The increasing demand for electricity has pushed more effort to focus on renewable energy sources to satisfy the consumer. The renewable energy sources are playing a major role in the generation of electricity. Out of all the renewable energy sources, solar has emerged as one of the best sources of energy since it is clean, inexhaustible and eco-friendly. However, the voltage generated by the solar cell is not sufficient for any consumer load and it is also variable. Therefore, it is necessary to implement DCDC converters for regulating and improving the output voltage of the solar panel. In order to extract the maximum output from the PV (Photovoltaic) panel, a comparative analysis of various MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithms is proposed in this paper. The proposed enhanced adaptive P&O (Perturb and Observe) algorithm is modeled and implemented with a high gain DC-DC converter. The converter investigated in this paper consists of a single power electronic switch (MOSFET) for its operation, which leads to reduction of switching and conduction losses. The proposed converter has less ripple content and a high conversion ratio. A simulation study of the proposed power electronic converter powered by PV source is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are validated using an experimental setup.
不断增长的电力需求推动了更多的努力，以关注可再生能源，以满足消费者。可再生能源在发电中起着重要作用。在所有可再生能源中，太阳能因其清洁，取之不尽，用之不竭和环保而成为最好的能源之一。然而，太阳能电池产生的电压不足以满足任何消费负荷，而且它也是可变的。因此，有必要采用DCDC变换器来调节和提高太阳能电池板的输出电压。为了提取光伏板的最大输出，本文对各种最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)算法进行比较分析。提出的增强自适应P&O (Perturb and Observe)算法用高增益DC-DC转换器建模和实现。本文所研究的变换器由单个功率电子开关(MOSFET)组成，从而降低了开关和传导损耗。该变换器具有纹波含量少、转换率高的特点。在MATLAB/SIMULINK中对所设计的光伏电源电力电子变换器进行了仿真研究，并通过实验装置对实验结果进行了验证。
{"title":"High Gain DC-DC Converter with Enhanced Adaptive MPPT for PV Applications","authors":"Suvetha Poyyamani Sunddararaj, Seyezhai Ramalingam","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.1903.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1903.02","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing demand for electricity has pushed more effort to focus on renewable energy sources to satisfy the consumer. The renewable energy sources are playing a major role in the generation of electricity. Out of all the renewable energy sources, solar has emerged as one of the best sources of energy since it is clean, inexhaustible and eco-friendly. However, the voltage generated by the solar cell is not sufficient for any consumer load and it is also variable. Therefore, it is necessary to implement DCDC converters for regulating and improving the output voltage of the solar panel. In order to extract the maximum output from the PV (Photovoltaic) panel, a comparative analysis of various MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithms is proposed in this paper. The proposed enhanced adaptive P&O (Perturb and Observe) algorithm is modeled and implemented with a high gain DC-DC converter. The converter investigated in this paper consists of a single power electronic switch (MOSFET) for its operation, which leads to reduction of switching and conduction losses. The proposed converter has less ripple content and a high conversion ratio. A simulation study of the proposed power electronic converter powered by PV source is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are validated using an experimental setup.","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85284837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.1903.23
T. Soomro, M. A. Soomro, H. Kanwal
Karachi being the first born city of the colonial architecture in Sindh Pakistan has the honor of housing very important and diverse ornamental architectural master pieces. Along with the commercial nucleus; Karachi emerged as a regional educational hub after the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 with several hostel structures and studio apartments. These structures are among the better examples of the pre-colonial and post-colonial architectural influence in the region. Few of them (still surviving) are incorporated in the national list of protected heritage under Sindh Cultural Heritage Preservation Act 1994. This research paper is focused on “the lost importance of the three different hostel (boys’ hostels only) premises in the historic core of the city of Karachi”. Despite possessing similar functions in the past and having the same status of the declared protected heritage at present, each of them has different use and conservation status at present. None of the buildings have endured the original function. This research focuses the reasons of the non-continuation of the original function and the impairments caused to the buildings due to this reason. Methodology followed for the research includes analysis of available archives, physical observation, photographic documentation and interviews with the local inhabitants of the neighborhood. The results and the findings of this research portray that eroding hostel culture has subjected those structures to slow and painful death of their original purpose. These buildings, once popular in the area, are now fading fast and perhaps will cease to exist in the near future unless the immediate precautionary measures are taken. The main conclusion drawn in this paper is that “it is important to preserve those historic premises as they are of significant historic character that remained associated with a number of key political and social personalities of the region. Moreover, they play a vital role in the general architectural value of the region”.
