Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16449
Syamsul Bakhri Mapparessa, Zakir Sabara, A. Suryanto, Lisa, T. Lestari
Used cooking oil can disturb health if used continues, and the waste can damage of environment if discarded, therefore prevention is needed through processing (recycling) of used cooking oil to economic products, for example, hand soap. This research was the manufacture of hand soap using the waste of cooking oil, olive oil, and KOH as raw materials. The aim is to determine formulations of raw materials on good hand soap on organoleptic tests, pH, microbial inhibitory zones, humidity and irritation levels, and foam height. The formulations between used cooking oil and olive oil are F1 (125 g and 125 g), F2 (150 g and 100 g), F3 (175 g and 75 g), and F4 (200 g and 50 g). This study begins with the manufacture of hand soap using the experimental method, continued by testing the inhibiting zone of growth of Propionibacterium acne bacteria, moisture content, irritation level, foam height through descriptive tests with analytical observational, organoleptic, and pH. Results are all formulas of hand soap have strong effectiveness in inhibiting microbe growth, distinctive organoleptic, moisturizing, and anti-irritation. The foam height has met with SNI 06-4085-1996, however, the pH value has larger than the pH of SNI 06-4085-1966. The best hand soap preparation is Formula 1 (F1) because it has a pH value that is close to the pH value of SNI.
{"title":"Pengujian Antimikroba, Kelembaban, Tingkat Iritasi, dan Tinggi Busa pada Hand Soap Berbasis Minyak Jelantah dan Zaitun","authors":"Syamsul Bakhri Mapparessa, Zakir Sabara, A. Suryanto, Lisa, T. Lestari","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16449","url":null,"abstract":"Used cooking oil can disturb health if used continues, and the waste can damage of environment if discarded, therefore prevention is needed through processing (recycling) of used cooking oil to economic products, for example, hand soap. This research was the manufacture of hand soap using the waste of cooking oil, olive oil, and KOH as raw materials. The aim is to determine formulations of raw materials on good hand soap on organoleptic tests, pH, microbial inhibitory zones, humidity and irritation levels, and foam height. The formulations between used cooking oil and olive oil are F1 (125 g and 125 g), F2 (150 g and 100 g), F3 (175 g and 75 g), and F4 (200 g and 50 g). This study begins with the manufacture of hand soap using the experimental method, continued by testing the inhibiting zone of growth of Propionibacterium acne bacteria, moisture content, irritation level, foam height through descriptive tests with analytical observational, organoleptic, and pH. Results are all formulas of hand soap have strong effectiveness in inhibiting microbe growth, distinctive organoleptic, moisturizing, and anti-irritation. The foam height has met with SNI 06-4085-1996, however, the pH value has larger than the pH of SNI 06-4085-1966. The best hand soap preparation is Formula 1 (F1) because it has a pH value that is close to the pH value of SNI.","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90692690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diarrheal is a disease that is widely endemic in tropical countries, especially in Indonesia. The bacterium that causes the appearance of diarrheal diseases is Eschericia coli. Plants that have the potential to be a cure for diarrhea are ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.). Ketapang seeds contain tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins that can be used as antibacterial. This study aims to identify the effect of ketapang seed extract on the activity of E. coli bacteria. Extraction of ketapang seeds is carried out by the soxhlet extraction method with a solvent mixture of water and ethanol 96%. This research is a laboratory experiment. Bacterial growth inhibition test is carried out by the phytochemical test of ketapang seed extract with the addition of FeCl3 solution showed positive results containing tannin compound indicated by the formation of a blackish-green colored solution. Positive control was carried out with amoxicillin and negative control with 70% ethanol solution. The results of the ANOVA test analysis obtained a significance value of 0.963, interpreted that there was a difference in inhibition power in variations in the concentration of ketapang seed extract with the most effective extract concentration being 0.8%. The higher the concentration of ketapang seed extract, the greater the inhibition against the growth of E. coli bacteria, therefore it can be used as a basic ingredient for anti-diarrhea drugs.
