Ian Vianna da Rocha, E. C. Reis, Priscila Reis da Silva, G. H. Cavalcanti, R. Coutinho, M. Reynier
Drilling activities usually discharge large quantities of fluids and drill cuttings, which are composed of fine particles, such as barite, that can physically affect Lophelia pertusa. An experiment to assess the effects of barite smothering on L. pertusa was conducted with a water recirculation system. The corals were collected in Santos Basin, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 23 L cone-shaped aquaria, adapted with an individual water recirculation system. Each exposure to suspended barite particles (50 and 100 mg•L-1) plus a control group was maintained in triplicate. Three nubbins were accommodated in the aquaria and acclimated for 7 days. The experimental design simulated two cycles of discharge, followed by a recovery cycle of 7 days each, totaling 35 days. Nine polyps per treatment were monitored twice per day regarding their behavior levels. Time-lapse photographs were also taken during the recovery periods. Total polyp survival in the control was 100%, while those in the 50 and 100 mg•L-1 groups were 94.2 and 93.6%, respectively, with no significant difference between treatments. Polyp activity was different between treatments, with both exposed aquaria displaying higher activity than control. This was probably related to the natural cleaning behavior of L. pertusa. Key words: Barite smothering, sedimentation, impacts of oil and gas industry, Santos Basin, Southeastern Brazil, South Atlantic.
{"title":"Deep-sea coral Lophelia pertusa laboratory maintenance and exposure to barite using water recirculation systems","authors":"Ian Vianna da Rocha, E. C. Reis, Priscila Reis da Silva, G. H. Cavalcanti, R. Coutinho, M. Reynier","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0486","url":null,"abstract":"Drilling activities usually discharge large quantities of fluids and drill cuttings, which are composed of fine particles, such as barite, that can physically affect Lophelia pertusa. An experiment to assess the effects of barite smothering on L. pertusa was conducted with a water recirculation system. The corals were collected in Santos Basin, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 23 L cone-shaped aquaria, adapted with an individual water recirculation system. Each exposure to suspended barite particles (50 and 100 mg•L-1) plus a control group was maintained in triplicate. Three nubbins were accommodated in the aquaria and acclimated for 7 days. The experimental design simulated two cycles of discharge, followed by a recovery cycle of 7 days each, totaling 35 days. Nine polyps per treatment were monitored twice per day regarding their behavior levels. Time-lapse photographs were also taken during the recovery periods. Total polyp survival in the control was 100%, while those in the 50 and 100 mg•L-1 groups were 94.2 and 93.6%, respectively, with no significant difference between treatments. Polyp activity was different between treatments, with both exposed aquaria displaying higher activity than control. This was probably related to the natural cleaning behavior of L. pertusa. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Barite smothering, sedimentation, impacts of oil and gas industry, Santos Basin, Southeastern Brazil, South Atlantic.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89722817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Abam, S. Kuyooro, Shawai Abubakar, Esther Chineyenwa Dim
Lead and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are common environmental toxicants of concern around the world. Although effects of individual exposures to both agents are well documented, there is a dearth of information on the effects of co-exposure to both agents. In this study, combined exposure to lead and DEHP was investigated for effects on ATPase activities in the liver, brain and kidney tissues of rats. Male albino rats were daily exposed to either 200 ppm lead as lead acetate in their drinking water and/or 100 mg DEHP kg-1 body weight in olive oil by gastric intubation for 30 days. Changes in total body weight, relative organ weights as well as brain, hepatic and renal activities of total, Na+K+ -, Ca2+ - and Mg2+-ATPases were used as biomarkers of toxicity. Hepatomegaly and brain atrophy heralded exposure to both agents. Individual exposure to lead and DEHP resulted in reduction in hepatic Ca2+- and Mg2+- ATPase activities but no significant effect on total ATPase activity, however combined exposure produced significant activation of Ca2+-, Na+K+- and total ATPase while restoring Mg2+ - ATPase towards control. A potentiating effect on lead by DEHP was observed in hepatic Na+K+ - ATPase. Lead stimulated the activities of renal Ca2+- and total ATPases while DEHP on the contrary caused significant reduction in total ATPase activity and no significant effects on Ca2+- ATPase activity. Co-treatment produced antagonistic effects leading to normal renal Ca2+- and total ATPase activities. Brain Na+K+ -, Ca2+ - and total ATPase activities were depressed in co-exposure while Mg2+ - ATPase was up-regulated. Lead potentiated DEHP-induced inhibition of brain total - ATPase while co-treatment produced antagonistic effects on brain Ca2+ - ATPase. The findings of this study highlight organ specific variations in response to combined lead and DEHP exposure in rats. Key words: Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, ATPases, DEHP, lead, co-exposure, hepatomegaly.
