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Household Heterogeneity in Valuing Electricity Demand Flexibility Services 评估电力需求弹性服务的家庭异质性
Pub Date : 2020-03-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3562263
Aemiro Melkamu Daniel
In this paper, we seek to investigate heterogeneity in households’ valuation of electricity contract attributes that reflect demand-side flexibility in the Swedish residential sector. Using stated preference data generated from a choice experiment, we estimate a mixed logit model in willingness-to-pay space and derive individual-specific conditional mean valuations for contract attributes which include various load controls and distribution of electricity consumption information. We perform a posterior analysis and identify different segments based on the monetary values households attach to the contract attributes. We find that a large proportion of households asks for substantial compensation to accept various load controls and to share their electricity consumption information. However, some households are willing to share their electricity consumption information and ask for relatively lower compensation to allow load controls. We also find that some households that accept load controls at a relatively low compensation require a sizeable compensation to share their electricity consumption information, and vice versa. From the perspective of the contract providers, these findings suggest that information-optional contracts can generate more customers than contracts that bundle households’ consumption information with various load controls.
在本文中,我们试图调查家庭对反映瑞典住宅部门需求侧灵活性的电力合同属性估值的异质性。使用从选择实验中生成的陈述偏好数据,我们估计了支付意愿空间中的混合logit模型,并推导了包括各种负荷控制和电力消费信息分布在内的合同属性的个人特定条件均值估值。我们进行了后验分析,并根据家庭对合同属性的货币价值确定了不同的部分。我们发现,很大一部分家庭要求大量补偿,以接受各种负荷控制和分享他们的用电信息。然而,一些家庭愿意分享他们的用电信息,并要求相对较低的补偿,以允许负荷控制。我们还发现,一些以相对较低的补偿接受负荷控制的家庭需要相当大的补偿来分享他们的用电量信息,反之亦然。从合同提供者的角度来看,这些发现表明信息可选合同比将家庭消费信息与各种负荷控制捆绑在一起的合同可以产生更多的客户。
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引用次数: 1
Reminders Work, But for Whom? Evidence from New York City Parking-Ticket Recipients 提醒有用,但对谁有用?来自纽约市停车罚单收款人的证据
Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2889749
Ori Heffetz, Ted O’Donoghue, H. Schneider
We investigate heterogeneity in responsiveness to reminder letters among New York City parking ticket recipients. Using variation in the timing of letters, we find a strong aggregate response. But we find large differences across individuals: those with a low baseline propensity to respond to tickets—a natural nudge target—react least to letters. These low-response types, who incur significant late penalties, disproportionately come from already disadvantaged groups. They do react strongly to traditional, incentive-based interventions. We discuss how accounting for response heterogeneity might change one’s approach to policy and how one might use our analysis to target interventions at low-response types. (JEL D04, D12, D91, H71)
我们调查了纽约市停车罚单接收者对提醒信的反应的异质性。使用字母时间的变化,我们发现了强烈的总体反应。但是我们发现个体之间存在很大的差异:那些对门票(一个自然的推动目标)的反应基线倾向较低的人对信件的反应最小。这些低反应类型的人会招致严重的后期惩罚,他们不成比例地来自已经处于不利地位的群体。他们确实对传统的、基于激励的干预措施反应强烈。我们讨论了对反应异质性的解释可能如何改变一个人制定政策的方法,以及如何利用我们的分析来针对低反应类型的干预措施。(凝胶d04, d12, d91, h71)
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引用次数: 7
The Consumer Behavior toward Online Travelling Agency (OTA): Evidence from Indonesia 消费者对在线旅行社(OTA)的行为:来自印度尼西亚的证据
Pub Date : 2020-03-18 DOI: 10.18510/ijthr.2020.713
H. B. Winarko, Asmaul Husna
Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine five proposed research models and understand the factors affecting customer expectation, service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and brand loyalty in Online Travel Agent (OTA) companies. This study also evaluates the general feelings of the customers whether they feel satisfied or not with OTA products and/or services. Methodology: The research method of this study used a quantitative approach and analyzed the acquired data by using single and multiple linear regression techniques. The service quality, customer expectation, corporate image, perceived value, customer satisfaction, known as predictor variables that affect the dependent variable of brand loyalty. Main Findings: From the statistical tests conducted in this study, it reveals that only one out of all eleven hypotheses were not accepted. Surprisingly it reveals that the customers keep purchase hotel and/or flight tickets from online travel booking sites no matter its service quality. Customer satisfaction and corporate image were influenced more significantly rather than its service quality. Implication: This study evaluates all customers past purchasing behaviors of the hotel and/or flight tickets purchased through OTA, and the result was valid, thus it can be used to reflect on how Indonesian OTA’s products and services may improve the customer satisfaction through their marketing program in the future. Novelty/Originality of this study: There have been problems that might found in Indonesian OTAs that may lower its customer satisfaction level toward the traveling industry. However, there was only a limited number of OTA research studies conducted for the Indonesia market to understand its online consumer behavior. Therefore this study was conducted to explore the plausible factors that cause the problem.