{"title":"Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Terhadap Daya Hambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Eschericia coli","authors":"Zelen Surya Minata Minata, Annida Elfiana Citra Ardianty, Sumari, Yudhi Utomo","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16355","url":null,"abstract":"Diarrheal is a disease that is widely endemic in tropical countries, especially in Indonesia. The bacterium that causes the appearance of diarrheal diseases is Eschericia coli. Plants that have the potential to be a cure for diarrhea are ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.). Ketapang seeds contain tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins that can be used as antibacterial. This study aims to identify the effect of ketapang seed extract on the activity of E. coli bacteria. Extraction of ketapang seeds is carried out by the soxhlet extraction method with a solvent mixture of water and ethanol 96%. This research is a laboratory experiment. Bacterial growth inhibition test is carried out by the phytochemical test of ketapang seed extract with the addition of FeCl3 solution showed positive results containing tannin compound indicated by the formation of a blackish-green colored solution. Positive control was carried out with amoxicillin and negative control with 70% ethanol solution. The results of the ANOVA test analysis obtained a significance value of 0.963, interpreted that there was a difference in inhibition power in variations in the concentration of ketapang seed extract with the most effective extract concentration being 0.8%. The higher the concentration of ketapang seed extract, the greater the inhibition against the growth of E. coli bacteria, therefore it can be used as a basic ingredient for anti-diarrhea drugs.","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91145189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16446
Ninik Lintang Edi Wahyuni, Nurcahyo, Unung Leoanggraini, Robby Sudarman, Bambang Soeswanto, Emma Hermawati Muhari, Agustinus Ngatin, R. Sihombing
Tofu wastewater contains a lot of protein therefore it is easily degraded to produce foul odors and harmful gases due to microbes. Protein levels can be reduced through the electrocoagulation method which is equipped with adsorption. The purpose of this study is to reduce the value of turbidity, TSS, and COD in tofu wastewater due to the influence of voltage in the electrocoagulation process which is equipped with an adsorption process. This research was conducted with an electrocoagulation process at a rate of 250L/min with voltage variations of 15, 20, and 24Volt in a 10L tank containing 3 pairs of aluminum (Al) electrodes connected with direct current. The output water from the electrocoagulation process flows into the settling basin and flows into the adsorption tank containing activated carbon adsorbent. Both of these continuous processes were the innovation of this research. Sampling was conducted every 10 minutes for analysis of turbidity, TSS, COD, and pH. The results of the output water analysis from the electrocoagulation process after passing through the precipitation and adsorption processes show that increasing the voltage results in the decrease of turbidity, TSS, and COD values, however, increased efficiency and pH. Thus, a voltage of 24V with a flow rate of 250mL/min resulted in the highest efficiency of the voltage variations (15, 20, and 24V) with a process time of 90 minutes with a turbidity impurity reduction efficiency value of 45.42% with a value of 41.36 NTU from 75.22NTU, TSS 91.42% with a decrease to 1827mg/L from 21288mg/L, and COD 55.56% with a COD value of 9600mg/L from 21600mg/L, and a process output water pH of 4.91, as well as a reduction in aluminum electrode weight of 1.024grams.
