Ejikeugwu Chika, I. Ifeanyichukwu, Afiukwa Ngozi, N. Emmanuel, Oji Anthonia, ILang Donathus
Food poisoning (food-borne disease) is an infection that occurs after consuming food contaminated by sufficient numbers of viable pathogens and their toxins. It is a common and costly preventable infection that is of public health concern, and which is treated with available antibiotics. Jellof-rice, abacha, moi-moi and zobo drinks are some ready-to-eat foods sold within the PRESCO campus of Ebonyi State University (EBSU), Abakaliki, Nigeria. These foods are commonly patronized by students and other unsuspecting visitors in this region, and they have been implicated in a handful of bacterial related infections in recent times. Random samples of the food items were collected from shops selling them, and these were analyzed microbiologically to determine the most prevalent organisms. Suspect isolates were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the commonest microbes isolated, and these showed varying rates of resistance and susceptibility to the tested drugs. Clindamycin, ampicillin and ofloxacin were less effective against the test organisms while gentamicin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin showed substantial activity. The findings in this study showed that some ready-to-eat foods and zobo drinks sold within PRESCO campus of EBSU, Abakaliki, Nigeria were considerably contaminated with resistant pathogenic bacteria, hence, the need for constant monitoring of ready-to-eat foods in order to prevent the outbreak of food-borne illnesses in this region. Key words: Zobo drinks, ready-to-eat foods, bacteria, antibiotic resistance.
{"title":"Antibiogram of food-borne pathogens isolated from ready-to-eat foods and Zobo Drinks Sold Within and Around PRESCO Campus of Ebonyi State University (EBSU), Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria","authors":"Ejikeugwu Chika, I. Ifeanyichukwu, Afiukwa Ngozi, N. Emmanuel, Oji Anthonia, ILang Donathus","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0282","url":null,"abstract":"Food poisoning (food-borne disease) is an infection that occurs after consuming food contaminated by sufficient numbers of viable pathogens and their toxins. It is a common and costly preventable infection that is of public health concern, and which is treated with available antibiotics. Jellof-rice, abacha, moi-moi and zobo drinks are some ready-to-eat foods sold within the PRESCO campus of Ebonyi State University (EBSU), Abakaliki, Nigeria. These foods are commonly patronized by students and other unsuspecting visitors in this region, and they have been implicated in a handful of bacterial related infections in recent times. Random samples of the food items were collected from shops selling them, and these were analyzed microbiologically to determine the most prevalent organisms. Suspect isolates were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the commonest microbes isolated, and these showed varying rates of resistance and susceptibility to the tested drugs. Clindamycin, ampicillin and ofloxacin were less effective against the test organisms while gentamicin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin showed substantial activity. The findings in this study showed that some ready-to-eat foods and zobo drinks sold within PRESCO campus of EBSU, Abakaliki, Nigeria were considerably contaminated with resistant pathogenic bacteria, hence, the need for constant monitoring of ready-to-eat foods in order to prevent the outbreak of food-borne illnesses in this region. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Zobo drinks, ready-to-eat foods, bacteria, antibiotic resistance.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89949272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Shanmugasundaram, T. Jeyalakshmi, S. S. Mohan, M. Saravanan, A. Goparaju, Balakrishna Murthy
The artificial soil medium recommended for invertebrate toxicity studies by OECD and ISO contains sphagnum peat as an organic component. Sphagnum peat is not widely available in tropical countries especially in the Indian subcontinent. Importing of sphagnum peat is not economically feasible and also time consuming Using of native organic matter source is also much more ecologically relevant for the region. Hence, development of an alternative is needed as a replacement of sphagnum peat. As coco peat is easily available as an organic component in tropical countries, earthworm toxicity studies were conducted with coco peat to assess its suitability to be included as an alternative in the artificial soil medium. Artificial soils were prepared with 70% sand, 20% kaolin clay and 10% coco peat (COPS ) or/ sphagnum peat (SPPS). Acute and reproduction toxicity studies were conducted with the earthworm, Eisenia fetida using 2-chloroacetamide and carbendazim, respectively . Validity criteria specified by the guidelines were met in tests with either soil media. In the acute test, no significant difference was observed between the soils in terms of mortality (p > 0.05 ) based on the LC50 values for COPS and SPPS of 35.56 and 32.36 mg 2-chloroacetamide /kg dry soil, respectively. Significant effect in terms of reproduction was observed at 2.06 mg carbendazim/kg dry soil for both COPS and SPPS . The other parameters such as biomass change, mortality and food consumption of COPS and SPPS were comparable. Key words: Coco peat, shagnum peat, artificial soil, earthworm toxicity, carbendazim, 2-chloroacetamide.