{"title":"Hepatotoxic and neurotoxic effects of combined lead and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure: Activation of total -, Ca2+- and Na+K+- ATPases in the liver of male rats","authors":"E. Abam, S. Kuyooro, Shawai Abubakar, Esther Chineyenwa Dim","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0466","url":null,"abstract":"Lead and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are common environmental toxicants of concern around the world. Although effects of individual exposures to both agents are well documented, there is a dearth of information on the effects of co-exposure to both agents. In this study, combined exposure to lead and DEHP was investigated for effects on ATPase activities in the liver, brain and kidney tissues of rats. Male albino rats were daily exposed to either 200 ppm lead as lead acetate in their drinking water and/or 100 mg DEHP kg-1 body weight in olive oil by gastric intubation for 30 days. Changes in total body weight, relative organ weights as well as brain, hepatic and renal activities of total, Na+K+ -, Ca2+ - and Mg2+-ATPases were used as biomarkers of toxicity. Hepatomegaly and brain atrophy heralded exposure to both agents. Individual exposure to lead and DEHP resulted in reduction in hepatic Ca2+- and Mg2+- ATPase activities but no significant effect on total ATPase activity, however combined exposure produced significant activation of Ca2+-, Na+K+- and total ATPase while restoring Mg2+ - ATPase towards control. A potentiating effect on lead by DEHP was observed in hepatic Na+K+ - ATPase. Lead stimulated the activities of renal Ca2+- and total ATPases while DEHP on the contrary caused significant reduction in total ATPase activity and no significant effects on Ca2+- ATPase activity. Co-treatment produced antagonistic effects leading to normal renal Ca2+- and total ATPase activities. Brain Na+K+ -, Ca2+ - and total ATPase activities were depressed in co-exposure while Mg2+ - ATPase was up-regulated. Lead potentiated DEHP-induced inhibition of brain total - ATPase while co-treatment produced antagonistic effects on brain Ca2+ - ATPase. The findings of this study highlight organ specific variations in response to combined lead and DEHP exposure in rats. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, ATPases, DEHP, lead, co-exposure, hepatomegaly.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82234601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our studies have indicated that the relative concentration of Se or Hg to As in urine and blood positively correlates with percentage of inorganic arsenic (% Inorg-As) and percentage of monomethlyarsonic acid [% MMA (V)]. We also found a negative correlation with percentage of dimethylarsinic acid [% DMA (V)] and the ratio of % DMA (V) to % MMA (V). In another study, we found that a group of proteins were significantly over expressed and conversely other groups were under-expressed in tissues in Na-As (III) treated hamsters. Introduction.Inorganic arsenic (Inorg-As) in drinking water.One of the largest public health problems at present is the drinking of water containing levels of Inorg-As that are known to be carcinogenic. At least 200 million people globally are at risk of dying because of arsenic (As) in their drinking water1-3. The chronic ingestion of Inorg-As can results in skin cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, and cancer of other organs1-3. The maximum contamination level (MCL) of U.S. drinking water for arsenic is 10 ug/L. The arsenic related public health problem in the U.S. is not at present anywhere near that of India4, Bangladesh4, and other countries5. Metabolism and toxicity of Inorg-As and arsenic species.Inorg-As is metabolized in the body by alternating reduction of pentavalent arsenic to trivalent form by enzymes and addition of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine6, 7; it is excreted mainly in urine as DMA (V)8. Inorganic arsenate [Inorg-As (V)]is biotransformed to Inorg-As (III), MMA (V), MMA (III), DMA (V), and DMA (III)6(Fig. 1). Therefore, the study of the toxicology of Inorg-As (V) involves at least these six chemical forms of arsenic. Studies reported the presence of 3+ oxidation state arsenic biotransformants [MMA (III) and DMA (III)] in human urine9and in animal tissues10. The MMA (III) and DMA (III) are more toxic than other arsenicals11, 12. In particular MMA (III) is highly toxic11, 12. In increased % MMA in urine has been recognized in arsenic toxicity13. In addition, people with a small % MMA in urine show less retention of arsenic14. Thus, the higher prevalence of toxic effects with increased % MMA in urine could be attributed to the presence of toxic MMA (III) in the tissue. Previous studies also indicated that males are more susceptible to the As related skin effects than females13, 15. A study in the U.S population reported that females excreted a lower % Inorg-As as well as % MMA, and a higher % DMA than did males16. Abbreviation: SAM, S-adenosyl-L-methionine; SAHC, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Differences in susceptibility to arsenic toxicity might be manifested by differences in arsenic metabolism among people. Several factors (for examples, genetic factors, sex, duration and dosage of exposure, nutritional and dietary factors, etc.) could be influence for biotransformation of Inorg-As,6, 17 and other unknown factors may also be involved. The interaction between As, Se, and Hg.The toxicity of one
