First century B.C.E. in the history of Aegean Greece it was an exceptionally gloomy period. Between 88 BC and 31 B.C.E. Rome's first war with Mithridates took place on its lands, and later three Roman civil wars ended here. The article is an attempt to look at these events from a Greek perspective. It shows how the fighting Romans used Greek human, financial and material resources, and what effects it had.
{"title":"First century B.C.E. in the history of Aegean Greece it was an exceptionally gloomy period. Between 88 BC and 31 B.C.E. Rome's first war with Mithridates took place on its lands, and later three Roman civil wars ended here. The article is an attempt to look at these events from a Greek perspective. It shows how the fighting Romans used Greek human, financial and material resources, and what effects it had.","authors":"Marcin Pawlak","doi":"10.12775/klio.2022.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/klio.2022.033","url":null,"abstract":"First century B.C.E. in the history of Aegean Greece it was an exceptionally gloomy period. Between 88 BC and 31 B.C.E. Rome's first war with Mithridates took place on its lands, and later three Roman civil wars ended here. The article is an attempt to look at these events from a Greek perspective. It shows how the fighting Romans used Greek human, financial and material resources, and what effects it had.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135683256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary This article examines the aims and impact of Augustan social legislation from the perspective of documentary evidence from Roman Egypt. The extensive presence of the laws in an epitome of an Augustan rulebook for a fiscal procurator in Egypt (the so-called Gnomon of the Idios Logos, BGU V 1210, P. Oxy. XLII 3014), where their application extends to citizens of Greek cities, speaks for the Augustan marriage and manumission laws being part of a broader vision of social order in the Roman empire.
本文从罗马埃及文献证据的角度考察了奥古斯都社会立法的目的和影响。《奥古斯都埃及财政检察官规则手册》的缩影中广泛存在的法律(所谓的《伊迪奥斯徽记》，BGU V 1210, P. Oxy。XLII 3014)，其中他们的应用扩展到希腊城市的公民，说明奥古斯都的婚姻和生育法是罗马帝国社会秩序更广泛视野的一部分。
{"title":"Imperialism and Social Engineering: Augustan Social Legislation in the Gnomon of the Idios Logos","authors":"A. Dolganov","doi":"10.1515/klio-2021-0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2021-0057","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This article examines the aims and impact of Augustan social legislation from the perspective of documentary evidence from Roman Egypt. The extensive presence of the laws in an epitome of an Augustan rulebook for a fiscal procurator in Egypt (the so-called Gnomon of the Idios Logos, BGU V 1210, P. Oxy. XLII 3014), where their application extends to citizens of Greek cities, speaks for the Augustan marriage and manumission laws being part of a broader vision of social order in the Roman empire.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86825319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Christopher de Lisle, Agathokles of Syracuse. Sicilian Tyrant and Hellenistic King, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2021 (Oxford Classical Monographs), 384 S., ISBN 978-0-198-86172-0 (geb.), £ 90,–","authors":"Martin N. Dreher","doi":"10.1515/klio-2022-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2022-2020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87999518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Classical Greek armies and navies moving through the territory of friendly, allied, and neutral city-states provisioned themselves through markets organized and controlled by those city-states. No scholar has ever explained why this was so. By placing this practice within a comparative framework, this article demonstrates that the protocol of the provision of markets by poleis to passing armies developed in the way it did in the late Archaic and early Classical Greek world because Greek states in this period lacked the logistical structures to exert sustained coercive power against other states. Once the protocol was established, however, it continued in use throughout the Classical period even after fifth-century Athenian navies gained the logistical capacity to apply prolonged strategic pressure on coastal and island poleis. Use of the protocol continued because traditions of autonomy as well as long-standing customs governing relations between states restrained even the Aegean-dominating Athenians from using more forceful means of acquisition than markets to acquire their food from other poleis.
