Background: Alkaline salt stress significantly impairs the growth and development of lilies. Although China has abundant wild lily resources, most species are highly sensitive to saline and alkaline stress, leading to a lack of salt-tolerant varieties. Currently, studies on the mechanisms of salt tolerance and salt-tolerance gene mining in lilies remain limited.
Results: In this study, physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic responses of alkaline salt-tolerant Lilium asiaticum and non-alkaline salt-tolerant Lilium davidii var. willmottiae were compared under Na2CO3 stress with and without exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment. It was found that the alkali tolerance of lily seedlings significantly increased with ABA pretreatment compared to those without ABA, suggesting that a small amount of ABA could mitigate the damage caused by alkaline salt stress. Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride staining confirmed that ABA pretreatment alleviated oxidative damage in stressed seedlings. RNA-sequencing identified 2958 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in L. asiaticum and 25 927 in L. davidii var. willmottiae, with 1338 commonly expressed genes. DEGs were mainly enriched in organic and cellular metabolism processes. Weighted correlation network analysis revealed lily alkaline salt stress responses primarily involve phytohormone signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and starch-sucrose metabolism.
Yi Yuan, Jiaxin Qiang, Songyi Lin, Xiuping Dong, Bo Liu, Haiyou Dong, Jiali Zou, Simin Zhang
Background: Tegillarca granosa is prone to spoilage and deterioration during storage due to the action of microorganisms and enzymes. The traditional shelf-life prediction methods have problems such as strong destructiveness, long time consumption, complex operation and strict requirements for personnel. This study model constructed an intelligent prediction model of T. granosa based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP).
Results: Under different storage temperatures (25, 4, -18 °C), the physicochemical indicators total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total viable bacteria count (TVC), and sensory characteristics (color, electronic nose) of T. granosa all showed a deteriorating trend over time. Shelf-life prediction model outputs the shelf life by inputting multidimensional variables such as TVB-N, TBARS, color, electronic nose and TVC. The quality prediction models include three types: predicting the TVB-N values and TBARS values by inputting storage temperature and days; predicting the TVB-N value by inputting the response value of the electronic nose sensor. All the prediction models performed outstandingly, with the coefficient of determination (R2) remaining above 0.98, the mean absolute error controlled within 0.50, and the mean square error within 0.4.
Background: Slaughter is a critical phase in aquaculture that can severely compromise both animal welfare and product quality. Stress responses triggered during this stage may accelerate post-mortem biochemical degradation and promote oxidative damage in fish fillets. Essential oils, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, have been proposed as dietary supplements to help mitigate stress and preserve flesh quality. This study investigated the effects of dietary essential oil supplementation and different slaughter methods, air asphyxia and percussion, on stress biomarkers, oxidative processes, and fillet quality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), both immediately after slaughter and during frozen storage.
Results: Air asphyxiation significantly accelerated ATP degradation, increased lipid and protein oxidation products and caused texture loss in fillets assessed immediately post-slaughter. These effects were markedly less pronounced in percussion-slaughtered fish. Lipid mediators such as 12-HpEPE+15-HpEPE and PGD3 + PGE3 were elevated only in asphyxiated fish, providing potential biomarkers for slaughter-induced stress. Proteomic analysis identified several glycolytic enzymes as highly responsive to air asphyxia. Dietary supplementation with essential oils (0.02%) did not mitigate the immediate physiological stress responses to slaughter and was associated with increased muscle protein oxidation at death. However, during 45 days of frozen storage, fillets from fish fed the supplemented diet exhibited delayed progression of oxidative damage, with improved texture and colour retention, especially under high-stress conditions such as air asphyxia.
Muhammad Amir, Syed Tanveer Shah, Aftab Jamal, Abdul Basit, Asif Iqbal, Tariq Mahmood, Muhammad Sajid, Muneeb Ur Rehman, Muhammad Ismail, Muhammad Farhan Saeed, Manal Abdulaziz Binobead, Roberto Mancinelli
Background: Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a nutritionally valuable subtropical fruit with high economic importance; however, being highly perishable limits its marketability and profitability. Sustainable preharvest management strategies are essential to enhance fruit quality and resilience to environmental stress. Therefore, a research study was conducted for two consecutive years (2022-2023) using a 4 × 4 factorial randomized complete block design. Apricot fruit trees were applied with four potassium silicate (PS) concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5 mL L-1) and four glycine treatments (0, 400, 600, and 800 mg L-1), at the fruit set and pit hardening stages.
Results: Results showed that moderate PS at 3 mL L-1 with 600-800 mg L-1 glycine significantly improved fruit weight (78%), volume (55%), and yield per plant- (32.8 kg; a 64% increase over the control), while reducing the number of fruits per kilogram by 13%, indicating larger average fruit size. Preharvest decay was reduced by approximately 60%, alongside improvements in firmness (by 100%) over the control, total soluble solids (TSS; 16-19%), TSS-acid ratio (64%), juice pH (0.65 units), and sugar accumulation, compared with control treatment. Antioxidant activity increased by 37%, flavonoids by 51%, proline by 116%, and catalase and peroxidase activities by 22%. Principal component analysis identified 3 mL L-1 PS with 600 mg L-1 glycine as the most effective combination.
Background: Replacing conventional feed ingredients with cost-effective and readily available alternatives is a viable strategy for reducing feed costs and enhancing production efficiency. Walnut meal (WM) may serve as a more economical protein source compared to soybean meal. In this study, the effects of incorporating 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10% WM into Ross 308 broiler diets on growth performance, selected slaughter and carcass characteristics, and the fatty acid and amino acid compositions of thigh meat were examined.