{"title":"Selenium (Se) as well as mercury (Hg) may influence the methylation and toxicity of inorganic arsenic, but further research is needed with combination of Inorg-arsenic, Se, and Hg","authors":"U. Chowdhury","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.46","url":null,"abstract":"Our studies have indicated that the relative concentration of Se or Hg to As in urine and blood positively correlates with percentage of inorganic arsenic (% Inorg-As) and percentage of monomethlyarsonic acid [% MMA (V)]. We also found a negative correlation with percentage of dimethylarsinic acid [% DMA (V)] and the ratio of % DMA (V) to % MMA (V). In another study, we found that a group of proteins were significantly over expressed and conversely other groups were under-expressed in tissues in Na-As (III) treated hamsters. \u0000Introduction.Inorganic arsenic (Inorg-As) in drinking water.One of the largest public health problems at present is the drinking of water containing levels of Inorg-As that are known to be carcinogenic. At least 200 million people globally are at risk of dying because of arsenic (As) in their drinking water1-3. The chronic ingestion of Inorg-As can results in skin cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, and cancer of other organs1-3. The maximum contamination level (MCL) of U.S. drinking water for arsenic is 10 ug/L. The arsenic related public health problem in the U.S. is not at present anywhere near that of India4, Bangladesh4, and other countries5. \u0000Metabolism and toxicity of Inorg-As and arsenic species.Inorg-As is metabolized in the body by alternating reduction of pentavalent arsenic to trivalent form by enzymes and addition of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine6, 7; it is excreted mainly in urine as DMA (V)8. Inorganic arsenate [Inorg-As (V)]is biotransformed to Inorg-As (III), MMA (V), MMA (III), DMA (V), and DMA (III)6(Fig. 1). Therefore, the study of the toxicology of Inorg-As (V) involves at least these six chemical forms of arsenic. Studies reported the presence of 3+ oxidation state arsenic biotransformants [MMA (III) and DMA (III)] in human urine9and in animal tissues10. The MMA (III) and DMA (III) are more toxic than other arsenicals11, 12. In particular MMA (III) is highly toxic11, 12. In increased % MMA in urine has been recognized in arsenic toxicity13. In addition, people with a small % MMA in urine show less retention of arsenic14. Thus, the higher prevalence of toxic effects with increased % MMA in urine could be attributed to the presence of toxic MMA (III) in the tissue. Previous studies also indicated that males are more susceptible to the As related skin effects than females13, 15. A study in the U.S population reported that females excreted a lower % Inorg-As as well as % MMA, and a higher % DMA than did males16. \u0000Abbreviation: SAM, S-adenosyl-L-methionine; SAHC, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. \u0000Differences in susceptibility to arsenic toxicity might be manifested by differences in arsenic metabolism among people. Several factors (for examples, genetic factors, sex, duration and dosage of exposure, nutritional and dietary factors, etc.) could be influence for biotransformation of Inorg-As,6, 17 and other unknown factors may also be involved. \u0000The interaction between As, Se, and Hg.The toxicity of one ","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78033851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern sociology has a special look at the three associated variables of environment, water and energy. The three variables are not in a harmonial state in many parts of the globe. Some have access to two, or not sufficient to one. Only a few countries are in an equilibrium state of the three. For example, many African countries are in short fall of water and energy. What sociologists suggest is to bring about resources enough as far as the three parts are concerned. In the past, the threefold relationship was less considered and measured, but currently with the heavy weight of population over 7.8 billion world over (WPDS, 2020), balance between the three is inevitable. While population all over the world has increased considerably, water resources have not increased in the same way. Moreover, in the past, population dependency on energy was not that much. But, in the industrial age of today, man is highly in need of energy of different types to maintain life. However, waste and wastewater have become problematic in current age and in most parts of the world. The emerging situation is polluting environment, seas and water streams. It is more observable in less developed world than the developed world. Therefore, the water and energy crisis is wide and ongoing. It is discussed elaborately in the present article. However, national security could be accessible only if water-energy policies are there (Bauer et el. 2014). Introduction The threefold relationship of environment, water and energy is very important from a sociological point of view. Although in the past these three variables were less considered, and their relationship with each other has been less measured, at the same time, following the comprehensive development of modern societies, the tripartite relationship of these variables is inevitable today. To have a healthy environment, enough water resources and enough energy, you must always invest in it. While energy is highly dependent on water, the supply and transfer of water, and the disposal and transfer of wastewater also require energy. Therefore, water and energy, while being necessary for each other, also ensure the health and safety of individuals. Existence of lakes, dams and other similar sources generate energy through and with the power of these elements. At the same time, energy itself transports water resources from one region to another. It also happens with the energy power of the waste disposal system or system. Otherwise, the health of individuals and the health of society in general will face irreparable risks. In the past, when such facilities were less available, many health problems arose that eventually led to an increase in mortality. Therefore, in order to have a healthy environment, providing water and energy resources is very vital and inevitable. Likewise, drinking water itself needs energy for purification and purification operations, and re-pumping to consumers. This means that any interaction regarding t
如果更多的人口压力施加到城市地区，它将给我们带来额外的压力