{"title":"Why Markets? The Provisioning of Classical Greek Military Forces on the Move through Friendly, Allied, and Neutral Territory","authors":"Stephen O’Connor","doi":"10.1515/klio-2021-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2021-0058","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Classical Greek armies and navies moving through the territory of friendly, allied, and neutral city-states provisioned themselves through markets organized and controlled by those city-states. No scholar has ever explained why this was so. By placing this practice within a comparative framework, this article demonstrates that the protocol of the provision of markets by poleis to passing armies developed in the way it did in the late Archaic and early Classical Greek world because Greek states in this period lacked the logistical structures to exert sustained coercive power against other states. Once the protocol was established, however, it continued in use throughout the Classical period even after fifth-century Athenian navies gained the logistical capacity to apply prolonged strategic pressure on coastal and island poleis. Use of the protocol continued because traditions of autonomy as well as long-standing customs governing relations between states restrained even the Aegean-dominating Athenians from using more forceful means of acquisition than markets to acquire their food from other poleis.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79180584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tabea L. Meurer, Vergangenes verhandeln. Spätantike Statusdiskurse senatorischer Eliten in Gallien und Italien, Berlin (De Gruyter) 2019 (Millennium-Studien 79), XII, 418 S., ISBN 978-3-11-064327-5 (geb.), € 109,95","authors":"John Weisweiler","doi":"10.1515/klio-2022-2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2022-2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77782358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zusammenfassung Während der Fahrt der Flotte Alexanders durch den Indischen Ozean sichteten seine Seeleute angeblich ein Seeungeheuer. Die an der Unternehmung beteiligten Autoren Nearchos, Onesikritos und Orthagoras nahmen die ungewöhnliche Begegnung in ihre Werke auf, gaben diese aber in unterschiedlicher Weise wieder. Obwohl es sich dabei um eine in mehrerer Hinsicht interessante Episode handelt, besitzt sie einen besonders hohen Quellenwert, um Rückschlüsse über Alexanders Positionierung gegenüber den altorientalischen Kontexten seiner Herrschaft anzustellen. Schließlich behaupteten bereits die neuassyrischen Herrscher, auf dem Meer am Rande der Welt Seeungeheuer gesichtet zu haben, womit ein allumfassender Herrschaftsanspruch einherging. Die achaimenidischen Großkönige benutzten dasselbe Argument, um Universalherrschaft und dadurch legitime Herrschaft zu kommunizieren. Kontextualisiert man die Sichtung des Seeungeheuers in den Fragmenten der Werke der Feldzugsteilnehmer in den Diskurs um Universalherrschaft des ersten Jahrtausends v. Chr., so lassen sich Alexanders Bestrebungen feststellen, sich zu den Konzepten legitimer Herrschaft nicht-makedonischer Prägung zu positionieren und sich in einer Weise als rechtmäßiger Herrscher zu präsentieren, die auch für seine asiatischen Untertanen verständlich war. Die am Alexanderzug teilnehmenden Autoren nahmen die hierfür benutzten Ideologeme in ihre Werke auf, passten sie aber entsprechend ihrer literarischen Absichten an.
{"title":"Alexander und die κήτεα des Okeanos","authors":"Julian Degen","doi":"10.1515/klio-2021-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2021-0061","url":null,"abstract":"Zusammenfassung Während der Fahrt der Flotte Alexanders durch den Indischen Ozean sichteten seine Seeleute angeblich ein Seeungeheuer. Die an der Unternehmung beteiligten Autoren Nearchos, Onesikritos und Orthagoras nahmen die ungewöhnliche Begegnung in ihre Werke auf, gaben diese aber in unterschiedlicher Weise wieder. Obwohl es sich dabei um eine in mehrerer Hinsicht interessante Episode handelt, besitzt sie einen besonders hohen Quellenwert, um Rückschlüsse über Alexanders Positionierung gegenüber den altorientalischen Kontexten seiner Herrschaft anzustellen. Schließlich behaupteten bereits die neuassyrischen Herrscher, auf dem Meer am Rande der Welt Seeungeheuer gesichtet zu haben, womit ein allumfassender Herrschaftsanspruch einherging. Die achaimenidischen Großkönige benutzten dasselbe Argument, um Universalherrschaft und dadurch legitime Herrschaft zu kommunizieren. Kontextualisiert man die Sichtung des Seeungeheuers in den Fragmenten der Werke der Feldzugsteilnehmer in den Diskurs um Universalherrschaft des ersten Jahrtausends v. Chr., so lassen sich Alexanders Bestrebungen feststellen, sich zu den Konzepten legitimer Herrschaft nicht-makedonischer Prägung zu positionieren und sich in einer Weise als rechtmäßiger Herrscher zu präsentieren, die auch für seine asiatischen Untertanen verständlich war. Die am Alexanderzug teilnehmenden Autoren nahmen die hierfür benutzten Ideologeme in ihre Werke auf, passten sie aber entsprechend ihrer literarischen Absichten an.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90960942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary A brief state of the art for Phlegon of Tralles’ De Mirabilia 3 anti-Roman prophecies is followed by a reassessment of four of its components: the historical identification of the Roman protagonist “Publius”, Naupaktos as the main stage for the prophecies, the multiple meanings of the Red Wolf as well as the Oak Tree, and the Roman military retreat. By analyzing these specific elements, it will be argued that these presages were not only associated with events during the Antiochean and Mithridatic Wars, but were also related with historical experiences from the First Macedonian Conflict.