{"title":"Coco peat - An alternative artificial soil ingredient for the earthworm toxicity testing","authors":"R. Shanmugasundaram, T. Jeyalakshmi, S. S. Mohan, M. Saravanan, A. Goparaju, Balakrishna Murthy","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0289","url":null,"abstract":"The artificial soil medium recommended for invertebrate toxicity studies by OECD and ISO contains sphagnum peat as an organic component. Sphagnum peat is not widely available in tropical countries especially in the Indian subcontinent. Importing of sphagnum peat is not economically feasible and also time consuming Using of native organic matter source is also much more ecologically relevant for the region. Hence, development of an alternative is needed as a replacement of sphagnum peat. As coco peat is easily available as an organic component in tropical countries, earthworm toxicity studies were conducted with coco peat to assess its suitability to be included as an alternative in the artificial soil medium. Artificial soils were prepared with 70% sand, 20% kaolin clay and 10% coco peat (COPS ) or/ sphagnum peat (SPPS). Acute and reproduction toxicity studies were conducted with the earthworm, Eisenia fetida using 2-chloroacetamide and carbendazim, respectively . Validity criteria specified by the guidelines were met in tests with either soil media. In the acute test, no significant difference was observed between the soils in terms of mortality (p > 0.05 ) based on the LC50 values for COPS and SPPS of 35.56 and 32.36 mg 2-chloroacetamide /kg dry soil, respectively. Significant effect in terms of reproduction was observed at 2.06 mg carbendazim/kg dry soil for both COPS and SPPS . The other parameters such as biomass change, mortality and food consumption of COPS and SPPS were comparable. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Coco peat, shagnum peat, artificial soil, earthworm toxicity, carbendazim, 2-chloroacetamide.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"105 1","pages":"5-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79280180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Hazzani, Laila W. Al Farra, A. Asran, A. Shehata, N. Moubayed
Water is one of the most abundant and essential commodities of man occupying about 70% of the earth’s surface and 60% of the human body therefore it should be continuously protected against microbial infections. Also, the mineral content in drinking water should be maintained within the acceptable range. Quality control of drinking water emerged with the invention of bottled drinking water. In this study, samples of bottled drinking water from Saudi markets were compared with tap water samples collected from different areas in Riyadh; both samples were tested for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. The bacterial isolates identified by the Biolog system (Hayward, CA, USA) include Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bottled drinking water, whereas tap water was mainly contaminated by P. aeruginosa. Bacterial contamination was highly observed in tap water samples and higher mineral content, determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS) was also observed in tap water. Bacterial cell count determined as CFU/ml was observed in bottled drinking water. Decreased water bacterial number was achieved with the solar disinfection system (SODIS) for one day with direct exposure to sunlight in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles. Thus water considered to be consumed by humans must maintain good microbial and mineral qualities within the acceptable ranges and must undergo effective treatment in order to reduce bacterial count and infection.
