Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.349
A. LeeJin, Shin Mi-Rae, Lee Ji Hye, Roh Seong-Soo
{"title":"Effect of Coptidis Rhizoma and Evodiae Fructus Mixture on Esophageal Mucosa in Chronic Reflux Esophagitis","authors":"A. LeeJin, Shin Mi-Rae, Lee Ji Hye, Roh Seong-Soo","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.349","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"118 1","pages":"349-359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77097984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.178
J. Shin, H. Kang, B. Cho, Ji Hyeon Park, Denis Nchang Che, Suping Hao, Feng Wang, Jaeuk Sim, D. Sim, S. Jang
In this study, the effect of complex hot water extracts of Cirsium jaonicum, Artemisia annua and Curcuma longa (CAC) on the improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was investigated. CAC inhibited fatty acid synthesis and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells cultured with free fatty acid (FFA). In the NAFLD animal model, CAC extract suppressed the increase in body weight, liver, and epididymis fat weight, and suppressed the increase in hepatocyte fat and blood triglyceride. In addition, by blocking the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, cells were protected from oxidative stress in hepatocytes. Moreover, CAC inhibited the expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF- and IL-17 in hepatocytes. These results suggest the possibility that CAC extract can be applied in the field of health functional foods and pharmaceuticals for improvement and prevention of NAFLD.
{"title":"Ameliorative Effects of Cirsium jaonicum, Artemisia annua and Curcuma longa on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","authors":"J. Shin, H. Kang, B. Cho, Ji Hyeon Park, Denis Nchang Che, Suping Hao, Feng Wang, Jaeuk Sim, D. Sim, S. Jang","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.178","url":null,"abstract":" In this study, the effect of complex hot water extracts of Cirsium jaonicum, Artemisia annua and Curcuma longa (CAC) on the improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was investigated. CAC inhibited fatty acid synthesis and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells cultured with free fatty acid (FFA). In the NAFLD animal model, CAC extract suppressed the increase in body weight, liver, and epididymis fat weight, and suppressed the increase in hepatocyte fat and blood triglyceride. In addition, by blocking the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, cells were protected from oxidative stress in hepatocytes. Moreover, CAC inhibited the expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF- and IL-17 in hepatocytes. These results suggest the possibility that CAC extract can be applied in the field of health functional foods and pharmaceuticals for improvement and prevention of NAFLD.","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"92 1","pages":"178-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84719546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.231
Kwon Hyuk-Woo
{"title":"Inhibitory Effects of Euchrestaflavone B on Thrombus Formation via Regulation of Cyclic Nucleotides in Collagen-induced Platelets","authors":"Kwon Hyuk-Woo","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.231","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"12 1","pages":"231-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77123264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.244
Jin Hong-guang, Kim Kwan-Woo, Li Jing, Im Hyeri, Lee Dae Young, Yoon Dahye, Jeong Jin Tae, Kim Geum-Soog, Oh Hyuncheol, An RenBo, Kim Youn-Chul
{"title":"Atractylenoide II Isolated from Atractylodes macrocephala Inhibited Inflammatory Responses in Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 Macrophages and BV2 Microglial Cells","authors":"Jin Hong-guang, Kim Kwan-Woo, Li Jing, Im Hyeri, Lee Dae Young, Yoon Dahye, Jeong Jin Tae, Kim Geum-Soog, Oh Hyuncheol, An RenBo, Kim Youn-Chul","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.244","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"49 1","pages":"244-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77659669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.270
Eun-Jung Choi, Young Ae Park, S. Choi, Sam-Ju Jung, Youngmin Park, in-Sook Hwang, In-Sil Yu, Gi-young Shin
{"title":"Simultaneous Analysis of Mycotoxins and Risk Assessment in Seeds using LC-MS/MS","authors":"Eun-Jung Choi, Young Ae Park, S. Choi, Sam-Ju Jung, Youngmin Park, in-Sook Hwang, In-Sil Yu, Gi-young Shin","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.270","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"13 1","pages":"270-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73999993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.163
Hwan Lee, Yunhe Han, Wonmin Ko, Nayeong Kim, Jung-Young Kim, Dong-Sung Lee, E. Woo
Mahaenggamsuk-tang (MHGS) has been widely used in Korea and China for the treatment of various diseases. MHGS was constituted the Ephedrea Herba, Armenicae Semen, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Gypsum Fibrosum. In this study, we have made three different solvents extract as MHGS water extract (MHGS-W), MHGS 50% EtOH extract (MHGS-50E), and MHGS 100% EtOH extract (MHGS-100E). The MHGS-W, MHGS-50E and MHGS-100E showed the discernible difference patterns on HPLC analysis. Furthermore, MHGS-50E and MHGS-100E significantly increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects than MHGS-W. In addition, the MHGS-50E and MHGS-100E also inhibited significantly nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in RAW264.7. On the other hand, MHGS-50E and MHGS-W showed remarkable protection on the HT22 cell via heme oxygenase (HO)-1, but MHGS-100E did not show. The results of this study proved that MHGS-50E has greater potential therapeutic uses by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects compared to MHGS-100E, MHGS-W. Our study suggests that the different solvent might be affected the biological activities when make the traditional herbal medicines including MHGS.