研究目的:本研究旨在检验五种已提出的研究模型,了解影响在线旅行社(OTA)公司顾客期望、服务质量、感知价值、顾客满意度和品牌忠诚度的因素。本研究还评估了客户对OTA产品和/或服务是否满意的总体感受。方法学:本研究的研究方法采用定量方法,采用单线性回归和多元线性回归技术对获取的数据进行分析。其中服务质量、顾客期望、企业形象、感知价值、顾客满意等被称为影响品牌忠诚因变量的预测变量。主要发现:从本研究进行的统计检验来看,11个假设中只有一个不被接受。令人惊讶的是,调查显示,无论在线旅游预订网站的服务质量如何,客户都会继续从该网站购买酒店和/或机票。对顾客满意度和企业形象的影响大于对服务质量的影响。含义:本研究评估了所有客户过去通过OTA购买酒店和/或机票的行为,结果是有效的,因此可以用来反思印尼OTA的产品和服务在未来如何通过营销方案提高客户满意度。本研究的新颖性/原创性:在印度尼西亚的在线旅行社中可能会发现一些问题,这些问题可能会降低其对旅游业的客户满意度。然而,针对印尼市场的OTA调查研究数量有限,不足以了解其在线消费者行为。因此,本研究旨在探讨导致这一问题的可能因素。
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引用次数: 2
A Theoretical Examination of Cash-Back Credit Cards and Their Effect on Consumer Spending 现金返还信用卡的理论检验及其对消费者支出的影响
Pub Date : 2020-03-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3549383
N. MacDonald, B. Evans
The role of cash-back credit cards in personal financial strategies is highly debated. For example, Dave Ramsey (Ramsey 2019) urges consumers to avoid even the most lucrative cash-back cards, while others argue that these cards offer significant savings. Herein, we construct models to analyze the use of cash-back cards by rational consumers, demonstrating that cash-back cards increase spending (and thus, reduce savings) for some consumers. While prior research focuses on behavioral issues related to credit cards, our research is the first to show that some consumers will rationally increase spending when using a cash-back credit card in lieu of cash.
现金返还信用卡在个人理财策略中的作用备受争议。例如,Dave Ramsey (Ramsey 2019)敦促消费者避免使用最赚钱的现金返还卡,而其他人则认为这些卡可以节省大量资金。在这里,我们构建模型来分析理性消费者对现金返还卡的使用,证明现金返还卡增加了一些消费者的支出(从而减少了储蓄)。虽然之前的研究主要关注与信用卡相关的行为问题,但我们的研究首次表明,一些消费者在使用返现信用卡而不是现金时,会理性地增加支出。
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引用次数: 0
The Value of Time: An Empirical Study on a Ride-Sharing Platform 时间价值:基于拼车平台的实证研究
Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3702075
Maiju Guo, Xingyu Li, Ying Lei, Qun Li
Consumption is usually associated with time spending. Sometimes the length of time itself is part of the products, for example, the length of consulting services or time duration of transportation. In other scenarios, there is a minimum requirement of time, or waiting time, that customers have to spend during their consumption process; examples include the long queue outside an amusement park ride, shipping time after placing an order on Amazon, and waiting time when hailing for a ride on the road. Marketers have started to offer various types of time-related service packages correspondingly, such as premium pass, 1-day delivery, and priority order. In this paper, we use anonymized and normalized browsing and order data from Didi – an online ride-hailing company, and estimate the value of waiting time in riding scenarios. We find that the value of saving one standardized unit of waiting time is equivalent to lowering 0.97 standardized unit of price for an average passenger. As a reference, upgrading to a higher level of car type is equivalent to lowering prices by only 0.4 standardized units. The marginal value is decreasing when the time horizon is short, but there exists a turning point at about 1.5 standardized time units. When the waiting time is less than 1.5 units, the marginal utility is decreasing; whereas when it is longer than 1.5 units, passengers exhibit an increasing marginal value in waiting time. Furthermore, we find a larger turning point in rush-hour orders (relative to non-rush-hour orders), and in weekday orders (relative to weekend orders). Our study provides new insights on understanding the value of time and is also practically relevant for managerial decisions on time-related product design and pricing.