{"title":"Triangle of Environment, Water and Energy: A Sociological Appraisal","authors":"M. Sheykhi","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.48","url":null,"abstract":"Modern sociology has a special look at the three associated variables of environment, water and energy. The three variables are not in a harmonial state in many parts of the globe. Some have access to two, or not sufficient to one. Only a few countries are in an equilibrium state of the three. For example, many African countries are in short fall of water and energy. What sociologists suggest is to bring about resources enough as far as the three parts are concerned. In the past, the threefold relationship was less considered and measured, but currently with the heavy weight of population over 7.8 billion world over (WPDS, 2020), balance between the three is inevitable. While population all over the world has increased considerably, water resources have not increased in the same way. Moreover, in the past, population dependency on energy was not that much. But, in the industrial age of today, man is highly in need of energy of different types to maintain life. However, waste and wastewater have become problematic in current age and in most parts of the world. The emerging situation is polluting environment, seas and water streams. It is more observable in less developed world than the developed world. Therefore, the water and energy crisis is wide and ongoing. It is discussed elaborately in the present article. However, national security could be accessible only if water-energy policies are there (Bauer et el. 2014). \u0000Introduction \u0000The threefold relationship of environment, water and energy is very important from a sociological point of view. Although in the past these three variables were less considered, and their relationship with each other has been less measured, at the same time, following the comprehensive development of modern societies, the tripartite relationship of these variables is inevitable today. To have a healthy environment, enough water resources and enough energy, you must always invest in it. \u0000While energy is highly dependent on water, the supply and transfer of water, and the disposal and transfer of wastewater also require energy. Therefore, water and energy, while being necessary for each other, also ensure the health and safety of individuals. Existence of lakes, dams and other similar sources generate energy through and with the power of these elements. At the same time, energy itself transports water resources from one region to another. It also happens with the energy power of the waste disposal system or system. Otherwise, the health of individuals and the health of society in general will face irreparable risks. In the past, when such facilities were less available, many health problems arose that eventually led to an increase in mortality. Therefore, in order to have a healthy environment, providing water and energy resources is very vital and inevitable. Likewise, drinking water itself needs energy for purification and purification operations, and re-pumping to consumers. This means that any interaction regarding t","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"399 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76917535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields. IntroductionRadiation is energy emission in the form of electromagnetic waves emitted from the solar system and natural resources on earth. The currents produced by the elementary particles formed by the electric current create the magnetic field. Earth's surface is under the influence of the geomagnetic field emanating from the sun. However, the outer liquid also has a magnetic field created as a result of heat transfer in the core. Therefore, all living organisms on earth live under the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF). Today, besides these natural energy resources, rapidly developing technological developments provide most of the convenience in our lives and expose people to artificial electromagnetic fields. However, man's magnetic field is also under the influence of other natural and artificial magnetic fields around him. In particular, by ionizing radiation, which carries enough energy to break down the genetic material, die cells as a result of DNA damaging, and other diseases, especially cancer, can develop as a result of tissue damage. Electromagnetic Fields in Our LivesToday, apart from natural geomagnetic fields, radiation is emitted from many technological devices. The spectrum of these fields includes many different types of radiation, from subatomic radiation such as gamma and X-rays to radio waves, depending on their wavelengths. Though, as a result of the rapid increase of technological growth, the duration and amount of exposure to EMF is also steadily increasing. On the other hand, wireless gadgets such as computers, smartphones and medical radiological devices have become a necessity for humans. Almost everyone is exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from cell phone and base station antennas or other sources. Thus, the damage caused by the radiation to the environment affects living organisms even many kilometres away unlimitedly. All organisms in the world live under the influence of these negative environmental changes and a large part of the world population is exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation for a long time in their daily lives. So, though we are not aware of it, our organs and tissues are constantly exposed to radiation. Therefore, radiation adversely affects human, animal and plant health and disrupts the environment and ecological balance. An example of negative effects, radiation can cause genetic changes in the body (Figure 1). Radiation is divided into ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiations cause electron loss or gain in an atom or group of atoms in the medium they pass through. Thus, positively or negatively charged ions are formed. High energy X, gamma, ultraviolet and some visible rays in the ionized region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be counted. Since gamma rays, X rays and ultraviolet rays can ionize the molecules in living things more, they can easily disrupt the chemical structure of tissues, c