Background: Ethyl caproate is a key aroma compound in Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu, yet its biosynthesis remains inefficient in pure cultures due to metabolic bottlenecks. This study investigated the regulatory mechanisms of ester production in Monascus purpureus XTQ under co-cultivation with Caproicibacterium amylolyticum JSJ through transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis.
Results: A total of 340 differentially expressed genes were identified in co-cultures, which were significantly enriched in pathways such as glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism and ester biosynthesis. Notably, acetyltransferase, lipase and the Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factors were markedly upregulated (3.5-, 4.5- and 28.2-fold, respectively), functioning as core regulatory elements. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the total ester content in the co-culture significantly increased to 21.74% (P < 0.05), with specific elevation of characteristic flavor esters including ethyl caproate. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the specific adhesion of C. amylolyticum to fungal hyphae, suggesting potential metabolic interactions mediated through physical contact.
Background: This study investigates the antibacterial potential of pyrolysis-derived extracts from rosehip fruit (RF), orange peel (OP), corn silk (CS), spurge root (ER) and mullein leaf (ML) against antibiotic-resistant pathogens using two different culture media. Bioactive compounds were obtained via a PID-controlled pyrolysis system, and antibacterial activity was evaluated to clarify both extract efficacy and medium-dependent effects on bacterial growth and diffusion.
Results: Antibacterial activities were assessed using the agar well diffusion method, with ampicillin as a positive control, against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. A key novelty of this work is the comparative evaluation of extract performance on nutrient agar (NA) and Müller-Hinton agar (MHA). Among all samples, the ML extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity across all tested strains, producing inhibition zones of 18.85 mm against E. coli and 17.15 mm against E. faecalis on NA, compared with 13.05 mm and 13.60 mm on MHA, respectively. CS and ER extracts showed moderate antibacterial effects, with consistently higher inhibition zones on NA than on MHA. Ampicillin generated substantially larger inhibition zones on NA (33.35 mm for E. coli and 34.45 mm for P. aeruginosa) compared with MHA (13.80 and 27.70 mm, respectively), confirming the strong influence of culture medium composition on measurable antibacterial activity.
Background: Luohan guo (Siraitia grosvenorii) has attracted considerable interest because of its substantial antioxidant levels and potential advantages for human health. However, the metabolic and related bioactivity characteristics of different cultivars remain poorly understood, hindering its development and utilization. This study assessed the key active substances and their potential antioxidant mechanisms in the pulps and peels of four luohan guo cultivars.
Results: Overall, 'Suqiao' pulps exhibited the strongest antioxidant effects. These are attributed primarily to the accumulation of flavonoids and their glycosides. 'Xingning' peel samples contained higher levels of amino acids, terpenoids, and steroids, which provide a basis for their antioxidant effects. Network pharmacology suggested that the 29 key antioxidant metabolites in luohan guo interact with 26 core targets and exhibit significant enrichment in specific pathways associated with cancer, especially breast and prostate carcinomas. The top ten core antioxidant metabolites in the network predominantly accumulated in the 'Suqiao' pulps and exhibited good affinity for antioxidant targets by molecular docking simulation.
Background: In rice production, nitrogen fertilizer plays a crucial role, influencing not only the growth and development process but also the quality and yield of rice. Therefore, studying rational nitrogen application strategies provides a theoretical basis for improving rice yield and quality. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using the rice varieties Tianlongyou 619 and Liaojing 419. The study examined the effects of two nitrogen levels (N1, 160 kg hm-2; N2, 240 kg hm-2) and three nitrogen application modes (T1, basal fertilizer:tiller fertilizer:panicle fertilizer = 5:4:1; T2, 4:3:3; T3, 3:2:5), along with a control treatment without nitrogen application (N0), on rice grain-filling characteristics and quality.
Results: Nitrogen application accelerated the grain-filling rate and intensity. The active grain-filling period of inferior grains for both varieties extended with increasing nitrogen application. Under different treatments, the grain weight during the rapid filling stage was consistently higher in N1 than in N2 for both varieties. The N1T3 treatment reduced the soluble starch synthase content in both varieties, while their starch branching enzyme and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase levels were highest under N1T3. Analysis of starch content during grain filling revealed that starch synthase activity peaked at 15 days, and the starch accumulation rate reached its maximum between 15-20 days after flowering. Delayed nitrogen application improved starch accumulation in superior grains to varying degrees.
Background: This study employed a composite inoculation fermentation process using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the physical and chemical properties, metabolite changes, and dynamic changes in the microbial community succession of pickles during both the fermentation stage and the low-temperature storage stage.
Results: The nitrite and pH values of pickles decreased rapidly during the fermentation stage, whereas the total acidity increased and stabilised during the low-temperature storage stage. The organic acid content showed phasic changes; the highest Glu and Gln contents reached 28.39 mg per 100 g and 30.20 mg per 100 g, respectively, on day 5 of fermentation, giving the pickles a fresh flavor. The total content of volatile flavor components decreased during the fermentation stage, with a significant reduction in isothiocyanates, allowing other flavor components to emerge and form a harmonious complex flavor profile. High-throughput sequencing showed that L. plantarum rapidly became the dominant strain after inoculation, with a relative abundance of more than 60% on day 4 of fermentation, significantly inhibiting the growth of spoilage bacteria.
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