bad cat.” What do these cute little furballs have to do with cars?","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76764805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suaedafruticosa shows a high growth rate in saline and contaminated soils. It grows in abiotic stresses with reducing the productivity of crops. Plant samples on a size basis (40cm, 60cm, and 80cm) were collected at different lagoons of KTWMA, Kasur. The plant samples were further distributed and characterized into different parts (roots, stem, leaf, and seeds) to check the availability of metals. The outcome indicated that chromium and lead concentration was higher in parts of the plant, especially in the stem. Chromium metal in the stem of different sized plants (small, medium, and large) was 42.2507±0.0352, 45.3528±0.0375, and 58.4065±0.1624.At the same time, lead concentration was found18.0125±0.0014, 26.3505±0.0034, and 27.8352±0.0038 that isless than chromium. Zinc concentration was observed least but noticeable during the experiment. Fromtheexperiment, it was concluded that S. fruticosa might act as a hyperaccumulator for different metals, especially Cr and Pb. Future studies are needed in order to mobilize and remove hazardous trace metals to keep the environment healthy. IntroductionSuaedafruticosa grows under highly saline conditions. Salinity stress is one of the main abiotic stresses in arid and semi-arid regions restricting crop production (Chekroun-Bechlaghemet al., 2019; Ksouri et al., 2012). Shah et al. (2020) suggested that S. fruticosacan be planted for re-establishment on arid-saline lands and cultivated as an unconventional edible or cash crop. Nearly 500 plant species have been known to hyperaccumulate heavy metals (Pollard et al. 2014). Hyperaccumulating plants can accumulate metals in parts of their roots and shoot from the contaminated soils. The qualities and systems of hyperaccumulation in the extraction of metals and furthermore distinguish the types of hyperaccumulation dependent on the plant's bioavailability of the metals. Hyperaccumulation is also a trending technique to remove pollutants like heavy metals from aqueous media and contaminated soils. Hyperaccumulators are such plants that are able to grow at a high level of heavy metals, accumulating metals in their aerial parts, tissues, and roots. More than 500 plant species are considered hyperaccumulators and accumulate metals at different plant tissue levels. Most metals, whose biological functions are unknown, also get accumulated in various tissues (Ruk et al., 2006). Hyperaccumulators are distinguished due to three specific hallmarks: heavy metal absorption with increased rate, earlier root-to-shoot transfer, translocation and improved ability to detoxify, accumulate heavy metals in leaves. Variety of plants belonging to distantly associated families except sharing the capacity to grow on metallic-ferous soils and to accumulate extremely huge concentrations of metals in aerial parts, way above the thresholds present in most animals, without phytotoxic impact, has been observed. A comparatively small community of hyperaccumulator plants is able to sequester
在盐渍土壤和污染土壤中，沙豆科植物生长速度较快。它在非生物胁迫下生长，降低了作物的生产力。植物样本按大小(40cm、60cm和80cm)在KTWMA, Kasur的不同泻湖采集。将植物样品进一步分布到不同的部分(根、茎、叶和种子)进行表征，以检查金属的可用性。结果表明，铬和铅的浓度在植株的某些部位较高，尤其是茎部。不同大小植物(小、中、大)茎中金属铬含量分别为42.2507±0.0352、45.3528±0.0375、58.4065±0.1624。同时，铅的浓度(18.0125±0.0014)、(26.3505±0.0034)和(27.8352±0.0038)均低于铬。锌的浓度在实验中观察到的最小，但很明显。实验结果表明，金丝桃可能是不同金属的超蓄积体，尤其是Cr和Pb。为了动员和清除有害的微量金属以保持环境健康，需要进一步的研究。suaedafruticosa在高盐条件下生长。盐胁迫是干旱半干旱区制约作物生产的主要非生物胁迫之一(chekron - bechlaghemet al.， 2019;Ksouri et al.， 2012)。Shah等人(2020)建议，可以在干旱盐碱地上重新种植S. fruticosaca，并将其作为一种非传统的食用或经济作物种植。已知有近500种植物会过度积累重金属(Pollard etal . 2014)。超富集植物可以在受污染土壤的部分根部和茎部积累金属。介绍了金属提取过程中超富集的性质和机制，并根据植物对金属的生物利用度进一步区分了超富集的类型。超积累也是去除水中介质和污染土壤中重金属等污染物的一种趋势技术。超积累植物是指能够在重金属含量高的环境下生长，在其地上部分、组织和根中积累金属的植物。超过500种植物被认为是超积累者，它们在不同的植物组织水平上积累金属。大多数金属，其生物学功能未知，也会在各种组织中积累(Ruk etal .， 2006)。超积累体具有三个特征:重金属吸收速度加快、根到茎转移、转运和解毒能力提高，在叶片中积累重金属。