水是人类最丰富和最重要的商品之一，约占地球表面的70%和人体的60%，因此应该不断保护它免受微生物感染。同时，饮用水中的矿物质含量应保持在可接受的范围内。饮用水的质量控制是随着瓶装饮用水的发明而出现的。在这项研究中，来自沙特市场的瓶装饮用水样本与来自利雅得不同地区的自来水样本进行了比较;对两份样品进行了致病菌检测。生物系统(Hayward, CA, USA)在瓶装饮用水中鉴定出的细菌分离物包括蜡样芽孢杆菌、葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌，而自来水主要受铜绿假单胞菌污染。自来水样品中细菌污染严重，而且通过电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)测定的矿物质含量也较高。在瓶装饮用水中观察细菌细胞计数(以CFU/ml计)。在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)塑料瓶中直接暴露在阳光下一天，用太阳能消毒系统(SODIS)减少了水中细菌数量。因此，被认为是人类饮用的水必须在可接受的范围内保持良好的微生物和矿物质质量，并必须进行有效的处理，以减少细菌数量和感染。
{"title":"Bacterial quality control of domestic and imported brands of bottled water in Saudi Arabia","authors":"A. Hazzani, Laila W. Al Farra, A. Asran, A. Shehata, N. Moubayed","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0286","url":null,"abstract":"Water is one of the most abundant and essential commodities of man occupying about 70% of the earth’s surface and 60% of the human body therefore it should be continuously protected against microbial infections. Also, the mineral content in drinking water should be maintained within the acceptable range. Quality control of drinking water emerged with the invention of bottled drinking water. In this study, samples of bottled drinking water from Saudi markets were compared with tap water samples collected from different areas in Riyadh; both samples were tested for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. The bacterial isolates identified by the Biolog system (Hayward, CA, USA) include Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bottled drinking water, whereas tap water was mainly contaminated by P. aeruginosa. Bacterial contamination was highly observed in tap water samples and higher mineral content, determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS) was also observed in tap water. Bacterial cell count determined as CFU/ml was observed in bottled drinking water. Decreased water bacterial number was achieved with the solar disinfection system (SODIS) for one day with direct exposure to sunlight in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles. Thus water considered to be consumed by humans must maintain good microbial and mineral qualities within the acceptable ranges and must undergo effective treatment in order to reduce bacterial count and infection.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":"178-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77987608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal environmental pollutant and toxicant. The present study investigated dose-related effects of maternal Pb exposure on pregnancy outcome. Wistar albino rats were gavaged with Pb nitrate (4 or 8 mg/kg) or vehicle daily from gestation day 0 until delivery. Length of pregnancy was noted. Number, birth weight and physical characteristics of pups were registered. Neonatal mortality was also recorded between days 1 to 15 post-delivery. Lead treatment significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited maternal body weight gain and caused abortion of pregnancy dose-dependently (4 mg/kg: 67.7%, 8 mg/kg: 100%). Besides, all occurring births in 4 mg/kg Pb-exposed rats were preterm (p = 0.0023) with morphological abnormalities in the head and limbs, and about 33% were still births. Also, average number and birth weight of Pb-exposed rats offspring were significantly (p < 0.0001) lower compared to controls. Furthermore, while body weights of offspring of control rats increased significantly (p < 0.0001) over time, those of Pb-exposed rats decreased significantly (p = 0.0077). Neonatal survival was 0% in Pb treated rats and 100% in control. The results demonstrate that maternal Pb exposure adversely and dose-dependently affects pregnancy outcome. Key words: Developmental toxicity, gestation, heavy metals, lead, reproductive toxicity, resorption.
{"title":"Maternal lead exposure and pregnancy outcome in Wistar albino rats","authors":"J. Aprioku, I. Siminialayi","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0279","url":null,"abstract":"Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal environmental pollutant and toxicant. The present study investigated dose-related effects of maternal Pb exposure on pregnancy outcome. Wistar albino rats were gavaged with Pb nitrate (4 or 8 mg/kg) or vehicle daily from gestation day 0 until delivery. Length of pregnancy was noted. Number, birth weight and physical characteristics of pups were registered. Neonatal mortality was also recorded between days 1 to 15 post-delivery. Lead treatment significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited maternal body weight gain and caused abortion of pregnancy dose-dependently (4 mg/kg: 67.7%, 8 mg/kg: 100%). Besides, all occurring births in 4 mg/kg Pb-exposed rats were preterm (p = 0.0023) with morphological abnormalities in the head and limbs, and about 33% were still births. Also, average number and birth weight of Pb-exposed rats offspring were significantly (p < 0.0001) lower compared to controls. Furthermore, while body weights of offspring of control rats increased significantly (p < 0.0001) over time, those of Pb-exposed rats decreased significantly (p = 0.0077). Neonatal survival was 0% in Pb treated rats and 100% in control. The results demonstrate that maternal Pb exposure adversely and dose-dependently affects pregnancy outcome. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Developmental toxicity, gestation, heavy metals, lead, reproductive toxicity, resorption.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"80 1","pages":"185-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79830976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from a simple green and natural route using the extract of Allium cepa (onion) with the use of silver nitrate as precursor and chemically synthesized using silver nitrate and tri sodium citrate. Nanoparticle synthesis was proven under UVVisible absorption spectroscopy. Toxicity of sliver nanoparticles was tested using ToxTrak test, in which, fresh overnight broths of Bacillus subtilis and resazurin dye were used to calculate percentage inhibition (PI). PI is only a relative measure and since there is toxic substances that increase respiration, to give result to a negative number. The PI of both chemically and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles was compared in order to evaluate toxic effect value. The toxic effect value, PI of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles is much greater (85.45%) than the biologically synthesized sliver nanoparticles from onion (51.39%). These observation shows that the bacteria B. subtilis killed by chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles are more as compare to biologically synthesized sliver nanoparticle.