{"title":"Heritage at Stake: Discourse Concerning the Causes of Damages Occurred to the Historic Hostel Structures Built in British Era in Karachi","authors":"T. Soomro, M. A. Soomro, H. Kanwal","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.1903.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1903.23","url":null,"abstract":"Karachi being the first born city of the colonial architecture in Sindh Pakistan has the honor of housing very important and diverse ornamental architectural master pieces. Along with the commercial nucleus; Karachi emerged as a regional educational hub after the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 with several hostel structures and studio apartments. These structures are among the better examples of the pre-colonial and post-colonial architectural influence in the region. Few of them (still surviving) are incorporated in the national list of protected heritage under Sindh Cultural Heritage Preservation Act 1994. This research paper is focused on “the lost importance of the three different hostel (boys’ hostels only) premises in the historic core of the city of Karachi”. Despite possessing similar functions in the past and having the same status of the declared protected heritage at present, each of them has different use and conservation status at present. None of the buildings have endured the original function. This research focuses the reasons of the non-continuation of the original function and the impairments caused to the buildings due to this reason. Methodology followed for the research includes analysis of available archives, physical observation, photographic documentation and interviews with the local inhabitants of the neighborhood. The results and the findings of this research portray that eroding hostel culture has subjected those structures to slow and painful death of their original purpose. These buildings, once popular in the area, are now fading fast and perhaps will cease to exist in the near future unless the immediate precautionary measures are taken. The main conclusion drawn in this paper is that “it is important to preserve those historic premises as they are of significant historic character that remained associated with a number of key political and social personalities of the region. Moreover, they play a vital role in the general architectural value of the region”.","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"16 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82883758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dig deep for Lyell’s notebooks","authors":"","doi":"10.1144/geosci2019-032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geosci2019-032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73683501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.1903.06
M. Mushtaq, Asif Siddiq, M. Tariq, Akbar Ali, Anum Zahra
Energy management in home is one of the major issue now-a-days. There are different types of load like shiftable, non-shiftable, seasonal loads and auxiliary loads. In this research article, an energy management system is proposed for home which helps to schedule different loads on the basis of their types and price. It will help to minimize the cost of electricity by shifting load from peak time to off peak time. Emission will be minimized by charging penalty by adopting multi-objective optimization. Each source of energy has its own price of penalty with respect to time. Penalty is charged to minimize the use of sources like commercial supply and diesel generators which emits hazardous gases. In proposed model, user will get electricity from commercial supply, diesel generators and solar panels to provide continuous supply of electricity to fulfill the energy demand. The shiftable loads will be shifted from peak time to off peak time and higher price source to lower price source to minimize the overall price. In this research, we have proposed an EEIR (Economically Effective and Intelligently Responsive) HEMS (Home Energy Management System) by solving multi-objective optimization problem from BILP (Binary Integer Linear Programming) using branch and bound algorithm.
{"title":"Economically Effective and Intelligently Responsive Home Energy Management System","authors":"M. Mushtaq, Asif Siddiq, M. Tariq, Akbar Ali, Anum Zahra","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.1903.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1903.06","url":null,"abstract":"Energy management in home is one of the major issue now-a-days. There are different types of load like shiftable, non-shiftable, seasonal loads and auxiliary loads. In this research article, an energy management system is proposed for home which helps to schedule different loads on the basis of their types and price. It will help to minimize the cost of electricity by shifting load from peak time to off peak time. Emission will be minimized by charging penalty by adopting multi-objective optimization. Each source of energy has its own price of penalty with respect to time. Penalty is charged to minimize the use of sources like commercial supply and diesel generators which emits hazardous gases. In proposed model, user will get electricity from commercial supply, diesel generators and solar panels to provide continuous supply of electricity to fulfill the energy demand. The shiftable loads will be shifted from peak time to off peak time and higher price source to lower price source to minimize the overall price. In this research, we have proposed an EEIR (Economically Effective and Intelligently Responsive) HEMS (Home Energy Management System) by solving multi-objective optimization problem from BILP (Binary Integer Linear Programming) using branch and bound algorithm.","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80295886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distant Thunder: Behind every good man...","authors":"","doi":"10.1144/geosci2019-036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geosci2019-036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80348047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.1903.24
Qoseen Zahra, M. Malik, Naila Batool
Medical images are an important source of diagnosis. The brain of human analysis is now an advanced field of research for computer scientists and biomedical physicians. Services provided by the healthcare units usually vary, the quality of treatment provided in the urban and rural generally not same. Unavailability of medical equipment and services can have serious consequences in patient disease diagnosis and treatment. In this context, we developed. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) based CAD (Computer Aided Diagnosis) system which takes MRI as input and detects abnormal tissues (Tumors). MRI is the safe and well reputed imaging methodology for prediction of tumors. MRI modality assists the medical team in diagnosis and proper treatment plan (Medication/Surgery) of different types of abnormalities in the soft tissues of the human body. This paper proposes a framework for brain cancer detection and classification. The tumor is segmented using a semi-automatic segmentation algorithm in which the threshold values selection for head and cancer regions are premeditated automatically. Segmented tumors are further sectioned into malignant and benign using SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier. Detailed experimental work indicates that our proposed CAD system achieves higher accuracy for the analysis of brain MRI analysis.