{"title":"Pengolahan Air Limbah Tahu Menggunakan Metode Elektrokoagulasi dan Adsorpsi Secara Kontinyu","authors":"Ninik Lintang Edi Wahyuni, Nurcahyo, Unung Leoanggraini, Robby Sudarman, Bambang Soeswanto, Emma Hermawati Muhari, Agustinus Ngatin, R. Sihombing","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16446","url":null,"abstract":"Tofu wastewater contains a lot of protein therefore it is easily degraded to produce foul odors and harmful gases due to microbes. Protein levels can be reduced through the electrocoagulation method which is equipped with adsorption. The purpose of this study is to reduce the value of turbidity, TSS, and COD in tofu wastewater due to the influence of voltage in the electrocoagulation process which is equipped with an adsorption process. This research was conducted with an electrocoagulation process at a rate of 250L/min with voltage variations of 15, 20, and 24Volt in a 10L tank containing 3 pairs of aluminum (Al) electrodes connected with direct current. The output water from the electrocoagulation process flows into the settling basin and flows into the adsorption tank containing activated carbon adsorbent. Both of these continuous processes were the innovation of this research. Sampling was conducted every 10 minutes for analysis of turbidity, TSS, COD, and pH. The results of the output water analysis from the electrocoagulation process after passing through the precipitation and adsorption processes show that increasing the voltage results in the decrease of turbidity, TSS, and COD values, however, increased efficiency and pH. Thus, a voltage of 24V with a flow rate of 250mL/min resulted in the highest efficiency of the voltage variations (15, 20, and 24V) with a process time of 90 minutes with a turbidity impurity reduction efficiency value of 45.42% with a value of 41.36 NTU from 75.22NTU, TSS 91.42% with a decrease to 1827mg/L from 21288mg/L, and COD 55.56% with a COD value of 9600mg/L from 21600mg/L, and a process output water pH of 4.91, as well as a reduction in aluminum electrode weight of 1.024grams.","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90323068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16437
N. Sari, N. Sumarni, Syaiful ' Bahri, Nurhaeni, Aini Auliana Amar, Syamsuddin, Jusman
Coconut pulp and soy milk pulp flour can be combined to reduce the use of wheat flour in the manufacture of cereals. The high fiber and protein content of coconut and soy milk pulp will improve the quality of cereals. The aim of this study was to obtain the mass ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour which produces cereals with high nutritional value. The ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour used was 0:100; 25:75; 50:50; 75:25; and 100:0 (w/w). Cereal quality was determined based on the value of carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, water, and ash content. The results showed that the protein, fat, water, and ash content met the SNI standard, while the fiber content was still higher than the maximum SNI limit. Statistically, the treatment of the ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour had a significant effect on all cereal quality parameters (sig. 0.00 < α (0.05)). The high cereal protein content was found in all levels, namely in the range of 14.29-21.14%, while the fat content was in the range of 17.8-34.41%. The use of a 0:100 ratio produces carbohydrate content that meets SNI, which is more than 60%. The use of a combination of coconut pulp and soy milk pulp for the manufacture of cereals that needs to be developed is 25:75 (w/w), however still needs further modifications to reduce fiber content and increase the carbohydrate content.
{"title":"Analisis Nutrisi Sereal dari Ampas Kelapa dan Ampas Susu Kedelai","authors":"N. Sari, N. Sumarni, Syaiful ' Bahri, Nurhaeni, Aini Auliana Amar, Syamsuddin, Jusman","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16437","url":null,"abstract":"Coconut pulp and soy milk pulp flour can be combined to reduce the use of wheat flour in the manufacture of cereals. The high fiber and protein content of coconut and soy milk pulp will improve the quality of cereals. The aim of this study was to obtain the mass ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour which produces cereals with high nutritional value. The ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour used was 0:100; 25:75; 50:50; 75:25; and 100:0 (w/w). Cereal quality was determined based on the value of carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, water, and ash content. The results showed that the protein, fat, water, and ash content met the SNI standard, while the fiber content was still higher than the maximum SNI limit. Statistically, the treatment of the ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour had a significant effect on all cereal quality parameters (sig. 0.00 < α (0.05)). The high cereal protein content was found in all levels, namely in the range of 14.29-21.14%, while the fat content was in the range of 17.8-34.41%. The use of a 0:100 ratio produces carbohydrate content that meets SNI, which is more than 60%. The use of a combination of coconut pulp and soy milk pulp for the manufacture of cereals that needs to be developed is 25:75 (w/w), however still needs further modifications to reduce fiber content and increase the carbohydrate content.","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78866726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16344
