Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479773
Berna Akinci, N. G. Gencer
Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a system in which people can interact with electronic devices without using any body movement but only the brain activity itself. In this system, the brain signals obtained from the scalp surface are analysed from the EEG records. Aiming the discrimination of left and right hand movement imaginations (2 classes), an online cue-based BCI system has been developed in this study. In the offline analysis, feature extraction is performed by using Distinctive-Sensitive Learning Vector Quantization and Time-Frequency Analysis methods and training model is created from these features. This model is used in online classification and the result is given as a feedback. Using these methods, the cross-validation accuracy of the offline system is found to be 87% which yields an online prediction accuracy of 97% on a single subject.
{"title":"Online cue-based discrimination of left / right hand movement imagination","authors":"Berna Akinci, N. G. Gencer","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479773","url":null,"abstract":"Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a system in which people can interact with electronic devices without using any body movement but only the brain activity itself. In this system, the brain signals obtained from the scalp surface are analysed from the EEG records. Aiming the discrimination of left and right hand movement imaginations (2 classes), an online cue-based BCI system has been developed in this study. In the offline analysis, feature extraction is performed by using Distinctive-Sensitive Learning Vector Quantization and Time-Frequency Analysis methods and training model is created from these features. This model is used in online classification and the result is given as a feedback. Using these methods, the cross-validation accuracy of the offline system is found to be 87% which yields an online prediction accuracy of 97% on a single subject.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125512485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479738
Ceren Bora, Y. Serinağaoğlu, E. Tönük
In this study, electrical and mechanical properties of the heart tissue are modeled for normal heart beat. Contraction of the tissue via electrical activation has also been considered in terms of time synchronization. “Cellular automaton” method is used for modeling the 2 dimensional heart tissue and electromechanical interactions. Using this method, both the normal heart beat's electrical activation and the arrhythmia excitation could be taken on, without using complex differential equations. To consider the anisotropy of the heart tissue, fiber orientations have also been added to the model.
{"title":"Electromechanical heart tissue model using cellular automaton","authors":"Ceren Bora, Y. Serinağaoğlu, E. Tönük","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479738","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, electrical and mechanical properties of the heart tissue are modeled for normal heart beat. Contraction of the tissue via electrical activation has also been considered in terms of time synchronization. “Cellular automaton” method is used for modeling the 2 dimensional heart tissue and electromechanical interactions. Using this method, both the normal heart beat's electrical activation and the arrhythmia excitation could be taken on, without using complex differential equations. To consider the anisotropy of the heart tissue, fiber orientations have also been added to the model.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117294392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479829
E. Değirmenci, Murat Eyüboğlu
Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography (MREIT) serves the purpose of imaging electrical conductivities of tissues. It is known that conductivities of most biological tissues are anisotropic. Therefore, anisotropic conductivity should not be neglected in MREIT. In this study, performance of three previously proposed anisotropic conductivity reconstruction algorithms are compared under the same conditions. Their reconstruction accuracy, spatial resolution, linearity properties and computational requirements are investigated.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of anisotropic conductivity reconstruction algorithms in MREIT","authors":"E. Değirmenci, Murat Eyüboğlu","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479829","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography (MREIT) serves the purpose of imaging electrical conductivities of tissues. It is known that conductivities of most biological tissues are anisotropic. Therefore, anisotropic conductivity should not be neglected in MREIT. In this study, performance of three previously proposed anisotropic conductivity reconstruction algorithms are compared under the same conditions. Their reconstruction accuracy, spatial resolution, linearity properties and computational requirements are investigated.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116735242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479857
Bilge Karaçali
In this paper, we present a novel method for landmark-based deformation field interpolation that incorporates the rotation information for use in curved medical image registration applications. To this end, each Cartesian component of the interpolated deformation field was modeled by a mixture of Gaussian radial basis functions. The mixture coefficients were identified by optimizing an energy functional that seeks to match the landmark positions as well as the orientations of their neighborhoods. Optimization of this functional was carried out via a gradient descent strategy using the closed-form expressions of the partial derivatives with respect to the Gaussian radial basis function coefficients. In the experiments, grater accuracy was observed in the estimation of the unknown deformation fields when the rotation information was incorporated in the interpolation. These results indicate that the proposed scheme can achieve greater accuracy in deformation field interpolation, especially in deformable alignment of multimodality medical images for which the landmarks have to be matched by taking into account the proper orientations of their neighborhoods.