{"title":"An Efficient Computer-Aided Diagnosis System for the Analysis of DICOM Volumetric Images","authors":"Qoseen Zahra, M. Malik, Naila Batool","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.1903.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1903.24","url":null,"abstract":"Medical images are an important source of diagnosis. The brain of human analysis is now an advanced field of research for computer scientists and biomedical physicians. Services provided by the healthcare units usually vary, the quality of treatment provided in the urban and rural generally not same. Unavailability of medical equipment and services can have serious consequences in patient disease diagnosis and treatment. In this context, we developed. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) based CAD (Computer Aided Diagnosis) system which takes MRI as input and detects abnormal tissues (Tumors). MRI is the safe and well reputed imaging methodology for prediction of tumors. MRI modality assists the medical team in diagnosis and proper treatment plan (Medication/Surgery) of different types of abnormalities in the soft tissues of the human body. This paper proposes a framework for brain cancer detection and classification. The tumor is segmented using a semi-automatic segmentation algorithm in which the threshold values selection for head and cancer regions are premeditated automatically. Segmented tumors are further sectioned into malignant and benign using SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier. Detailed experimental work indicates that our proposed CAD system achieves higher accuracy for the analysis of brain MRI analysis.","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75169014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"It’s time to take notice of sand","authors":"","doi":"10.1144/geosci2019-035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geosci2019-035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"222 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73352478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.1903.16
Tajwali Khan, I. Qamar
Optimum characteristic length of the combustion chamber of liquid rocket engine is very important to get higher energy from the liquid propellants. Characteristic length is defined by the time required for complete burning of fuel. Combustion reactions are very fast and combustion is evaporation dependent. This paper proposes fuel droplet evaporation model for liquid propellant rocket engine and discusses the factors which can affect the required size of characteristic length of the combustion chamber based on proposed model. The analysis is performed for low temperature combustion chamber. A computer code based on proposed model is generated, which solve analytical equations to calculate combustion chamber characteristic length under various input conditions. The analysis shows that characteristic length is affected by combustion chamber temperature, pressure, fuel droplet diameter, chamber diameter, mass flow rate of propellants and relative velocity of the droplet in the combustion chamber.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Characteristic Length of the Combustion Chamber of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines","authors":"Tajwali Khan, I. Qamar","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.1903.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1903.16","url":null,"abstract":"Optimum characteristic length of the combustion chamber of liquid rocket engine is very important to get higher energy from the liquid propellants. Characteristic length is defined by the time required for complete burning of fuel. Combustion reactions are very fast and combustion is evaporation dependent. This paper proposes fuel droplet evaporation model for liquid propellant rocket engine and discusses the factors which can affect the required size of characteristic length of the combustion chamber based on proposed model. The analysis is performed for low temperature combustion chamber. A computer code based on proposed model is generated, which solve analytical equations to calculate combustion chamber characteristic length under various input conditions. The analysis shows that characteristic length is affected by combustion chamber temperature, pressure, fuel droplet diameter, chamber diameter, mass flow rate of propellants and relative velocity of the droplet in the combustion chamber.","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73936629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.1903.07
Asif Raza, Muhammad Tanveer Meeran, Muizzud Din
Today data transmission is very important through different channels. Need of network security comes to secure data transformation from one network to another network. As the complexity of the systems and the networks increases, weakness expands and the task of securing the networks is becomes more convoluted. Duty of securing is done by Cryptography techniques. A colossal amount of data is exchanged over public networks like the internet due to immense accommodation. This includes personal details and confidential information. It is important to prevent the data from falling into the wrong hands. So, due to this factor we use cryptography. Encryption and decryption are the basic terms that are used in cryptography. There are few algorithms which used including, AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), DES (Data Encryption Standard), 3DES (Triple Data Encryption Standard) and BLOWFISH. The main contribution of this paper is to provide an algorithm that is useful for data transformation in cognitive radio networks. In this research, we have drawn a new symmetric key technique that is for the usage of cryptography which is helpful to make the data saved from others.