消费通常与时间花费有关。有时,时间长度本身就是产品的一部分,例如,咨询服务的长度或运输的时间长度。在其他场景中,客户在消费过程中必须花费的时间或等待时间有最低要求;例如,在游乐园外排队等候,在亚马逊上下单后的运输时间,以及在路上叫车时的等待时间。营销人员开始相应地提供各种类型的与时间相关的服务包,如高级通行证、1天送达、优先订购等。在本文中,我们使用来自在线叫车公司滴滴的匿名化和规范化的浏览和订单数据,并估计乘车场景中等待时间的价值。我们发现,每节省1个标准单位的等待时间,相当于每名普通乘客降低0.97个标准单位的价格。作为参考,升级到更高级别的车型只相当于降低0.4个标准单位的价格。当时间范围较短时,边际值逐渐减小,但在1.5个标准化时间单位左右出现拐点。当等待时间小于1.5个单位时,边际效用递减;而当车长大于1.5个车长时,乘客等待时间的边际值呈增加趋势。此外,我们发现高峰时段订单(相对于非高峰时段订单)和工作日订单(相对于周末订单)的转折点更大。我们的研究为理解时间的价值提供了新的见解,并且对于与时间相关的产品设计和定价的管理决策也具有实际意义。
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引用次数: 0
Medical Spending, Bequests, and Asset Dynamics Around the Time of Death 死亡前后的医疗支出、遗赠和资产动态
Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.3386/w26879
J. Jones, Mariacristina De Nardi, Eric French, Rory McGee, Rachel Rodgers
Using data from the Health and Retirement Survey, we document the changes in assets that occur before a person's death. Applying an event study approach, we find that during the 6 years preceding their deaths, the assets of single decedents decline, relative to those of similar single survivors, by an additional $20,000 on average. Over the same time span, the assets of couples who lose a spouse fall, relative to those of similar surviving couples, by an additional $90,000 on average. Households experiencing a death also incur higher out-of-pocket medical spending and other end-of-life expenses. This elevated spending is sufficient to explain (in accounting terms) the asset declines observed for singles but falls short of explaining the declines observed for couples. Bequests from the dying spouse to non-spousal heirs such as children are more than sufficient to explain the remainder.