{"title":"Estimation of toxic effects of chemically and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on human gut microflora containing Bacillus subtilis","authors":"P. Tyagi, Shruti Tyagi, C. Verma, A. Rajpal","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0271","url":null,"abstract":"Biological silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from a simple green and natural route using the extract of Allium cepa (onion) with the use of silver nitrate as precursor and chemically synthesized using silver nitrate and tri sodium citrate. Nanoparticle synthesis was proven under UVVisible absorption spectroscopy. Toxicity of sliver nanoparticles was tested using ToxTrak test, in which, fresh overnight broths of Bacillus subtilis and resazurin dye were used to calculate percentage inhibition (PI). PI is only a relative measure and since there is toxic substances that increase respiration, to give result to a negative number. The PI of both chemically and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles was compared in order to evaluate toxic effect value. The toxic effect value, PI of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles is much greater (85.45%) than the biologically synthesized sliver nanoparticles from onion (51.39%). These observation shows that the bacteria B. subtilis killed by chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles are more as compare to biologically synthesized sliver nanoparticle.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"172-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85843789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of three pesticides (Imazetapir, Dimethoate and Bayleton 50) at the recommended concentration (in the field), on the growth of pure cultures ofAzotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter vinelandii, on the amount of fixed nitrogen and nifgenes. Herbicide Imazetapir had no negative effect on nitrogen fixing bacteria, while Dimethoate and Bayleton 50 exhibited inhibitory effect on growth. Same effects were obtained on fixed nitrogen obtained when treated with studied pesticides. nifH1, nifH2, nifH3, nifU and nifV from A. chroococcum, and nifH, nifK, nifD, and nifM gene in A. Vinelandii were lost when pots were cultivated with wheat and treated with both Dimethoate and Bayleton 50, therefore, be deemed highly susceptible to them. While herbicide did not affect the nif genes, the bands on gel electrophoresis appeared as normal sample. Key words: Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii, fungicide (Bayleton 50), herbicide (Imazetapir), insecticide (Dimethoate).
{"title":"Effect of some pesticides on growth, nitrogen fixation and nifgenes in Azotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter vinelandii isolated from soil","authors":"Kasim Abass Askar, A. M. Khudhur","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS12.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS12.029","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to evaluate the effects of three pesticides (Imazetapir, Dimethoate and Bayleton 50) at the recommended concentration (in the field), on the growth of pure cultures ofAzotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter vinelandii, on the amount of fixed nitrogen and nifgenes. Herbicide Imazetapir had no negative effect on nitrogen fixing bacteria, while Dimethoate and Bayleton 50 exhibited inhibitory effect on growth. Same effects were obtained on fixed nitrogen obtained when treated with studied pesticides. nifH1, nifH2, nifH3, nifU and nifV from A. chroococcum, and nifH, nifK, nifD, and nifM gene in A. Vinelandii were lost when pots were cultivated with wheat and treated with both Dimethoate and Bayleton 50, therefore, be deemed highly susceptible to them. While herbicide did not affect the nif genes, the bands on gel electrophoresis appeared as normal sample. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii, fungicide (Bayleton 50), herbicide (Imazetapir), insecticide (Dimethoate).","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":"166-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84413682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zineb Elyoussoufi, K. Mounaji, R. Cadi, N. Habti, S. Motaouakkil
Exposure to paraphenylenediamine (PPD), a derivative of paranitroaniline widely used as an oxidisable hair dye, is often associated with the development of allergic contact dermatitis. Such reactions involve activation of the subject’s immune system and it is known that neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the site of perturbation. In view of its pivotal role in the initiation and amplification of inflammation, the fate of the neutrophil in presence of PPD requires attention. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the vitro effects of PPD on human neutrophils viability and on reactive oxygen species production. Neutrophils from healthy volunteers were incubated with three concentrations of PPD (11.5, 23 and 46 µM). Apoptosis was evaluated by light microscopy and DNA gel electrophoresis, and oxidative stress was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results showed that PPD induces neutrophils apoptosis in a dose and time dependent manner with a LC50 value of 23 µM at 6 h of treatment. Furthermore, at 5 h of treatment, PPD markedly increased lipid peroxidation (47%) and enhanced the activity of catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase. These results suggest that PPD can induce neutrophils apoptosis and an oxidative stress. Key words: Paraphenylenediamine, neutrophils, apoptosis, oxidative stress, catalase, lipid peroxidation, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase.