{"title":"Deformation field interpolation using rotational landmarks","authors":"Bilge Karaçali","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479857","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a novel method for landmark-based deformation field interpolation that incorporates the rotation information for use in curved medical image registration applications. To this end, each Cartesian component of the interpolated deformation field was modeled by a mixture of Gaussian radial basis functions. The mixture coefficients were identified by optimizing an energy functional that seeks to match the landmark positions as well as the orientations of their neighborhoods. Optimization of this functional was carried out via a gradient descent strategy using the closed-form expressions of the partial derivatives with respect to the Gaussian radial basis function coefficients. In the experiments, grater accuracy was observed in the estimation of the unknown deformation fields when the rotation information was incorporated in the interpolation. These results indicate that the proposed scheme can achieve greater accuracy in deformation field interpolation, especially in deformable alignment of multimodality medical images for which the landmarks have to be matched by taking into account the proper orientations of their neighborhoods.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126326801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479775
E. O. Isik, S. Nelson
In this study, we analyzed the MR spectroscopic and MR diffusion weighted imaging parameter differences among the subtypes of grade 3 brain tumor patients (anaplastic astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and oligoastrocytoma). We observed higher lipid values in the tumor regions of oligodendrogliomas than both astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas. According to these results, there were not significant MR spectroscopic or MR diffusion differences between the subtypes of grade 3 brain tumors for this patient population and except lipid it would be acceptable to combine the data of these subgroups for future studies.
{"title":"The differences of MR spectroscopic imaging and MR diffusion weighted imaging parameters in different subtypes of grade 3 gliomas","authors":"E. O. Isik, S. Nelson","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479775","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we analyzed the MR spectroscopic and MR diffusion weighted imaging parameter differences among the subtypes of grade 3 brain tumor patients (anaplastic astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and oligoastrocytoma). We observed higher lipid values in the tumor regions of oligodendrogliomas than both astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas. According to these results, there were not significant MR spectroscopic or MR diffusion differences between the subtypes of grade 3 brain tumors for this patient population and except lipid it would be acceptable to combine the data of these subgroups for future studies.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114136861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479811
Yavuz Öztürk, M. Engin, E. Z. Engin, Alper Bayrak
In this study, the texture of skin on the back of the hand was investigated for men and women of different ages. The images obtained from superficially back scattered light at the parallel and perpendicular position of the analyzer for different wavelengths, were processed and quantitatively analyzed. At the end of the analysis, we observed that the skin textures have many different segments and the size and number of segments change with ages. Finally, we can say that the hand skin texture becomes less complex with age.
{"title":"Investigation of human hand skin features by polarized light imaging","authors":"Yavuz Öztürk, M. Engin, E. Z. Engin, Alper Bayrak","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479811","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the texture of skin on the back of the hand was investigated for men and women of different ages. The images obtained from superficially back scattered light at the parallel and perpendicular position of the analyzer for different wavelengths, were processed and quantitatively analyzed. At the end of the analysis, we observed that the skin textures have many different segments and the size and number of segments change with ages. Finally, we can say that the hand skin texture becomes less complex with age.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130000898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479822
Mehmet Sahin, Hamdi Melih Saraoglu
In this study, the kind of Escherichia Coli obtained using gas sensor sequence consisted deneyler QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) as experiments related to determining from the odour of growing duration of the bacteria. In this context, the growing duration of odour produced by Escherichia Coli bacteria was examined in five day period after 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 hours that they were planted in petridish. The evaluation of odour data was carried out using the method of Principle Component Analysis (PCA). It was found that the kind of Escherichia Col, bacteria can be identified clearly after 24 hours and partially after 48 hours that they are planted in petridish.
{"title":"Investigation of Escherichia Coli bacteria growth process using electronic nose","authors":"Mehmet Sahin, Hamdi Melih Saraoglu","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479822","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the kind of Escherichia Coli obtained using gas sensor sequence consisted deneyler QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) as experiments related to determining from the odour of growing duration of the bacteria. In this context, the growing duration of odour produced by Escherichia Coli bacteria was examined in five day period after 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 hours that they were planted in petridish. The evaluation of odour data was carried out using the method of Principle Component Analysis (PCA). It was found that the kind of Escherichia Col, bacteria can be identified clearly after 24 hours and partially after 48 hours that they are planted in petridish.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133825071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479856
A. Özkan, S. Kara, A. Sallı, S. Günes
In this study, Doppler signals received from the radial artery of the right hands of the 40 healthy subjects and 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were recorded. Some features of these signals were obtained using Subspace-based MUSIC method which is one of the spectral analysis methods, and the diseased cases were distinguished with Artificial Neural Networks classification method. In MUSIC method, 5,10,15,20 and 25 were used as model degrees. Test procedure was carried out after training with Artificial Neural Networks. Classification accuracy after the test results was 88.75% for 5 model degrees, 93.75% for 10 and 25 model degrees, 100% for 15 model degrees and 92.5% for 20 model degrees and all models had an average degree of 93.75% classification accuracy was obtained. The proposed approach has potential to help with the early diagnosis of RA disease for the specialists who study this subject.