使用来自健康和退休调查的数据,我们记录了一个人死前发生的资产变化。采用事件研究方法,我们发现,在他们死亡前的6年里,单身遗属的资产相对于类似的单身遗属平均减少了20 000美元。在同一时间段内,失去配偶的夫妇的资产相对于幸存的类似夫妇平均减少了9万美元。经历死亡的家庭也会产生更高的自付医疗费用和其他临终费用。这种增加的支出足以解释(用会计术语来说)单身人士的资产下降,但无法解释夫妻的资产下降。从死亡配偶到非配偶继承人(如子女)的遗赠足以解释其余部分。
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引用次数: 11
Analysis of Consumer Behavior Formation Models under the Influence of Marketing Communication Environment of the Enterprise 企业营销传播环境影响下的消费者行为形成模型分析
Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.15587/2312-8372.2020.198534
L. Vasylchenko
The object of research is the influence of the marketing communication environment of the enterprise on the model of formation of consumer behavior. The study of this influence in today's conditions is becoming increasingly promising and is due, first of all, to the increasing role of marketing communications in the promotion of goods and services of an enterprise. The application of scientific approaches to the formation of consumer behavior will more accurately determine the target audience. This will increase the effectiveness of the advertising campaign of the enterprise. When writing the work, such methods and approaches as logical generalization, analysis and synthesis are used to substantiate conceptual approaches to shaping consumer behavior. As well as a grouping method – for compiling methodological approaches to the study of consumer behavior.The paper analyzes the differences between the adoption of consumer decisions about the purchase of goods and the communication component of marketing in the relationship of business models B2B and B2C. In particular, it is indicated that industrial consumers in the B2B business model are influenced by corporate marketing, which reflects not the personal interests, but the interests of business entities. At the same time, the business model in the B2B segment is aimed at maintaining stable and mutually beneficial relations between economic entities as strategic partners using a specific set of methods and tools. The author systematizes the main methodological approaches to the study of consumer behavior and its models, in general terms it can be divided into two enlarged groups: psychographic (value style) and commodity or subject.It is argued that the successful use of the considered models is an effective tool of marketing communications, the use of which will increase the effectiveness of the advertising campaign, will turn potential consumers into real ones. This, in the future, will lead to an increase in the volume of sales of products (services) and an increase in the competitiveness of the enterprise.
研究的对象是企业营销传播环境对消费者行为形成模式的影响。在今天的条件下,对这种影响的研究正变得越来越有前景,这首先是由于营销传播在促进企业的商品和服务方面的作用越来越大。应用科学的方法来形成消费者的行为将更准确地确定目标受众。这将增加企业广告活动的有效性。在撰写工作时,使用逻辑概括、分析和综合等方法和方法来证实塑造消费者行为的概念方法。以及一种分组方法-用于编制消费者行为研究的方法方法。本文分析了在B2B和B2C两种商业模式的关系中,消费者对商品购买决策的采纳和营销的传播成分之间的差异。特别指出,B2B商业模式下的工业消费者受到企业营销的影响,企业营销反映的不是个人利益,而是企业实体的利益。同时,B2B细分市场的商业模式旨在通过一套特定的方法和工具,维持作为战略合作伙伴的经济实体之间稳定互利的关系。作者对消费者行为研究的主要方法论及其模型进行了系统的梳理,概括地将其分为两大类:心理(价值风格)和商品或主体。本文认为,考虑模型的成功使用是一种有效的营销传播工具,它的使用将增加广告活动的有效性,将潜在的消费者变成真正的消费者。在未来,这将导致产品(服务)销售量的增加和企业竞争力的提高。
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引用次数: 2
TV Advertising and Online Sales: The Role of Inter-Temporal Substitution 电视广告与网络销售:跨期替代的作用
Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3530105
Anja Lambrecht, Catherine Tucker, Xu Zhang
Firms use offline advertising to drive online browsing and sales. However, while a recent literature has demonstrated a surge in online activity in the minutes following TV advertising, there is limited evidence on the extent to which offline advertising indeed leads to a sustained significant uptake in online sales. We investigate the effect of TV advertising on browsing and sales accounting both for the instant effect as well as for an aggregate effect across a time window covering multiple weeks. Using evidence from a field test conducted by an online travel company, we confirm similar findings as in previous literature that TV advertising has a positive instant effect on both online browsing and online sales. However, this instant effect does not translate into an increase in either browsing or sales over a period of multiple weeks, implying that the firm does not see an increase in revenue as a result of the TV advertising campaign. We document consumers' inter-temporal substitution as the mechanism behind this aggregate null effect. The findings indicate that rather than focusing on instantaneous spikes marketing managers should consider a longer time window when evaluating the effectiveness of TV campaigns on online purchases.