{"title":"Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis in human neutrophils by p-phenylenediamine","authors":"Zineb Elyoussoufi, K. Mounaji, R. Cadi, N. Habti, S. Motaouakkil","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0274","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to paraphenylenediamine (PPD), a derivative of paranitroaniline widely used as an oxidisable hair dye, is often associated with the development of allergic contact dermatitis. Such reactions involve activation of the subject’s immune system and it is known that neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the site of perturbation. In view of its pivotal role in the initiation and amplification of inflammation, the fate of the neutrophil in presence of PPD requires attention. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the vitro effects of PPD on human neutrophils viability and on reactive oxygen species production. Neutrophils from healthy volunteers were incubated with three concentrations of PPD (11.5, 23 and 46 µM). Apoptosis was evaluated by light microscopy and DNA gel electrophoresis, and oxidative stress was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results showed that PPD induces neutrophils apoptosis in a dose and time dependent manner with a LC50 value of 23 µM at 6 h of treatment. Furthermore, at 5 h of treatment, PPD markedly increased lipid peroxidation (47%) and enhanced the activity of catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase. These results suggest that PPD can induce neutrophils apoptosis and an oxidative stress. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Paraphenylenediamine, neutrophils, apoptosis, oxidative stress, catalase, lipid peroxidation, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"142-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74990089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The adsorption capacities of iron oxide, aluminum oxide, and activated carbon sorbents for the removal of copper ions were compared by down flow method. For this purpose, the 20 mg L-1aqueous solution of Cu (II) with initial pH of 6.5 was fed through three different packed columns at bed depth of 10 cm and flow rate of 1.85 ml min-1. The experimental breakthrough curves were drawn from the adsorption data of packed bed columns. The breakthrough time comparison of the three columns revealed that the uptake capacity of Cu (II) was highest for activated carbon (16.24 mg g-1) followed by aluminum oxide (5.60 mg g-1) and iron oxide (5.41 mg g-1). The maximum amounts of Cu (II) removal were attained as follows: 94.0% for aluminum oxide, 95.2% for iron oxide, and 99.7% for activated carbon. The computed adsorption capacity per unit bed volume (N0) and the kinetic constant (KAB) were, respectively 1202, 1045 (mg L-1) and 3 × 10-4, 4 × 10-4 (L mg-1 min-1) for iron oxide and aluminum oxide. Regression coefficient value (0.98) indicated that Thomas model fitted well with the experimental data for the iron oxide and aluminum oxide sorbents. The theoretical adsorption capacities obtained by Thomas model were in good agreement with experimental capacities determined by adsorption data. In a short time after running the experiment, the equilibrium concentration of Cu (II) reached to 1.2 mg L-1 using these sorbents. Hence, the packed bed column with continuous down flow method can be successfully applied for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated waters in practical use. Key words: Adsorption, breakthrough curve, continuous down flow, copper (II), packed bed column, Thomas model, Bohart-Adams, Yoon-Nelson.