{"title":"Analysis of Doppler signals of radial artery for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis","authors":"A. Özkan, S. Kara, A. Sallı, S. Günes","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479856","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, Doppler signals received from the radial artery of the right hands of the 40 healthy subjects and 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were recorded. Some features of these signals were obtained using Subspace-based MUSIC method which is one of the spectral analysis methods, and the diseased cases were distinguished with Artificial Neural Networks classification method. In MUSIC method, 5,10,15,20 and 25 were used as model degrees. Test procedure was carried out after training with Artificial Neural Networks. Classification accuracy after the test results was 88.75% for 5 model degrees, 93.75% for 10 and 25 model degrees, 100% for 15 model degrees and 92.5% for 20 model degrees and all models had an average degree of 93.75% classification accuracy was obtained. The proposed approach has potential to help with the early diagnosis of RA disease for the specialists who study this subject.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130611531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479783
M. Yıldız, Burak Güçlü
Tactile perception originates in the four psychophysical tactile channels. These channels are mediated by four corresponding receptor systems. Particularly, for the Pacinian tactile channel, the lowest tactile threshold of humans is approximately at 250 Hz. In this study, we measured frequency-following brain responses to 250-Hz vibratory stimuli with intensities at varying sensation levels. Initially, the absolute threshold of the Pacinian channel was measured using the two-interval forced-choice paradigm. The experiments were repeated with a masking stimulus (frequency: 250 Hz; intensity: SL+10, SL+20, SL+30 dB) which preceded the test-stimulus interval. As a result, the masked thresholds were elevated as a function of the masking-stimulus level, consistent with previous studies. Then, EEG signals were recorded over the somatosensory cortex (CPc-CPi) during vibrotactile stimulation, using the same protocol as described in psychophysical part of the experimets. The EEG signals were averaged 500 times, and analyzed by using Fourier and wavelet transforms. The difference between the total area of power spectrum during the masked test-stimulus and during the unmasked test stimulus interval was significant for SL+30 masking level (Wilcoxon signrank test p=0.013). In addition, the difference of power spectrum area at driving frequency between two cases was significant for SL+20 and SL+30 masking level p=0.013 and p=0.019 respectively. This is the first time that a neural correlate of psychophysical forward masking is demonstrated in the tactile system.
{"title":"The effect of psychophysical forward masking in the tactile Pacinian channel on somatosensory evoked responses","authors":"M. Yıldız, Burak Güçlü","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479783","url":null,"abstract":"Tactile perception originates in the four psychophysical tactile channels. These channels are mediated by four corresponding receptor systems. Particularly, for the Pacinian tactile channel, the lowest tactile threshold of humans is approximately at 250 Hz. In this study, we measured frequency-following brain responses to 250-Hz vibratory stimuli with intensities at varying sensation levels. Initially, the absolute threshold of the Pacinian channel was measured using the two-interval forced-choice paradigm. The experiments were repeated with a masking stimulus (frequency: 250 Hz; intensity: SL+10, SL+20, SL+30 dB) which preceded the test-stimulus interval. As a result, the masked thresholds were elevated as a function of the masking-stimulus level, consistent with previous studies. Then, EEG signals were recorded over the somatosensory cortex (CPc-CPi) during vibrotactile stimulation, using the same protocol as described in psychophysical part of the experimets. The EEG signals were averaged 500 times, and analyzed by using Fourier and wavelet transforms. The difference between the total area of power spectrum during the masked test-stimulus and during the unmasked test stimulus interval was significant for SL+30 masking level (Wilcoxon signrank test p=0.013). In addition, the difference of power spectrum area at driving frequency between two cases was significant for SL+20 and SL+30 masking level p=0.013 and p=0.019 respectively. This is the first time that a neural correlate of psychophysical forward masking is demonstrated in the tactile system.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130708682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-21DOI: 10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479778
Yunus Emre Çakiroğlu, Levent Özparlak, Onur Kocak, Arif Koçoğlu
Today, it is a well known truth that the cigarette has terrible effects on human health. However, the researches on these effects are mostly investigated inside the boundaries of the medicine science. This work aims to investigate the short-term effects of the cigarette over the human in an engineering perspective and tries to find an analytical solution to detect the consumption of the cigarette. For this reason, in reference to the previous works, the effects of the cigarette over the Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal are taken into account. ECG signals are a certain type of biological signals which is the result of the electrical activities of the heart. In this work, the clustering of the features extracted from the ECG signals is implemented by using K-Means algorithm and it is observed that the results are hopefully good. By the improvement of this work, it will be possible to make an analytical, more than observational, comment on the short-term effects of the cigarette over the heart and human body accordingly.
{"title":"Search of the short time effects of smoking on ECG signals","authors":"Yunus Emre Çakiroğlu, Levent Özparlak, Onur Kocak, Arif Koçoğlu","doi":"10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIYOMUT.2010.5479778","url":null,"abstract":"Today, it is a well known truth that the cigarette has terrible effects on human health. However, the researches on these effects are mostly investigated inside the boundaries of the medicine science. This work aims to investigate the short-term effects of the cigarette over the human in an engineering perspective and tries to find an analytical solution to detect the consumption of the cigarette. For this reason, in reference to the previous works, the effects of the cigarette over the Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal are taken into account. ECG signals are a certain type of biological signals which is the result of the electrical activities of the heart. In this work, the clustering of the features extracted from the ECG signals is implemented by using K-Means algorithm and it is observed that the results are hopefully good. By the improvement of this work, it will be possible to make an analytical, more than observational, comment on the short-term effects of the cigarette over the heart and human body accordingly.","PeriodicalId":180275,"journal":{"name":"2010 15th National Biomedical Engineering Meeting","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132246689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：