射频电磁场的基因毒性效应。辐射是以电磁波的形式从太阳系和地球上的自然资源中发射出来的能量。由电流形成的基本粒子产生的电流产生磁场。地球表面受到太阳发出的地磁场的影响。然而，外层液体也有一个磁场，这是由于核心的热传递而产生的。因此，地球上的所有生物都生活在电磁场(EMF)的影响下。今天，除了这些自然能源，快速发展的技术发展为我们的生活提供了大部分的便利，并使人们暴露在人工电磁场中。然而，人的磁场也受到周围其他自然和人工磁场的影响。特别是电离辐射，它携带足够的能量来分解遗传物质，由于DNA损伤而导致死亡细胞，以及其他疾病，特别是癌症，可能由于组织损伤而发展。今天，除了自然地磁场外，许多科技设备也会发出辐射。这些场的光谱包括许多不同类型的辐射，从亚原子辐射，如伽马射线和x射线到无线电波，取决于它们的波长。虽然，由于技术的迅速发展，接触电磁场的时间和数量也在稳步增加。另一方面，诸如电脑、智能手机和医疗放射设备等无线设备已成为人类的必需品。几乎每个人都暴露在来自手机和基站天线或其他来源的射频电磁场(RF-EMF)中。因此，辐射对环境造成的损害甚至无限地影响许多公里外的生物。世界上所有生物都生活在这些负面环境变化的影响下，世界上很大一部分人口在日常生活中长时间暴露在射频辐射下。所以，虽然我们没有意识到，但我们的器官和组织一直暴露在辐射中。因此，辐射对人类、动物和植物的健康产生不利影响，破坏环境和生态平衡。作为负面影响的一个例子，辐射可引起体内的遗传变化(图1)。辐射分为电离和非电离。电离辐射在其所通过的介质中引起原子或原子群的电子损失或获得。因此，形成带正电或负电的离子。可以计算出电磁波谱电离区的高能X射线、伽马射线、紫外线和一些可见光。由于伽马射线、X射线和紫外线更能电离生物体内的分子，它们很容易破坏生物体内组织、细胞和DNA分子的化学结构。因此，它们对生物来说是非常危险和致命的。在电磁波谱的非电离区，波的能量很低，能级不足以使分子电离。电、无线电和电视电波、微波和红外线不会电离，因为它们的能量很低。电子设备(手机、电脑、微波炉等)发出的电波会被人体和动物吸收。单位生物组织质量在单位时间内吸收的能量称为比吸收率(SAR)，其单位为W/kg。电磁场对生物的危害根据组织和器官的结构，辐射必须达到一定的阈值剂量才能产生影响。低于阈值剂量的辐射水平是无效的。根据组织和器官的结构，辐射必须达到一定的阈值剂量。小剂量的波的影响可以忽略不计。然而，超过一定阈值的波的临床效果可能会增加。高剂量波可导致组织细胞死亡。细胞的损伤可能会在一段时间后增加患癌症和遗传性损伤的风险，而暴露于辐射的人的身体效应可能会导致癌症在数年后出现。关于射频场的影响有很多研究。大鼠、植物及人体不同组织的体内外实验研究;表明射频场不具有遗传毒性，有害效应是由于热效应。在这个问题上，矛盾的结果引起了讨论。因此，人们仍然担心RFR对人体健康的潜在不利影响。充分了解射频辐射的生物效应可以防止潜在的损害。 由于这些不确定因素，世界卫生组织的电磁场项目加快了对射频辐射生物效应的实验和模拟研究。2011年，国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer)认定射频emr波可能对人类具有潜在的致癌作用(2)。考虑到几乎每个人，包括幼儿，除了使用其他科技设备外，还使用手机，电磁波的危险已经引起了社会的关注。除了刺激细胞凋亡和改变离子通道外，RF-EMF波对遗传物质也有潜在的影响。生物体吸收的辐射引起目标分子的电离。特别是，当电离辐射穿过组织时，原子的刺激/电离和分子结构的破坏可能导致生物损伤。由于细胞内电离，电子增加，自由电子造成损害，特别是在大分子和DNA中。自由电子直接或间接地运动。自由电子直接影响DNA的磷酸二酯或氢键。结果，细胞内DNA的磷酸二酯键断裂，单链或双链断裂，化学毒素增加。DNA双链断裂是电离辐射引起的最相关的生物损伤(3,4)。没有细胞能抵抗辐射。细胞核，特别是分裂细胞中的染色体对辐射非常敏感。辐射对细胞最重要的影响之一是抑制细胞生长。特别是，在细胞分裂(有丝分裂)期间暴露于辐射的细胞的生长受到损害。因此，高分裂率的细胞对辐射更敏感。体细胞DNA损伤可导致癌症发展或细胞死亡。细胞死亡是DNA分解的结果，因为电离辐射有足够的能量来分解细胞的遗传物质。因此，组织受损，可能引发癌症的发展。细胞中辐射引起的DNA损伤可通过代谢修复过程修复。如果细胞内辐射造成的DNA损伤造成的DNA断裂不是太大，它们可以通过代谢修复过程修复。但是，在此修复过程中可能会发生错误。含有不同遗传密码和信息的染色体也可能出现。在细胞中，释放的电子与水分子相互作用，间接地使水被反应分为两部分。自由基携带一个电子，这个电子在它们的轨道上没有电共享。自由基会导致DNA的遗传损伤，如核苷酸变化、双链和单链断裂。辐射会导致染色体断裂，粘在一起并重新排列。所有这些变化都可能导致突变，甚至进一步导致细胞死亡。然而，除了电离辐射外，细胞外的遗传毒性化学物质和细胞内的氧化代谢残基也可以在DNA复制和细胞分裂过程中对细胞产生应激。在这种环境胁迫条件下，DNA复制过程中可能发生损伤。迄今为止，关于RF-EMF波对遗传物质的遗传毒性作用的报道结果相互矛盾。据报道，低电磁场的能量不足以破坏DNA的化学键，但暴露时间的增加对氧自由基的形成和DNA修复过程的破坏是有效的。微波的吸收会引起细胞内明显的局部变暖。例如，在暴露于高SAR水平波的培养基中，已观察到细胞温度升高。然而，有证据表明，细胞中的活性氧是间接和实验暴露于RF-EMF波中形成的。自由基可以在DNA中产生核苷酸入口，并将细胞成分与DNA碱基结合(5)。在居住在高能量线附近的急性白血病儿童中，DNA修复机制基因中观察到的多态性频率揭示了这种能量对修复过程的影响。据报道，有重要证据表明，暴露于RF-EMF波时，各种细胞类型都会发生遗传毒性效应(6-10)。在这里，有报道称，暴露于RF-EMF波(1.800 MHz, SAR 2 W/kg)的细胞会导致线粒体DNA氧化损伤，神经元DNA断裂和羊膜细胞DNA断裂(6,10)。同样，有报道称，暴露于各种RF-EMF波的淋巴细胞也会受到损伤(8)。然而，已知暴露于RF-EMF波会导致染色体失衡、基因表达改变和基因突变。这种有害的遗传效应在神经元、血淋巴细胞、精子、红细胞、上皮细胞、造血组织、肺细胞和骨髓中也有报道(1,11,12)。 研究发现，暴露于RF-EMF辐射也会增加染色体数量畸变(6,13)。也有报道称小鼠卵母细胞中染色体分离增加
{"title":"Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields","authors":"O. Demirhan","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.50","url":null,"abstract":"Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields. \u0000IntroductionRadiation is energy emission in the form of electromagnetic waves emitted from the solar system and natural resources on earth. The currents produced by the elementary particles formed by the electric current create the magnetic field. Earth's surface is under the influence of the geomagnetic field emanating from the sun. However, the outer liquid also has a magnetic field created as a result of heat transfer in the core. Therefore, all living organisms on earth live under the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF). Today, besides these natural energy resources, rapidly developing technological developments provide most of the convenience in our lives and expose people to artificial electromagnetic fields. However, man's magnetic field is also under the influence of other natural and artificial magnetic fields around him. In particular, by ionizing radiation, which carries enough energy to break down the genetic material, die cells as a result of DNA damaging, and other diseases, especially cancer, can develop as a result of tissue damage. \u0000Electromagnetic Fields in Our LivesToday, apart from natural geomagnetic fields, radiation is emitted from many technological devices. The spectrum of these fields includes many different types of radiation, from subatomic radiation such as gamma and X-rays to radio waves, depending on their wavelengths. Though, as a result of the rapid increase of technological growth, the duration and amount of exposure to EMF is also steadily increasing. On the other hand, wireless gadgets such as computers, smartphones and medical radiological devices have become a necessity for humans. Almost everyone is exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from cell phone and base station antennas or other sources. Thus, the damage caused by the radiation to the environment affects living organisms even many kilometres away unlimitedly. All organisms in the world live under the influence of these negative environmental changes and a large part of the world population is exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation for a long time in their daily lives. So, though we are not aware of it, our organs and tissues are constantly exposed to radiation. Therefore, radiation adversely affects human, animal and plant health and disrupts the environment and ecological balance. An example of negative effects, radiation can cause genetic changes in the body (Figure 1). \u0000Radiation is divided into ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiations cause electron loss or gain in an atom or group of atoms in the medium they pass through. Thus, positively or negatively charged ions are formed. High energy X, gamma, ultraviolet and some visible rays in the ionized region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be counted. Since gamma rays, X rays and ultraviolet rays can ionize the molecules in living things more, they can easily disrupt the chemical structure of tissues, c","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81029869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leafy vegetables are used in making soups, local salads and diverse forms of foods for human consumption is common in Africa. These vegetables include Brassica oleracea (cabbage), Phaseolus vulgaris (green beans) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes). The area of study is famous for agriculture and mining activities; Farmers cultivate them on degraded farmlands polluted with metals; these vegetables absorb these metals thereby making them enter the food chain. During dry season, water from mining ponds is used for irrigation. Industrial waste water is also used. Levels of cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), were assessed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optically Emitting Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) equipment. Five samples of each