{"title":"A comparative study of copper (ii) removal on iron oxide, aluminum oxide and activated carbon by continuous down flow method","authors":"M. Ehrampoush, M. Salmani, M. Vakili","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0275","url":null,"abstract":"The adsorption capacities of iron oxide, aluminum oxide, and activated carbon sorbents for the removal of copper ions were compared by down flow method. For this purpose, the 20 mg L-1aqueous solution of Cu (II) with initial pH of 6.5 was fed through three different packed columns at bed depth of 10 cm and flow rate of 1.85 ml min-1. The experimental breakthrough curves were drawn from the adsorption data of packed bed columns. The breakthrough time comparison of the three columns revealed that the uptake capacity of Cu (II) was highest for activated carbon (16.24 mg g-1) followed by aluminum oxide (5.60 mg g-1) and iron oxide (5.41 mg g-1). The maximum amounts of Cu (II) removal were attained as follows: 94.0% for aluminum oxide, 95.2% for iron oxide, and 99.7% for activated carbon. The computed adsorption capacity per unit bed volume (N0) and the kinetic constant (KAB) were, respectively 1202, 1045 (mg L-1) and 3 × 10-4, 4 × 10-4 (L mg-1 min-1) for iron oxide and aluminum oxide. Regression coefficient value (0.98) indicated that Thomas model fitted well with the experimental data for the iron oxide and aluminum oxide sorbents. The theoretical adsorption capacities obtained by Thomas model were in good agreement with experimental capacities determined by adsorption data. In a short time after running the experiment, the equilibrium concentration of Cu (II) reached to 1.2 mg L-1 using these sorbents. Hence, the packed bed column with continuous down flow method can be successfully applied for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated waters in practical use. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Adsorption, breakthrough curve, continuous down flow, copper (II), packed bed column, Thomas model, Bohart-Adams, Yoon-Nelson.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"101 1","pages":"150-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80615622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Jorge, C. Doris, L. Daniel, B. Patricia, L. Guillermo
The present study was carried out to determine the lead and cadmium concentration in maternal and umbilical cord blood and placental tissue and breast milk, evaluating forty deliveries with normal evolution of pregnant women living in a mining-smelting town in Peru. In this study, mean concentration of lead in the blood of both women and their neonates were 27.2 ± 15.9 and 18.5 ± 13.0 µg/dl, respectively with 83% of the women and 65% of the neonates having toxic levels. Mean cadmium concentrations in maternal blood were below the safe upper limit, but 45% of women had levels above 10 µg/dl. On the other hand, the mean cadmium concentration in umbilical cord blood was 12.0 ± 17.8 µg/dl, with 38% of neonates having levels above 10 µg/dl. The mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in maternal milk were 108.9 ± 69.4 and 5.6 ± 4.3 µg/dl, respectively. In addition, lead and cadmium in cord blood accounted for 67.8 and 136.4% compared to concentrations in maternal blood. There was negative relationship between the concentration of lead in the umbilical cord blood and the birth weight of the neonate (p = 0.006). From this study, it is evident that lead contamination and to lesser extent cadmium, pose a problem in pregnant women in this region. In addition, although the placenta appears to act as a protective barrier to the fetus, transfers of these metals to the fetus still persist. Furthermore, the concentration of lead was quite high in maternal milk and could be an important source of contamination to the infant. Finally, there was a negative association between the levels of lead in the umbilical cord blood and the birth weight. Key words: Lead in umbilical cord blood, cadmium in umbilical cord blood, lead in maternal milk, cadmium in maternal milk, lead in placenta, cadmium in placenta, mining-smelting town.
{"title":"Lead and cadmium in maternal blood and placenta in pregnant women from a mining-smelting zone of Peru and transfer of these metals to their newborns","authors":"C. Jorge, C. Doris, L. Daniel, B. Patricia, L. Guillermo","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0276","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out to determine the lead and cadmium concentration in maternal and umbilical cord blood and placental tissue and breast milk, evaluating forty deliveries with normal evolution of pregnant women living in a mining-smelting town in Peru. In this study, mean concentration of lead in the blood of both women and their neonates were 27.2 ± 15.9 and 18.5 ± 13.0 µg/dl, respectively with 83% of the women and 65% of the neonates having toxic levels. Mean cadmium concentrations in maternal blood were below the safe upper limit, but 45% of women had levels above 10 µg/dl. On the other hand, the mean cadmium concentration in umbilical cord blood was 12.0 ± 17.8 µg/dl, with 38% of neonates having levels above 10 µg/dl. The mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in maternal milk were 108.9 ± 69.4 and 5.6 ± 4.3 µg/dl, respectively. In addition, lead and cadmium in cord blood accounted for 67.8 and 136.4% compared to concentrations in maternal blood. There was negative relationship between the concentration of lead in the umbilical cord blood and the birth weight of the neonate (p = 0.006). From this study, it is evident that lead contamination and to lesser extent cadmium, pose a problem in pregnant women in this region. In addition, although the placenta appears to act as a protective barrier to the fetus, transfers of these metals to the fetus still persist. Furthermore, the concentration of lead was quite high in maternal milk and could be an important source of contamination to the infant. Finally, there was a negative association between the levels of lead in the umbilical cord blood and the birth weight. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Lead in umbilical cord blood, cadmium in umbilical cord blood, lead in maternal milk, cadmium in maternal milk, lead in placenta, cadmium in placenta, mining-smelting town.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"156-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91247768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. El-din, M. Omar, Heba M. Saad El-Din, E. Abd-Allah, A. A. Sarhan