公司利用线下广告来推动在线浏览和销售。然而,尽管最近的文献表明,在电视广告之后的几分钟内,在线活动激增,但关于线下广告确实在多大程度上导致了在线销售的持续显著增长,证据有限。我们调查了电视广告对浏览和销售的影响,既考虑了即时效应,也考虑了跨越多个星期的时间窗口的总体效应。利用一家在线旅游公司进行的实地测试的证据,我们证实了与先前文献相似的发现,即电视广告对在线浏览和在线销售都有积极的即时影响。然而,这种即时效应并没有转化为浏览量或销售额在数周内的增长,这意味着该公司并没有看到电视广告活动带来的收入增长。我们将消费者的跨期替代作为这种总体无效效应背后的机制。研究结果表明,营销经理在评估电视广告对在线购物的效果时,不应只关注瞬时的消费高峰,而应考虑更长的时间窗口。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of Intertemporal Preferences in History-Dependent Dynamic Discrete Choice Models 历史依赖动态离散选择模型中跨时间偏好的识别
Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3532617
M. Levy, Pasquale Schiraldi
We study the identification of intertemporal preferences in a stationary dynamic discrete decision model. We propose a new approach which focuses on problems which are intrinsically dynamic: either there is endogenous variation in the choice set, or preferences depend directly on the history. History dependence links the choices of the decision-maker across periods in a more fundamental sense standard dynamic discrete choice models typically assume. We consider both exponential discounting as well as the quasi-hyperbolic discounting models of time preferences. We show that if the utility function or the choice set depends on the current states as well as the past choices and/or states, then time preferences are non-parametrically point-identified separately from the utility function under mild conditions on the data and we may also recover the instantaneous utility function without imposing any normalization on the utility across states.
研究了平稳动态离散决策模型中跨期偏好的识别问题。我们提出了一种新的方法,该方法关注的是内在动态的问题:要么在选择集中存在内生变异,要么偏好直接依赖于历史。历史依赖关系将决策者的选择在更基本的意义上联系在一起,标准动态离散选择模型通常假设。我们考虑了时间偏好的指数折现和准双曲折现模型。我们表明,如果效用函数或选择集取决于当前状态以及过去的选择和/或状态,那么在数据的温和条件下,时间偏好是与效用函数分开的非参数点识别,我们也可以恢复瞬时效用函数,而无需对状态间的效用施加任何归一化。
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引用次数: 2
Konumlandirma Kararlarinda Müşteri Önceliklerinin Belirlenmesi: Conjoint Analiz Yaklaşimi ile Bir Pilot Uygulama (Determining The Priorities Of Customers For Positioning Decisions: A Pilot Study By Using Conjoint Analysis)
Pub Date : 2020-01-28 DOI: 10.14783/maruoneri.681015
Cüneyt Akar, Gülnil Aydin
Turkish Abstract: Bu calismada; beyaz esya sektorunde, spesifik urun bazinda (camasir makinasi) musterilerin satin alma karari verirken dikkate aldiklari kriterlerin, onem ve onceliklerinin belirlenmesi amaclanmistir. Bu amacla; pilot bolge olarak secilen Bandirma’da, yeni camasir makinasi satin alan ve satin alma ihtimali olan bireyler uzerinde anket calismasi gerceklestirilmistir. Veriler, cok degiskenli analiz yontemlerinden biri olan conjoint analiz yardimiyla degerlendirilmistir. Analiz sonuclarina gore; musterilerin satin alma kararlarinda ozellikle fiyat ve kurutma fonksiyonunun onem kazandigi tespit edilmistir. English Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the priorities of customers while making a washing machine purchasing decision. Questionnaire respondents who are selected from Bandirma had purchased a washing machine recently or in the market to purchase a washing machine. The data are analyzed by using conjoint analysis. The results show that price and drying function are the most important properties that affect washing machine purchasing decisions.
土耳其文摘要:在土耳其,有一种特殊的服装(缝纫机),其缎面和绸面的质量都非常好。目前,Bandirma 的试点项目中,缎面帆布和缎面绸缎的制造工艺已被广泛采用。通过联合分析,我们可以得出结论。分析结果表明,在对所有研究对象进行分析的过程中,研究者都会对研究结果进行评估。英文摘要:本研究旨在确定客户在做出洗衣机购买决定时的优先考虑因素。调查问卷的受访者来自班迪尔玛(Bandirma),他们最近购买了洗衣机或正在市场上购买洗衣机。数据采用联合分析法进行分析。结果显示,价格和烘干功能是影响洗衣机购买决策的最重要因素。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Microeconomics: Intertemporal Consumer Choice & Savings eJournal
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