vegetable were collected randomly from different irrigation farms situated at Bassa, Bisichi and Zaramaganda. Graph pad prism-7 multiple comparison tests in a one-way ANOVA was used to compare variations in metal concentrations at 95% confidence limit. Pb, As and Cd were not detected in water samples from Bisichi but mean level of Cd and Pb in water from Bassa and Zaramaganda were 0.932 mg/L (P=0.05) and 1.242 mg/L (P=0.05); 0.84 mg/L (P=0.05) and 16.338 mg/L (P=0.05), respectively relative the FAO/WHO safe limits. Water samples from Bassa contained Cu whose level was above (P=0.05) safe limits; only one was below the standard (P>0.05). Samples from Zaramaganda contained highest levels of the metals. cabbage and green beans from Zaramaganda and Bisichi contained Pb, Cu above (P=0.05) the FAO/WHO limit. Mean Pb content in cabbage and green beans from Bisichi was 2.099 and 0.189 mg/kg respectively. From Bassa, Pb content in tomatoes and green beans were 0.086 and 491.31 mg/kg respectively. From Zaramaganda, Pb content in green beans and tomatoes were 12.31 and 14.522 mg/kg; level of Cd in green beans 0.481 mg/kg. Considering Cu, tomato from Bassa contained highest level, 64.310 mg/kg (P=0.05), green beans from Zarmaganda was 48.251 mg/kg (P=0.05), tomato from Bisichi contained 38.541(P=0.05) relative safe limits. In conclusion, the significant concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the vegetables in the area of study, which are routinely used in making soups, portage and local salads, predispose consumers to, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inhibition of the heme biosynthesis pathway, hemolysis and febrile reactions due to their respective toxicities.
{"title":"Evaluation of the levels of selected heavy metals in leafy vegetables from irrigation farming sites in Jos, Plateau, Nigeria","authors":"Y. Samuel, E. O. Ochube","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0488","url":null,"abstract":"Leafy vegetables are used in making soups, local salads and diverse forms of foods for human consumption is common in Africa. These vegetables include Brassica oleracea (cabbage), Phaseolus vulgaris (green beans) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes). The area of study is famous for agriculture and mining activities; Farmers cultivate them on degraded farmlands polluted with metals; these vegetables absorb these metals thereby making them enter the food chain. During dry season, water from mining ponds is used for irrigation. Industrial waste water is also used. Levels of cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), were assessed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optically Emitting Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) equipment. Five samples of each vegetable were collected randomly from different irrigation farms situated at Bassa, Bisichi and Zaramaganda. Graph pad prism-7 multiple comparison tests in a one-way ANOVA was used to compare variations in metal concentrations at 95% confidence limit. Pb, As and Cd were not detected in water samples from Bisichi but mean level of Cd and Pb in water from Bassa and Zaramaganda were 0.932 mg/L (P=0.05) and 1.242 mg/L (P=0.05); 0.84 mg/L (P=0.05) and 16.338 mg/L (P=0.05), respectively relative the FAO/WHO safe limits. Water samples from Bassa contained Cu whose level was above (P=0.05) safe limits; only one was below the standard (P>0.05). Samples from Zaramaganda contained highest levels of the metals. cabbage and green beans from Zaramaganda and Bisichi contained Pb, Cu above (P=0.05) the FAO/WHO limit. Mean Pb content in cabbage and green beans from Bisichi was 2.099 and 0.189 mg/kg respectively. From Bassa, Pb content in tomatoes and green beans were 0.086 and 491.31 mg/kg respectively. From Zaramaganda, Pb content in green beans and tomatoes were 12.31 and 14.522 mg/kg; level of Cd in green beans 0.481 mg/kg. Considering Cu, tomato from Bassa contained highest level, 64.310 mg/kg (P=0.05), green beans from Zarmaganda was 48.251 mg/kg (P=0.05), tomato from Bisichi contained 38.541(P=0.05) relative safe limits. In conclusion, the significant concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the vegetables in the area of study, which are routinely used in making soups, portage and local salads, predispose consumers to, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inhibition of the heme biosynthesis pathway, hemolysis and febrile reactions due to their respective toxicities.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86901833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although much research has been conducted regarding asbestos removal and worker exposure, there are gaps in our understanding of the extent of asbestos-containing materials still present in building materials and the effectiveness of exposure controls used during the removal of these materials. We conducted a review of third party surveys and exposure assessment reports to: (1) Evaluate the exposure levels measured by personal and area asbestos air sampling during abatement of ceiling and other building materials to measure the effectiveness of site controls, (2) summarize the type and concentration of asbestos identified in residential and commercial buildings’ building materials. A literature research was performed using Bing, Google, and Yahoo search engines to identify (commercially) unpublished asbestos survey reports and air sampling reports during asbestos removal to assess exposure potentials. The data extracted resulted in 3012 bulk samples assessed for concentration and type; 617 contained asbestos. Forty-one types of Asbestos-containing material (ACM) were identified. All ACMs identified were chrysotile. The chrysotile concentration in the bulk samples ranged from non-detectable to 100%. Air sampling exposure data from two asbestos abatement projects were assessed. The maximum unweighted (time) personal exposure measured was 0.0201 f/cc. Based on our evaluation of the exposure records from the removal of ACM in both commercial and residential settings where type and concentration of asbestos was known, the risk for overexposure is low based on the effectiveness of implemented risk management strategies. Key words: Asbestos, abatement, occupational exposure , environmental monitoring.