Nitrites and morpholine are ubiquitous environmental contaminants found in drinking water and food. NMOR can be formed endogenously from nitrite and morpholine. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species/ reactive nitrite species (ROS/RNS) are involved in the mechanism of NMOR toxicity. Certain antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant potential were observed in heterocyclic benzimidazole derivatives and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This study was designed to evaluate the biological potential of 3-aminothiazolo[3-2a]benzimadzole-2-carbonitrile in the protection of lung and colon tissues against the increased levels of ROS/RNS that are induced by administration of nitrite and morpholine in drinking water for 15 weeks. Forty adult male rats were categorized into 4 groups, 10 rats each. The results showed a significant increase in NO, lipid peroxidation (LPO), total peroxides (TPO), superoxide anion (O2-) and DNA fragmentation in lung and colon tissues of rats treated with nitrite and morpholine compared to the control group. Moreover, histological observation of the lung and colon tissues showed cell necrosis, increase in the leukocyte infiltration and blood vessel congestion. Immunostaining for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) showed positive reaction for lung and colon tissues. After the co-treatment of rats with DEMSO and 3-aminothiazolo[3-2a]benzimadzole-2-carbonitrile, all the previous biochemical changes were reduced in addition to the relative improvement in the morphological changes of both lung and colon. In conclusion, the injury in lung and colon tissues induced by nitrite and morpholine may return to the increased production of ROS and to the alterations in the levels of antioxidants. Co-treatment of rats with 3-aminothiazolo[3-2a]benzimadzole-2-carbonitrile and DMSO may protect them against nitrite and morpholine toxicity. Key words: Nitrite, morpholine, nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), benzimidazole derivatives, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), colon, lung, rat.
{"title":"The protective role of 3-aminothiazolo(3- 2a)benzimadzole-2-carbonitrile against lung and colon injury induced by nitrosomorpholine in adult male albino rat","authors":"H. El-din, M. Omar, Heba M. Saad El-Din, E. Abd-Allah, A. A. Sarhan","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS12.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS12.011","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrites and morpholine are ubiquitous environmental contaminants found in drinking water and food. NMOR can be formed endogenously from nitrite and morpholine. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species/ reactive nitrite species (ROS/RNS) are involved in the mechanism of NMOR toxicity. Certain antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant potential were observed in heterocyclic benzimidazole derivatives and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This study was designed to evaluate the biological potential of 3-aminothiazolo[3-2a]benzimadzole-2-carbonitrile in the protection of lung and colon tissues against the increased levels of ROS/RNS that are induced by administration of nitrite and morpholine in drinking water for 15 weeks. Forty adult male rats were categorized into 4 groups, 10 rats each. The results showed a significant increase in NO, lipid peroxidation (LPO), total peroxides (TPO), superoxide anion (O2-) and DNA fragmentation in lung and colon tissues of rats treated with nitrite and morpholine compared to the control group. Moreover, histological observation of the lung and colon tissues showed cell necrosis, increase in the leukocyte infiltration and blood vessel congestion. Immunostaining for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) showed positive reaction for lung and colon tissues. After the co-treatment of rats with DEMSO and 3-aminothiazolo[3-2a]benzimadzole-2-carbonitrile, all the previous biochemical changes were reduced in addition to the relative improvement in the morphological changes of both lung and colon. In conclusion, the injury in lung and colon tissues induced by nitrite and morpholine may return to the increased production of ROS and to the alterations in the levels of antioxidants. Co-treatment of rats with 3-aminothiazolo[3-2a]benzimadzole-2-carbonitrile and DMSO may protect them against nitrite and morpholine toxicity. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Nitrite, morpholine, nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), benzimidazole derivatives, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), colon, lung, rat.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"71 1","pages":"111-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85739197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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