Ninik Lintang Edi Wahyuni, R. Sihombing, Nurcahyo, Agustinus Ngatin, Y. Sarungu, Alfiana Adhitasari, Bambang Soeswanto, Emma Hermawati Muhari, Retno Indarti
Papaya leaf extract could be used as an organic corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion inhibitors were used as a method to reduce corrosion rate. The most corrosive environment was the marine environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the best concentration of papaya (Carica papaya) leaf extract inhibitor which could reduce the corrosion rate of low carbon steel in a 3.56% NaCl solution environment. The maceration process was carried out for 24 hours with 70% ethanol solvent with a solute:solvent ratio of 1:8 (w/v) at room temperature. Inhibitor extracts were analyzed qualitatively with the phytochemical method. The addition of FeCl3 was carried out on the inhibitor extract from papaya leaves. The color change occurred from blackish brown to greenish black which indicated the presence of tannin compounds in the papaya leaf extract. Corrosion testing was carried out with hot stream temperature setting at 45⁰C to 55⁰C and concentrations of inhibitor extracts at 300, 600, and 900 ppm. The test was conducted for 36 hours with a span of metal mass every 6 hours. Corrosion rate calculation is done by weight loss method. The results showed that papaya leaf extract inhibitors positive contained corrosion inhibitor and could reduce the corrosion rate in 3.56% NaCl solution. The corrosion rate without inhibitor is 1.023 mmpy. Corrosion rates with inhibitor concentrations of 300, 600, and 900 ppm were 0.755, 0.585, and 0.438 mmpy, respectively.
{"title":"Laju Korosi Logam Baja Karbon Rendah di Larutan Garam pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Inhibitor Korosi dari Ekstrak Daun Pepaya","authors":"Ninik Lintang Edi Wahyuni, R. Sihombing, Nurcahyo, Agustinus Ngatin, Y. Sarungu, Alfiana Adhitasari, Bambang Soeswanto, Emma Hermawati Muhari, Retno Indarti","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16344","url":null,"abstract":"Papaya leaf extract could be used as an organic corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion inhibitors were used as a method to reduce corrosion rate. The most corrosive environment was the marine environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the best concentration of papaya (Carica papaya) leaf extract inhibitor which could reduce the corrosion rate of low carbon steel in a 3.56% NaCl solution environment. The maceration process was carried out for 24 hours with 70% ethanol solvent with a solute:solvent ratio of 1:8 (w/v) at room temperature. Inhibitor extracts were analyzed qualitatively with the phytochemical method. The addition of FeCl3 was carried out on the inhibitor extract from papaya leaves. The color change occurred from blackish brown to greenish black which indicated the presence of tannin compounds in the papaya leaf extract. Corrosion testing was carried out with hot stream temperature setting at 45⁰C to 55⁰C and concentrations of inhibitor extracts at 300, 600, and 900 ppm. The test was conducted for 36 hours with a span of metal mass every 6 hours. Corrosion rate calculation is done by weight loss method. The results showed that papaya leaf extract inhibitors positive contained corrosion inhibitor and could reduce the corrosion rate in 3.56% NaCl solution. The corrosion rate without inhibitor is 1.023 mmpy. Corrosion rates with inhibitor concentrations of 300, 600, and 900 ppm were 0.755, 0.585, and 0.438 mmpy, respectively.","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89136614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16391
Inda Hastuti N Naser, S. Bahri, Pasjan Satrimafitrah, A. Razak, Ruslan, Ahmad Ridhay, D. Puspitasari, Khairuddin.
Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a type of freshwater fish that contains high levels of protein albumin. The research was conducted to determine the albumin content in snakehead fish after the cooking process, both steamed and wrapped. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern, the first factor was the cooking method (steamed and wrapped) and the second was cooking time (10, 15, 20, and 20 minutes). Determination of protein albumin levels in snakehead fish after processing using the Biuret method. The steaming process for 15 minutes resulted in protein content in the snakehead fish of 0.76%, while the protein albumin that was lost was 19.28%. The wrapped method for 20 minutes has a remaining protein content of 0.59%, while the missing protein is 38.78%. The method of processing snakehead fish by steaming is better than the wrapping process.