{"title":"Asbestos exposure risk from ceiling and other building materials","authors":"K. Guth, U. Desai, J. McCluskey, R. Harbison","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2020.0467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2020.0467","url":null,"abstract":"Although much research has been conducted regarding asbestos removal and worker exposure, there are gaps in our understanding of the extent of asbestos-containing materials still present in building materials and the effectiveness of exposure controls used during the removal of these materials. We conducted a review of third party surveys and exposure assessment reports to: (1) Evaluate the exposure levels measured by personal and area asbestos air sampling during abatement of ceiling and other building materials to measure the effectiveness of site controls, (2) summarize the type and concentration of asbestos identified in residential and commercial buildings’ building materials. A literature research was performed using Bing, Google, and Yahoo search engines to identify (commercially) unpublished asbestos survey reports and air sampling reports during asbestos removal to assess exposure potentials. The data extracted resulted in 3012 bulk samples assessed for concentration and type; 617 contained asbestos. Forty-one types of Asbestos-containing material (ACM) were identified. All ACMs identified were chrysotile. The chrysotile concentration in the bulk samples ranged from non-detectable to 100%. Air sampling exposure data from two asbestos abatement projects were assessed. The maximum unweighted (time) personal exposure measured was 0.0201 f/cc. Based on our evaluation of the exposure records from the removal of ACM in both commercial and residential settings where type and concentration of asbestos was known, the risk for overexposure is low based on the effectiveness of implemented risk management strategies. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Asbestos, abatement, occupational exposure , environmental monitoring.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"46-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87415504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a common water pollutant linked to Parkinson’s Disease (PD), induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration. L-Theanine (L-Th) was explored as a potential treatment for TCE-induced PD due to its previously elucidated neuroprotective properties. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and cell density were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay (n=8), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay (n=4), and cell image analysis (n=6), respectively. GT1-7 and SK-N-SH cells served as dopaminergic and neuronal cell models, respectively. In GT1-7 cells, L-Th 600 μM diminished TCE 1000 μM-induced cell death and TCE 1000 μM-induced LDH release by 81% (p<0.001) and 38% (p<0.001), respectively, after 48 h. L-Th also did not significantly impact LDH leakage in healthy GT1-7 cells. In SK-N-SH cells, L-Th 600 μM attenuated TCE 100 μM’s neurodegenerative effects by increasing cellular density and cellular area by 118% (p<0.01) and 170% (p<0.001), respectively, after 24 h. L-Th’s mitigation of TCE’s neurotoxic and neurodegenerative effects in dopaminergic neurons can prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration: linked to PD onset. L-Th’s ability to preserve healthy GT1-7 cells indicates that L-Th not neurotoxic in vitro. This research marks the identification of the first potential treatment for TCE-induced PD. Future investigations should explore the mechanism of L-Th and TCE’s interactions. Keywords: Trichloroethylene, environmental toxin, L-Theanine, Parkinson’s disease, neurodegeneration.
{"title":"L-Theanine: Neuroprotective against Trichloroethylene-induced Parkinsons disease hallmarks","authors":"Justin Z Y Shen","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2020.0468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2020.0468","url":null,"abstract":"Trichloroethylene (TCE), a common water pollutant linked to Parkinson’s Disease (PD), induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration. L-Theanine (L-Th) was explored as a potential treatment for TCE-induced PD due to its previously elucidated neuroprotective properties. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and cell density were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay (n=8), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay (n=4), and cell image analysis (n=6), respectively. GT1-7 and SK-N-SH cells served as dopaminergic and neuronal cell models, respectively. In GT1-7 cells, L-Th 600 μM diminished TCE 1000 μM-induced cell death and TCE 1000 μM-induced LDH release by 81% (p<0.001) and 38% (p<0.001), respectively, after 48 h. L-Th also did not significantly impact LDH leakage in healthy GT1-7 cells. In SK-N-SH cells, L-Th 600 μM attenuated TCE 100 μM’s neurodegenerative effects by increasing cellular density and cellular area by 118% (p<0.01) and 170% (p<0.001), respectively, after 24 h. L-Th’s mitigation of TCE’s neurotoxic and neurodegenerative effects in dopaminergic neurons can prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration: linked to PD onset. L-Th’s ability to preserve healthy GT1-7 cells indicates that L-Th not neurotoxic in vitro. This research marks the identification of the first potential treatment for TCE-induced PD. Future investigations should explore the mechanism of L-Th and TCE’s interactions. \u0000 \u0000 Keywords: Trichloroethylene, environmental toxin, L-Theanine, Parkinson’s disease, neurodegeneration.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75698207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boboh Vabi Michael, O. Christopher, Isaac Ogara Maikasuwa, Ayinde Ajeigbe Hakeem, A. Abba
The kernel of groundnut and groundnut-based products are easily contaminated by aflatoxin: a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. A total of 526 samples of groundnut and groundnut-based products were collected from six states in Nigeria namely Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto and Benue States and analyzed for Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) contamination using the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Results of the analysis revealed that both groundnut kernel and processed products had varying levels of AfB1 contamination. While AfB1 contamination levels varied between 7.82 and 12.33 µg/kg in kernels of local groundnut varieties, they ranged between 3.79 and 6.79 µg/kg in those of improved groundnut varieties. Mean AfB1 levels in groundnut-based products ranged from 12.30 to 99.37 µg/kg, with the highest recorded in kuli-kuli - a by-product of groundnut oil processing. Variability between mean AfB1 contamination levels in groundnut kernels of improved and local varieties were significant while no statistical difference was found between mean AfB1 contamination levels in groundnut kernels between/amongst the states. Outcomes of the study suggest that an integrated approach including the use of improved groundnut varieties, appropriate crop management practices and awareness creation on food safety, and notably on aflatoxin, could mitigate contamination in the groundnut value chain. Key words: Aflatoxin B1, prevalence, groundnut, distribution, Nigeria.