{"title":"Routine of Encryption in Cognitive Radio Network","authors":"Asif Raza, Muhammad Tanveer Meeran, Muizzud Din","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.1903.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1903.07","url":null,"abstract":"Today data transmission is very important through different channels. Need of network security comes to secure data transformation from one network to another network. As the complexity of the systems and the networks increases, weakness expands and the task of securing the networks is becomes more convoluted. Duty of securing is done by Cryptography techniques. A colossal amount of data is exchanged over public networks like the internet due to immense accommodation. This includes personal details and confidential information. It is important to prevent the data from falling into the wrong hands. So, due to this factor we use cryptography. Encryption and decryption are the basic terms that are used in cryptography. There are few algorithms which used including, AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), DES (Data Encryption Standard), 3DES (Triple Data Encryption Standard) and BLOWFISH. The main contribution of this paper is to provide an algorithm that is useful for data transformation in cognitive radio networks. In this research, we have drawn a new symmetric key technique that is for the usage of cryptography which is helpful to make the data saved from others.","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"422 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85526012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.1903.01
W. Cao, A. Bukhari, L. Aarniovuori
EVs (Electric Vehicles) have been rejuvenated over the last decades while the motor drive technologies are still evolving. This paper provides a review of electrical motor drive technologies used in EV applications, with a performance comparison of candidate machines and their drive topologies. EV applications demand high efficiency, high torque density, high reliability, and wide speed range while reducing weight, complexity, total costs and environmental impact. In the literature, DC (Direct Current) motors, IMs (Induction Motors) and PM (Permanent Magnet) motors can be generally found in marketplace whilst RMs (Reluctance Motors) have been researched for some time and are nearing commercial availability. This paper evaluates the performance of these four main types of electrical motor drives for EV propulsion applications using analytical methods. PM motors may offer the best performance in terms of torque density and compactness but the cost is the highest (primarily dominated by rare-earth permanent magnets), limiting their widespread application in mass production EVs. DC motors have their own merits but suffer from limited power density and necessity for maintenance. Induction motor drives are a mature and proven technology. In particular, squirrel-cage IMs are robust, reliable and inexpensive, striking a balance between system cost and complexity, power density and extended speed range. Reluctance motors can provide a good torque density and cost effective EV drive solutions. Their drawbacks can also be overcome by the use of power electronic converters and advanced control strategies. Induction and reluctance motor drives are well suited for cost sensitive mass production EV applications. Looking to the future, increased hybridization may be a way forward in industry which combines attractive features of different electrical machines and control algorithms and still offer much promise in performance and total cost. At last, reliability study on EVs requires historical information and driving patterns, demanding research expertise in eco-sociology, human behaviors as well as human-machine interface.
{"title":"Review of Electrical Motor Drives for Electric Vehicle Applications","authors":"W. Cao, A. Bukhari, L. Aarniovuori","doi":"10.22581/muet1982.1903.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1903.01","url":null,"abstract":"EVs (Electric Vehicles) have been rejuvenated over the last decades while the motor drive technologies are still evolving. This paper provides a review of electrical motor drive technologies used in EV applications, with a performance comparison of candidate machines and their drive topologies. EV applications demand high efficiency, high torque density, high reliability, and wide speed range while reducing weight, complexity, total costs and environmental impact. In the literature, DC (Direct Current) motors, IMs (Induction Motors) and PM (Permanent Magnet) motors can be generally found in marketplace whilst RMs (Reluctance Motors) have been researched for some time and are nearing commercial availability. This paper evaluates the performance of these four main types of electrical motor drives for EV propulsion applications using analytical methods. PM motors may offer the best performance in terms of torque density and compactness but the cost is the highest (primarily dominated by rare-earth permanent magnets), limiting their widespread application in mass production EVs. DC motors have their own merits but suffer from limited power density and necessity for maintenance. Induction motor drives are a mature and proven technology. In particular, squirrel-cage IMs are robust, reliable and inexpensive, striking a balance between system cost and complexity, power density and extended speed range. Reluctance motors can provide a good torque density and cost effective EV drive solutions. Their drawbacks can also be overcome by the use of power electronic converters and advanced control strategies. Induction and reluctance motor drives are well suited for cost sensitive mass production EV applications. Looking to the future, increased hybridization may be a way forward in industry which combines attractive features of different electrical machines and control algorithms and still offer much promise in performance and total cost. At last, reliability study on EVs requires historical information and driving patterns, demanding research expertise in eco-sociology, human behaviors as well as human-machine interface.","PeriodicalId":17719,"journal":{"name":"July 2019","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86124531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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