{"title":"Penentuan Kadar Albumin Ikan Gabus (Channa striata) dengan Metode Biuret setelah Dikukus dan Dipepes","authors":"Inda Hastuti N Naser, S. Bahri, Pasjan Satrimafitrah, A. Razak, Ruslan, Ahmad Ridhay, D. Puspitasari, Khairuddin.","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16391","url":null,"abstract":"Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a type of freshwater fish that contains high levels of protein albumin. The research was conducted to determine the albumin content in snakehead fish after the cooking process, both steamed and wrapped. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern, the first factor was the cooking method (steamed and wrapped) and the second was cooking time (10, 15, 20, and 20 minutes). Determination of protein albumin levels in snakehead fish after processing using the Biuret method. The steaming process for 15 minutes resulted in protein content in the snakehead fish of 0.76%, while the protein albumin that was lost was 19.28%. The wrapped method for 20 minutes has a remaining protein content of 0.59%, while the missing protein is 38.78%. The method of processing snakehead fish by steaming is better than the wrapping process.","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90522036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16457
Joko Suryadi, Nanda Nabila, Syafa Neiska Bayhaqi, Eko Andrijanto
Sulfated silica catalyst is a solid acid catalyst which in its application is used to accelerate esterification reactions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of calcination temperature and increasing the amount of catalyst on the effectiveness of silica as a catalyst in the formation of methyl oleate through esterification reactions. The synthesis of sulfuric acid catalyst from rice husk ash went through several stages, including preparation of raw material for rice husk ash, production of silica using the sol-gel method, manufacture of silica-based acid catalysts and characterization of the sulfated silica catalyst. The acid catalyst was prepared using impregnation method with sulfuric acid and calcined at various temperatures of 500, 600, 700 and 800oC. The characterization of the acid catalyst formed includes ionic capacity, catalyst performance in the esterification reaction, and the determination of the bond characteristic functional groups using FTIR. The results of ion capacity analysis showed that the highest acidity value was found in the sulfated silica catalyst calcined at 600oC of 0.372 mmol/gram. Testing the performance of the catalyst in the esterification reaction with a ratio of 4:1 (methanol:oleic acid) obtained an ester conversion of 38.89% using a catalyst of 30% of the amount of oleic acid. Identification results using FTIR show that sulfate ions have chemically interacted with silica at around 1103.28 cm-1
{"title":"Pengaruh Temperatur Kalsinasi Terhadap Kapasitas Ion Katalis Asam Heterogen Berbasis Silika dan Aplikasinya pada Sintesis Metil Oleat","authors":"Joko Suryadi, Nanda Nabila, Syafa Neiska Bayhaqi, Eko Andrijanto","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16457","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfated silica catalyst is a solid acid catalyst which in its application is used to accelerate esterification reactions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of calcination temperature and increasing the amount of catalyst on the effectiveness of silica as a catalyst in the formation of methyl oleate through esterification reactions. The synthesis of sulfuric acid catalyst from rice husk ash went through several stages, including preparation of raw material for rice husk ash, production of silica using the sol-gel method, manufacture of silica-based acid catalysts and characterization of the sulfated silica catalyst. The acid catalyst was prepared using impregnation method with sulfuric acid and calcined at various temperatures of 500, 600, 700 and 800oC. The characterization of the acid catalyst formed includes ionic capacity, catalyst performance in the esterification reaction, and the determination of the bond characteristic functional groups using FTIR. The results of ion capacity analysis showed that the highest acidity value was found in the sulfated silica catalyst calcined at 600oC of 0.372 mmol/gram. Testing the performance of the catalyst in the esterification reaction with a ratio of 4:1 (methanol:oleic acid) obtained an ester conversion of 38.89% using a catalyst of 30% of the amount of oleic acid. Identification results using FTIR show that sulfate ions have chemically interacted with silica at around 1103.28 cm-1","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84538726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16482