{"title":"Publius at Naupaktos: The First Macedonian War and Phlegon of Tralles’ anti-Roman Prophecies in De Mirabilia 3","authors":"Juan P. Prieto","doi":"10.1515/klio-2021-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2021-0047","url":null,"abstract":"Summary A brief state of the art for Phlegon of Tralles’ De Mirabilia 3 anti-Roman prophecies is followed by a reassessment of four of its components: the historical identification of the Roman protagonist “Publius”, Naupaktos as the main stage for the prophecies, the multiple meanings of the Red Wolf as well as the Oak Tree, and the Roman military retreat. By analyzing these specific elements, it will be argued that these presages were not only associated with events during the Antiochean and Mithridatic Wars, but were also related with historical experiences from the First Macedonian Conflict.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82876468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary In relation to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, a great number of studies have analysed his different military campaigns, but very few have focused on the political and economic aspects of his reign. Based on a series of references taken from literary accounts, we seek to demonstrate how the internal organisation of the Kingdom of Epirus under Pyrrhus was similar to that of other contemporaneous Hellenistic kingdoms, replete with a Court consisting of a large number of the king’s friends and companions. Using certain archaeological evidence, especially funerary remains, we seek to reflect the existence of this Epirote élite in material terms. The literary tradition bears witness to an interest in agriculture and livestock farming during Pyrrhus’ period, although the accounts handed down to us provide little detail. Once again, archaeology enables us to provide corroborating evidence. In this respect, we focus on the existence of a series of fortified rural residences distributed in irregular manner throughout Epirote territory, which are interpreted as being those of the members of this aristocratic élite, who used these fortified enclosures as centres of exploitation for their lands and as symbols of their power and prestige. As comparative points of reference that enable us to understand these processes, we provide various examples from neighbouring Macedonia, a kingdom with which Epirus maintained close links, especially as of the mid-fourth century B.C., which appears to be the period in which many of these new developments also began to emerge in Epirus, reaching their culmination during the reign of Pyrrhus.
{"title":"Not Only “invincible in arms, a glorious warrior” (Plut. Pyrrh. 11.8). Pyrrhus and the Administration of the Epirote Kingdom","authors":"Adolfo J. Domínguez","doi":"10.1515/klio-2021-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2021-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In relation to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, a great number of studies have analysed his different military campaigns, but very few have focused on the political and economic aspects of his reign. Based on a series of references taken from literary accounts, we seek to demonstrate how the internal organisation of the Kingdom of Epirus under Pyrrhus was similar to that of other contemporaneous Hellenistic kingdoms, replete with a Court consisting of a large number of the king’s friends and companions. Using certain archaeological evidence, especially funerary remains, we seek to reflect the existence of this Epirote élite in material terms. The literary tradition bears witness to an interest in agriculture and livestock farming during Pyrrhus’ period, although the accounts handed down to us provide little detail. Once again, archaeology enables us to provide corroborating evidence. In this respect, we focus on the existence of a series of fortified rural residences distributed in irregular manner throughout Epirote territory, which are interpreted as being those of the members of this aristocratic élite, who used these fortified enclosures as centres of exploitation for their lands and as symbols of their power and prestige. As comparative points of reference that enable us to understand these processes, we provide various examples from neighbouring Macedonia, a kingdom with which Epirus maintained close links, especially as of the mid-fourth century B.C., which appears to be the period in which many of these new developments also began to emerge in Epirus, reaching their culmination during the reign of Pyrrhus.