{"title":"The Comparison Between Various Solvents Extracts of Mahaenggamsuk-tang on The Anti-oxidative, Anti-inflammatory and Neuro-protective Effects","authors":"Hwan Lee, Yunhe Han, Wonmin Ko, Nayeong Kim, Jung-Young Kim, Dong-Sung Lee, E. Woo","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.163","url":null,"abstract":" Mahaenggamsuk-tang (MHGS) has been widely used in Korea and China for the treatment of various diseases. MHGS was constituted the Ephedrea Herba, Armenicae Semen, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Gypsum Fibrosum. In this study, we have made three different solvents extract as MHGS water extract (MHGS-W), MHGS 50% EtOH extract (MHGS-50E), and MHGS 100% EtOH extract (MHGS-100E). The MHGS-W, MHGS-50E and MHGS-100E showed the discernible difference patterns on HPLC analysis. Furthermore, MHGS-50E and MHGS-100E significantly increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects than MHGS-W. In addition, the MHGS-50E and MHGS-100E also inhibited significantly nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in RAW264.7. On the other hand, MHGS-50E and MHGS-W showed remarkable protection on the HT22 cell via heme oxygenase (HO)-1, but MHGS-100E did not show. The results of this study proved that MHGS-50E has greater potential therapeutic uses by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects compared to MHGS-100E, MHGS-W. Our study suggests that the different solvent might be affected the biological activities when make the traditional herbal medicines including MHGS.","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"7 1","pages":"163-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79477031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.2.100
Jung-Hae Shin, J. Ha, Hyuk-Woo Kwon
The extract of Cudrania tricuspidata is used in ethnomedicine throughout Eastern Asia in China, Korea and Japan. In Korean traditional medicine, Cudrania tricuspidata has been used to treat eczema, mumps, tuberculosis, contusions, insom-nia and acute arthritis. In addition, it has been reported that root extract of Cudrania tricuspidata has anti-platelet effects. There-fore, we investigated which compound in Cudrania tricuspidata has inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. In this study, we tried to explain the inhibitory mechanism of steppogenin from Cudrania tricuspidata on human platelet aggregation. Collagen-induced human platelet aggregation and [Ca 2+ ] i mobilization were dose-dependently inhibited by steppogenin and we deter-mined the inhibition by steppogenin is due to the down regulation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase(ERK) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type I(IP 3 RI) phosphorylation. In addition, steppogenin inhibited collagen-induced fibronectin adhesion to IIb/ 3 and thromboxane A 2 generation. Thus, in the present study, steppogenin showed an inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation, suggesting its potential use for preventing
{"title":"Inhibitory Actions of Steppogenin on Platelet Activity Through Regulation of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and Ca 2+ Mobilization","authors":"Jung-Hae Shin, J. Ha, Hyuk-Woo Kwon","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.2.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.2.100","url":null,"abstract":" The extract of Cudrania tricuspidata is used in ethnomedicine throughout Eastern Asia in China, Korea and Japan. In Korean traditional medicine, Cudrania tricuspidata has been used to treat eczema, mumps, tuberculosis, contusions, insom-nia and acute arthritis. In addition, it has been reported that root extract of Cudrania tricuspidata has anti-platelet effects. There-fore, we investigated which compound in Cudrania tricuspidata has inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. In this study, we tried to explain the inhibitory mechanism of steppogenin from Cudrania tricuspidata on human platelet aggregation. Collagen-induced human platelet aggregation and [Ca 2+ ] i mobilization were dose-dependently inhibited by steppogenin and we deter-mined the inhibition by steppogenin is due to the down regulation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase(ERK) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type I(IP 3 RI) phosphorylation. In addition, steppogenin inhibited collagen-induced fibronectin adhesion to IIb/ 3 and thromboxane A 2 generation. Thus, in the present study, steppogenin showed an inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation, suggesting its potential use for preventing","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"28 1","pages":"100-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81776428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.151
Dong-Ha Lee
When blood vessels are damaged, a rapid hemostatic reaction occurs to minimize blood loss and maintain normal circulation. Platelet activation and aggregation is essential in this process. However, excessive platelet aggregation or abnormal platelet aggregation may be the cause of cardiovascular disease, such as thrombosis, stroke and atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is important to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease by finding substances that can regulate platelet activation and suppress aggregation reactions. Isoscopoletin, which is mainly found in the roots of plants Artemisia or Scopolia, has been reported to have potential pharmacological effects on anticancer and Alzheimer’s disease, but its role and mechanisms for platelet aggregation and thrombus formation are unknown. This study confirmed the effect of isoscopoletin on major regulation of collageninduced human platelet aggregation, TXA 2 production and intracellular granular secretion (ATP and serotonin release). In addition, the effects of isoscopoletin on phosphorylation of phosphorylated proteins PI3K/Akt and MAPK involved in signal transduction in platelet aggregation was studied. As a result, isoscopoletin significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK, significantly inhibiting platelet aggregation through TXA 2 production and intracellular granular secretion (ATP and serotonin release). Therefore, we suggest that isoscopoletin is an anti-platelet substance that regulates phosphorylation of phosphorus proteins such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK and is valuable as a preventive and therapeutic agent for platelet-derived cardiovascular disease.