Andi Aladin, Takdir Syarif, A. Suryanto, Andi Magefira, Ardan
Research has been carried out on the utilization of biomass waste of coconut trunk sawdust using the pyrolysis method to produce two products simultaneously, namely charcoal and liquid smoke. In order to obtain charcoal products with optimum calorific value, it is necessary to understand the optimum pyrolysis conditions. One of the optimum conditions, namely pyrolysis temperature, was studied in this research. Pyrolysis was carried out in a simultaneous pyrolysis reactor at a flow rate of argon inert gas into the reactor of 2 liters/minute and a pyrolysis time of 2.5 hours with pyrolysis temperature variations of 350, 400, 450, and 500°C, respectively. The study showed that the optimum temperature of 400oC was obtained which gave a yield of 34% charcoal with a calorific value of 7229 kcal/kg. Compared to the calorific value of the raw material for coconut sawdust which is 4400 kcal/kg, there was an increase in the calorific value of the pyrolysis product by 64%. Based on the optimum temperature condition, liquid smoke as a by-product was also obtained with a yield of 45%. Charcoal can be used as a solid fuel or as a bioadsorbent in the treatment of liquid waste or clarification of liquid food products such as virgin coconut oil (VCO). Grade 3 liquid smoke can be used as a biopesticide, while grade 1 liquid smoke can be used as a food preservative. Given the benefits of the two pyrolysis products, both of the products from the current research have a promising market value.
{"title":"Penentuan Suhu Optimum Pirolisis Serbuk Gergaji Batang Kelapa","authors":"Andi Aladin, Takdir Syarif, A. Suryanto, Andi Magefira, Ardan","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16482","url":null,"abstract":"Research has been carried out on the utilization of biomass waste of coconut trunk sawdust using the pyrolysis method to produce two products simultaneously, namely charcoal and liquid smoke. In order to obtain charcoal products with optimum calorific value, it is necessary to understand the optimum pyrolysis conditions. One of the optimum conditions, namely pyrolysis temperature, was studied in this research. Pyrolysis was carried out in a simultaneous pyrolysis reactor at a flow rate of argon inert gas into the reactor of 2 liters/minute and a pyrolysis time of 2.5 hours with pyrolysis temperature variations of 350, 400, 450, and 500°C, respectively. The study showed that the optimum temperature of 400oC was obtained which gave a yield of 34% charcoal with a calorific value of 7229 kcal/kg. Compared to the calorific value of the raw material for coconut sawdust which is 4400 kcal/kg, there was an increase in the calorific value of the pyrolysis product by 64%. Based on the optimum temperature condition, liquid smoke as a by-product was also obtained with a yield of 45%. Charcoal can be used as a solid fuel or as a bioadsorbent in the treatment of liquid waste or clarification of liquid food products such as virgin coconut oil (VCO). Grade 3 liquid smoke can be used as a biopesticide, while grade 1 liquid smoke can be used as a food preservative. Given the benefits of the two pyrolysis products, both of the products from the current research have a promising market value.","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90973938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16443
Alvino Jefferson Sianipar, Senny Widyaningsih, Suyata
Tofu liquid waste, which has high BOD and COD values, can contaminate waters if it is directly disposed of without prior treatment. Therefore, waste treatment is necessary before being released into water. One method for treating this waste is by using a cellulose acetate membrane. In this research, a cellulose acetate membrane was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse fibers using the phase inversion method. The membrane was added 6% MSG as an additive to improve its performance. The membrane was applied to treat tofu waste with BOD and COD parameters. The membrane’s flux values obtained in this study were 33.56 L/(m².hour) for water and 26.85 L/(m².hour) for tofu liquid waste. SEM test result showed that the membrane with a 6% MSG additive had more pores and a denser surface compared to the membrane without the additive. The membrane was capable of decreasing BOD and COD values by 62.5% and 75.3% respectively in liquid tofu waste.