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77968270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alexander K. Gavrilov (Hg.), A Biographical Dictionary of St. Petersburg Classicists in the 19th – Early 20th Centuries, St. Petersburg (St. Petersburg Institute for History, RAS) 2021 (Bibliotheca Classica Petropolitana), 1051 S., ISBN 978-5-4391-0715-5","authors":"H. Parzinger","doi":"10.1515/klio-2022-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2022-2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78382959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary This article argues for the usefulness of recent scholarship on democratic decay (especially in the disciplines of political science and constitutional law) for explaining the breakdown of Rome’s res publica during the 50s BCE, with a particular focus on Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt’s “How Democracies Die” (2018). Using “democracy” in the neo-republican sense of government free from domination, Levitsky and Ziblatt show how the actions and reactions of political actors can damage a political system without any intention to overthrow it. This article combines their insights with concepts from Christian Meier’s “Res Publica Amissa” (2nd edition 1980) to analyse Caesar’s first consulship in 59 BCE. After explaining how the theory can responsibly be applied, it closely examines the major events of the year, especially the contest over the agrarian law. Caesar’s actions throughout the year demonstrate Levitsky and Ziblatt’s warning signs for a potential authoritarian, as do those of the opposition. This analysis helps us more clearly understand just how the events of “the consulship of Julius and Caesar” (Suet. Iul. 20.2) contributed to Rome’s democratic decay in succeeding years. The article connects to much recent work on late-republican political institutions. It also helps make this dramatic period of Roman history comprehensible to political scientists by analysing it in their own theoretical terms.
本文认为，最近关于民主衰败的学术研究(特别是在政治学和宪法学科领域)对于解释公元前50年代罗马共和政体的崩溃是有用的，并特别关注史蒂文·列维茨基和丹尼尔·齐布拉特的《民主政体是如何消亡的》(2018)。列维茨基和齐布拉特使用新共和主义意义上的“民主”，即摆脱统治的政府，展示了政治行为者的行为和反应如何破坏政治制度，而无意推翻它。本文将他们的见解与Christian Meier的“Res Publica Amissa”(1980年第二版)中的概念结合起来，分析凯撒在公元前59年的第一次执政官任期。在解释了如何负责任地应用这一理论之后，它仔细研究了一年中发生的重大事件，特别是关于土地法的争论。凯撒一整年的行动证明了列维茨基和齐布拉特对潜在独裁的警告，反对派也是如此。这种分析有助于我们更清楚地理解“朱利叶斯和凯撒的执政官”(Suet。(《古兰经》20.2)导致了罗马在随后几年的民主衰败。这篇文章与最近许多关于共和后期政治制度的研究有关。这也有助于政治学家用他们自己的理论来分析这段戏剧性的罗马历史。
{"title":"Caesar’s First Consulship and Rome’s Democratic Decay","authors":"David Rafferty","doi":"10.1515/klio-2021-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2021-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This article argues for the usefulness of recent scholarship on democratic decay (especially in the disciplines of political science and constitutional law) for explaining the breakdown of Rome’s res publica during the 50s BCE, with a particular focus on Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt’s “How Democracies Die” (2018). Using “democracy” in the neo-republican sense of government free from domination, Levitsky and Ziblatt show how the actions and reactions of political actors can damage a political system without any intention to overthrow it. This article combines their insights with concepts from Christian Meier’s “Res Publica Amissa” (2nd edition 1980) to analyse Caesar’s first consulship in 59 BCE. After explaining how the theory can responsibly be applied, it closely examines the major events of the year, especially the contest over the agrarian law. Caesar’s actions throughout the year demonstrate Levitsky and Ziblatt’s warning signs for a potential authoritarian, as do those of the opposition. This analysis helps us more clearly understand just how the events of “the consulship of Julius and Caesar” (Suet. Iul. 20.2) contributed to Rome’s democratic decay in succeeding years. The article connects to much recent work on late-republican political institutions. It also helps make this dramatic period of Roman history comprehensible to political scientists by analysing it in their own theoretical terms.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74093990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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