{"title":"Anti-platelet Effects of Isoscopoletin through Regulation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK on Collagen-induced Human Platelets","authors":"Dong-Ha Lee","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.151","url":null,"abstract":" When blood vessels are damaged, a rapid hemostatic reaction occurs to minimize blood loss and maintain normal circulation. Platelet activation and aggregation is essential in this process. However, excessive platelet aggregation or abnormal platelet aggregation may be the cause of cardiovascular disease, such as thrombosis, stroke and atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is important to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease by finding substances that can regulate platelet activation and suppress aggregation reactions. Isoscopoletin, which is mainly found in the roots of plants Artemisia or Scopolia, has been reported to have potential pharmacological effects on anticancer and Alzheimer’s disease, but its role and mechanisms for platelet aggregation and thrombus formation are unknown. This study confirmed the effect of isoscopoletin on major regulation of collageninduced human platelet aggregation, TXA 2 production and intracellular granular secretion (ATP and serotonin release). In addition, the effects of isoscopoletin on phosphorylation of phosphorylated proteins PI3K/Akt and MAPK involved in signal transduction in platelet aggregation was studied. As a result, isoscopoletin significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK, significantly inhibiting platelet aggregation through TXA 2 production and intracellular granular secretion (ATP and serotonin release). Therefore, we suggest that isoscopoletin is an anti-platelet substance that regulates phosphorylation of phosphorus proteins such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK and is valuable as a preventive and therapeutic agent for platelet-derived cardiovascular disease.","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"14 1","pages":"151-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74246781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.291
Lee Hak-Dong, Lee Yunji, K. Hoon, Kim Hangeun, Park Chun-Gun, Lee Sang-hyun
{"title":"HPLC/UV Quantification of (+)-Catechin in Filipendula glaberrima from Different Regions and Flowering Stages","authors":"Lee Hak-Dong, Lee Yunji, K. Hoon, Kim Hangeun, Park Chun-Gun, Lee Sang-hyun","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.4.291","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"98 1","pages":"291-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83579260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.217
Ju Sung Lee, L. Paje, Joyce P. Rodriguez, K. Kang, D. Hahm, J. Shim, Y. Choi, Sanghyun Lee
Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CM) has been used to treat certain medical conditions such as hemorrhage, hepatitis, and hypertension. Cirsimaritin was previously found as the major flavonoid in CM and is said to contribute to its pharmacological effects. There are currently no reports detailing the qualitative and quantitative detection of phytochemical indicators in the aerial parts of CM. Therefore, we developed a method to rapidly identify and quantify cirsimaritin in CM using HPLC/UV, and we optimized and validated this analytical method. The results showed good linearity in the concentration range tested (0.25-0.015 mg/mL, r 2 0.9999), accuracy (93.9-111.3%), and precision (RSD 0.59%). The developed method can therefore be used for the rapid evaluation of cirsimaritin in CM.
猕猴桃(CM)已被用于治疗某些疾病，如出血、肝炎和高血压。西蓟素以前被发现是CM中的主要类黄酮，据说有助于其药理作用。目前还没有详细的报道，定性和定量检测的植物化学指标的空中部分的CM。因此，我们建立了一种高效液相色谱/紫外分光光度法快速鉴定和定量中药中茜草素的方法，并对该方法进行了优化和验证。结果表明:在所检测的浓度范围(0.25 ~ 0.015 mg/mL, r = 2 0.9999)、准确度(93.9 ~ 111.3%)、精密度(RSD0.59%)呈良好的线性关系。因此，该方法可用于中药中茜草素的快速评价。
{"title":"Validation of an HPLC/UV Analysis Method for Cirsimaritin in Cirsium japonicum var. maackii","authors":"Ju Sung Lee, L. Paje, Joyce P. Rodriguez, K. Kang, D. Hahm, J. Shim, Y. Choi, Sanghyun Lee","doi":"10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22889/KJP.2020.51.3.217","url":null,"abstract":" Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CM) has been used to treat certain medical conditions such as hemorrhage, hepatitis, and hypertension. Cirsimaritin was previously found as the major flavonoid in CM and is said to contribute to its pharmacological effects. There are currently no reports detailing the qualitative and quantitative detection of phytochemical indicators in the aerial parts of CM. Therefore, we developed a method to rapidly identify and quantify cirsimaritin in CM using HPLC/UV, and we optimized and validated this analytical method. The results showed good linearity in the concentration range tested (0.25-0.015 mg/mL, r 2 0.9999), accuracy (93.9-111.3%), and precision (RSD 0.59%). The developed method can therefore be used for the rapid evaluation of cirsimaritin in CM.","PeriodicalId":17851,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy","volume":"276 1","pages":"217-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76295502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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