{"title":"Sintesis dan Uji Kinerja Membran Selulosa Termodifikasi Polistirena dari Ampas Tebu dengan Aditif Monosodium Glutamate untuk Menurunkan Nilai BOD dan COD Limbah Cair Tahu","authors":"Alvino Jefferson Sianipar, Senny Widyaningsih, Suyata","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16443","url":null,"abstract":"Tofu liquid waste, which has high BOD and COD values, can contaminate waters if it is directly disposed of without prior treatment. Therefore, waste treatment is necessary before being released into water. One method for treating this waste is by using a cellulose acetate membrane. In this research, a cellulose acetate membrane was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse fibers using the phase inversion method. The membrane was added 6% MSG as an additive to improve its performance. The membrane was applied to treat tofu waste with BOD and COD parameters. The membrane’s flux values obtained in this study were 33.56 L/(m².hour) for water and 26.85 L/(m².hour) for tofu liquid waste. SEM test result showed that the membrane with a 6% MSG additive had more pores and a denser surface compared to the membrane without the additive. The membrane was capable of decreasing BOD and COD values by 62.5% and 75.3% respectively in liquid tofu waste.","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81851106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on drug delivery systems continues to develop, including making the latest formulations on capsule shells as a medium for drug delivery. The effort that has been done was developing non-gelatine drug delivery materials made from the combination of seaweed and cactus. The main component in making gel on seaweed and cactus is the polysaccharide pectin. This study aims to make and determine the characterization of capsule shells from a combination of seaweed and cactus. Capsule shells are made from a combination of pectin extracts from seaweed and cactus with 5 different ratios of 0:4 (A), 1:3 (B), 2:2 (C), 3:1 (D), and 4:0 (E). The characterization involved weight uniformity test, disintegration time test, water swelling test, and dissolution test. Pectin from green seaweed and koboi cactus weighed 235 g and 75 g. The capsule shell weights based on Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition were 307.2, 311.6, 309.7, 304.6, and 308.7 mg. The capsule shell disintegration times, based on Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition, 2020, were 15,16, 14, 21, and 12 minutes, and the best result of the water swelling test was C capsule (2:2) of 666.7%. The results of the capsule shell dissolution test showed that the reduction of the capsule shells did not exceed 10% for 30 minutes according to the Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition. The capsule shells made from a combination of seaweed and cactus can be used as material in drug delivery systems. Non-gelatinized capsule shell which is expected to have anti-inflammatory activity.
{"title":"Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Cangkang Kapsul Non Gelatin dari Rumput Laut (Eucheumma cottonii) dan Kaktus Koboi (Cereus peruvianus) untuk Sistem Penghantaran Obat","authors":"Micha Mahardika, Ninik Triayu Susparini, Dany Dewaldo, Boima Situmeang, Fauzan Amin","doi":"10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i1.16098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i1.16098","url":null,"abstract":"Research on drug delivery systems continues to develop, including making the latest formulations on capsule shells as a medium for drug delivery. The effort that has been done was developing non-gelatine drug delivery materials made from the combination of seaweed and cactus. The main component in making gel on seaweed and cactus is the polysaccharide pectin. This study aims to make and determine the characterization of capsule shells from a combination of seaweed and cactus. Capsule shells are made from a combination of pectin extracts from seaweed and cactus with 5 different ratios of 0:4 (A), 1:3 (B), 2:2 (C), 3:1 (D), and 4:0 (E). The characterization involved weight uniformity test, disintegration time test, water swelling test, and dissolution test. Pectin from green seaweed and koboi cactus weighed 235 g and 75 g. The capsule shell weights based on Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition were 307.2, 311.6, 309.7, 304.6, and 308.7 mg. The capsule shell disintegration times, based on Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition, 2020, were 15,16, 14, 21, and 12 minutes, and the best result of the water swelling test was C capsule (2:2) of 666.7%. The results of the capsule shell dissolution test showed that the reduction of the capsule shells did not exceed 10% for 30 minutes according to the Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition. The capsule shells made from a combination of seaweed and cactus can be used as material in drug delivery systems. Non-gelatinized capsule shell which is expected to have anti-inflammatory activity.","PeriodicalId":17905,"journal":{"name":"KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83928432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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