{"title":"Prevalence and distribution of aflatoxin (AfB1) in groundnut and groundnut-based products in Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"Boboh Vabi Michael, O. Christopher, Isaac Ogara Maikasuwa, Ayinde Ajeigbe Hakeem, A. Abba","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2020.0458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2020.0458","url":null,"abstract":"The kernel of groundnut and groundnut-based products are easily contaminated by aflatoxin: a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. A total of 526 samples of groundnut and groundnut-based products were collected from six states in Nigeria namely Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto and Benue States and analyzed for Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) contamination using the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Results of the analysis revealed that both groundnut kernel and processed products had varying levels of AfB1 contamination. While AfB1 contamination levels varied between 7.82 and 12.33 µg/kg in kernels of local groundnut varieties, they ranged between 3.79 and 6.79 µg/kg in those of improved groundnut varieties. Mean AfB1 levels in groundnut-based products ranged from 12.30 to 99.37 µg/kg, with the highest recorded in kuli-kuli - a by-product of groundnut oil processing. Variability between mean AfB1 contamination levels in groundnut kernels of improved and local varieties were significant while no statistical difference was found between mean AfB1 contamination levels in groundnut kernels between/amongst the states. Outcomes of the study suggest that an integrated approach including the use of improved groundnut varieties, appropriate crop management practices and awareness creation on food safety, and notably on aflatoxin, could mitigate contamination in the groundnut value chain. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Aflatoxin B1, prevalence, groundnut, distribution, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86600933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. U. Gabriel-Brisibe, T. Odinga, P. G. Wokocha, Agara H.N, T. C. Adinde
Air fresheners are widely used as a means of eliminating bad odour, albeit, it has been reported to be associated with some health risks. This work investigated the effect of acute exposure to air freshener on the antioxidant biomarkers of Wistar rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were used for this study. The rats were divided into four groups of six rats each, labeled group 1, group 2, group 3, and group 4. Group 1, served as control which was not exposed to air freshener. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed in a tightly enclosed cage to air freshener at 6, 9 and 12 h daily, respectively. The rats were sacrificed and blood collected in a sample bottle for analysis of the following antioxidants biomarkers; reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) after 14 and 28 days of exposure. The results showed that the blood MDA concentration increased significantly at p≤0.05 with increase in exposure time, a concurrent decrease in catalase and reduced glutathione concentration was observed significantly in the exposed groups when compared to the control. The decrease in SOD was concentration dependent, although not statistically significant, while an inconsistent decrease in the GPx and GST concentrations were observed in exposed groups when compared with the control group. These findings suggest that exposure to air freshener increased oxidative stress, thereby posing potential health hazards to the regular consumers. This study therefore suggests a reduction in exposure to air fresheners as its adverse health effect is proportional to the length of exposure. Key words: Air freshener, antioxidant, air pollution, oxidative stress.
{"title":"Exposure to air freshner and its distresses on the antioxidant biomarkers of male Wistar rats","authors":"C. U. Gabriel-Brisibe, T. Odinga, P. G. Wokocha, Agara H.N, T. C. Adinde","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2020.0460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2020.0460","url":null,"abstract":"Air fresheners are widely used as a means of eliminating bad odour, albeit, it has been reported to be associated with some health risks. This work investigated the effect of acute exposure to air freshener on the antioxidant biomarkers of Wistar rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were used for this study. The rats were divided into four groups of six rats each, labeled group 1, group 2, group 3, and group 4. Group 1, served as control which was not exposed to air freshener. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed in a tightly enclosed cage to air freshener at 6, 9 and 12 h daily, respectively. The rats were sacrificed and blood collected in a sample bottle for analysis of the following antioxidants biomarkers; reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) after 14 and 28 days of exposure. The results showed that the blood MDA concentration increased significantly at p≤0.05 with increase in exposure time, a concurrent decrease in catalase and reduced glutathione concentration was observed significantly in the exposed groups when compared to the control. The decrease in SOD was concentration dependent, although not statistically significant, while an inconsistent decrease in the GPx and GST concentrations were observed in exposed groups when compared with the control group. These findings suggest that exposure to air freshener increased oxidative stress, thereby posing potential health hazards to the regular consumers. This study therefore suggests a reduction in exposure to air fresheners as its adverse health effect is proportional to the length of exposure. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Air freshener, antioxidant, air pollution, oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"22-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82742576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：