已经观察到，除了在含金属的土壤上生长和在空气中积累极高浓度的金属(远远超过大多数动物的阈值)的能力之外，属于远亲科的各种植物没有植物毒性影响。一个相对较小的超积累植物群落能够在其根茎组织中隔离高浓度的金属。Yang etal .(2005)指出，近年来在植物对金属的吸收和转运的生化过程评估方面取得了重大的科学进展。金属的超积累体从土壤到芽的超积累过程包括a)根-微生物相互作用对金属根际的生物活化(b)金属转运体对质膜的吸收改善(c)金属通过分布到外质体的解毒作用，如与细胞壁的结合和细胞质膜上金属的螯合作用。近几十年来，Sheoran等人(2016)发现了特殊环境位置的金属积累，引起了公众的极大关注。对发展中国家来说，从采矿地点提取和提取重金属的传统清洁方法要么不够充分，要么非常昂贵。近几十年来，研究工作转向植物化学，利用超蓄能器作为重金属提取的替代和廉价来源。消除金属对于克服全球性问题是必要的。通过细菌种类、真菌培养物、藻类群、苔藓、大型植物和小型植物的作用，这些物质可以通过各种方法从水溶液中去除(Holan et al. 1994;Leusch et al. 1995;Knauer et al. 1997)。重金属被认为是过去十年的主要污染物之一，因为自然和人类活动造成的环境影响导致健康风险。它们被称为生态系统污染物，因为它们通过灰尘颗粒、土壤过程中的淋滤以及固体废物(污泥、制革厂废物)的传播而传播。最新的土壤水体重金属修复策略成本高、耗时长、生态危害大。
{"title":"Sauaeda Fruticusa is Hyperaccumulator of Chromium and Lead","authors":"H. Ullah","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.56","url":null,"abstract":"Suaedafruticosa shows a high growth rate in saline and contaminated soils. It grows in abiotic stresses with reducing the productivity of crops. Plant samples on a size basis (40cm, 60cm, and 80cm) were collected at different lagoons of KTWMA, Kasur. The plant samples were further distributed and characterized into different parts (roots, stem, leaf, and seeds) to check the availability of metals. The outcome indicated that chromium and lead concentration was higher in parts of the plant, especially in the stem. Chromium metal in the stem of different sized plants (small, medium, and large) was 42.2507±0.0352, 45.3528±0.0375, and 58.4065±0.1624.At the same time, lead concentration was found18.0125±0.0014, 26.3505±0.0034, and 27.8352±0.0038 that isless than chromium. Zinc concentration was observed least but noticeable during the experiment. Fromtheexperiment, it was concluded that S. fruticosa might act as a hyperaccumulator for different metals, especially Cr and Pb. Future studies are needed in order to mobilize and remove hazardous trace metals to keep the environment healthy. \u0000IntroductionSuaedafruticosa grows under highly saline conditions. Salinity stress is one of the main abiotic stresses in arid and semi-arid regions restricting crop production (Chekroun-Bechlaghemet al., 2019; Ksouri et al., 2012). Shah et al. (2020) suggested that S. fruticosacan be planted for re-establishment on arid-saline lands and cultivated as an unconventional edible or cash crop. Nearly 500 plant species have been known to hyperaccumulate heavy metals (Pollard et al. 2014). Hyperaccumulating plants can accumulate metals in parts of their roots and shoot from the contaminated soils. The qualities and systems of hyperaccumulation in the extraction of metals and furthermore distinguish the types of hyperaccumulation dependent on the plant's bioavailability of the metals. \u0000Hyperaccumulation is also a trending technique to remove pollutants like heavy metals from aqueous media and contaminated soils. Hyperaccumulators are such plants that are able to grow at a high level of heavy metals, accumulating metals in their aerial parts, tissues, and roots. More than 500 plant species are considered hyperaccumulators and accumulate metals at different plant tissue levels. Most metals, whose biological functions are unknown, also get accumulated in various tissues (Ruk et al., 2006). \u0000Hyperaccumulators are distinguished due to three specific hallmarks: heavy metal absorption with increased rate, earlier root-to-shoot transfer, translocation and improved ability to detoxify, accumulate heavy metals in leaves. Variety of plants belonging to distantly associated families except sharing the capacity to grow on metallic-ferous soils and to accumulate extremely huge concentrations of metals in aerial parts, way above the thresholds present in most animals, without phytotoxic impact, has been observed. A comparatively small community of hyperaccumulator plants is able to sequester ","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75949316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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