Lipids最新文献

We report hepatic and renal parameters affected by fixed oil from ginger (Zingiber officinale) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) in male Wistar rats. Dyslipidaemia (hyperlipidemia) and diabetes were induced by feeding 35% saturated fat for 30 days, followed by the administration of streptozotocin (28 mg/kg bw). Rats were grouped into: DD (dyslipidaemia with diabetes), DD + M + O [metformin (20 mg/kg bw) + orlistat (10 mg/kg bw)], DD + G-FO [ginger fixed oil (50 mg/kg bw)], DD + P-FO [black pepper fixed oil (50 mg/kg bw)] and control with 60-days feeding. The DD group had significantly elevated lipids (total cholesterol, LDL + VLDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), glycaemic parameters (FBS, insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR), organ function enzyme markers (ALP, CK-MB, CK-NAC, SGOT, and SGPT) compared to control (p < 0.05), whereas experimental groups (DD + G-FO and DD + P-FO) showed a significant decrease compared to DD (p < 0.05). The hepatic levels of caspase-3, cytochrome c, and p53 were increased significantly in DD compared to the control and experimental groups (p < 0.05). Similarly, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), in both serum and kidney, was significantly increased in DD compared to the control and experimental groups. The hepatic (bilirubin) and renal (urea, uric acid, and creatinine) markers were elevated significantly in DD compared to the control and experimental groups (p < 0.05). Liver and kidney histology indicated that DD enhanced lipid accumulation, resulting in tissue damage compared to the control and experimental groups. Thus, we established that fixed oil from ginger and black pepper sustained hepatic and renal function in metabolic abnormalities like hyperlipidemia and diabetes in the experimental rat model.

Although sphingolipids are key players in lipotoxicity and metabolic diseases, their response to bariatric surgery and their relation to metabolic improvement remain unclear. This pilot study investigated plasma sphingolipid remodeling after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and its associations with clinical and biochemical markers of postoperative metabolic improvement in women with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Plasma samples, anthropometric, body composition, and biochemical data (glucose, HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide, and lipid profile) were collected from 30 participants before and 3 months after surgery. T2DM remission was defined according to ADA 2021 criteria. Plasma sphingolipids were identified using untargeted metabolomics, which involved ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Jamovi (version 2.2.5) and MetaboAnalyst (versions 5.0 and 6.0). RYGB led to reductions in body weight and anthropometric measures, with improved body composition. Patients demonstrated glycemic improvement, with 18 achieving remission of T2DM. The lipid profile also improved, with a decline in total cholesterol driven by reductions in pro-atherogenic fractions. Among 32 plasma sphingolipids identified, 21 changed significantly after surgery. Sphingolipids showed strong-to-robust correlations with the lipid profile, particularly SM(d18:1/20:0) and SM(d18:1/22:0) with total cholesterol and LDL-c after surgery, but moderate and poor correlations with body composition, and glycemic markers, respectively. Plasma sphingolipids underwent significant remodeling after RYGB, with strong associations with plasma cholesterol, particularly with SM(d18:1/20:0) and SM(d18:1/22:0). These findings suggest that specific sphingolipid species may contribute to or reflect plasma lipid adaptations to surgery and warrant further investigation as potential metabolic biomarkers. Trial Registration: This protocol is part of a broader umbrella study registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov under the identifier NCT01251016.

Fatty acid beta-oxidation defects (FAOD) are a subgroup of lipid myopathies with heterogeneous presentations. Clinical presentation may manifest as muscular weakness, cramps, postexercise myalgias, and episodic rhabdomyolysis in children or adults. Our objective was to describe the clinical manifestations, biochemical, anatomopathological, and molecular results in a series of adult patients diagnosed with FAOD during adolescence or adulthood at five centers in Argentina. A total of seven patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 (CPT II), very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase LCHAD deficiency were reported. The definite diagnosis of metabolic myopathies due to FAOD requires an understanding of clinical, biochemical, neurophysiological, and muscular imaging/biopsy patterns. All patients in this series consulted pediatricians, general practitioners, rheumatologists, and orthopedists for years, underscoring the need to disseminate these presentation patterns across various medical specialties. Early diagnosis and treatment using traditional diets and new pharmacological strategies not only enhance the quality of life, but also improve survival in these patients.

Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) (> 125 nmol/L) is highly prevalent and a causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) that may contribute significantly to plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). This study aimed to describe clinical characteristics across Lp(a) levels and to estimate the proportion of individuals with normal, moderately elevated, or elevated LDL-C earlier in life according to levels of Lp(a), to assess whether LDL-C levels are a reliable marker for an underlying elevated Lp(a) level. In this retrospective study, detailed information on clinical characteristics was collected through medical records, while biochemical data was retrieved from the North Denmark Region Clinical Laboratory System (LABKA) I and II between January 2021 and August 2024. A total of 1346 individuals were included of whom 28.5% had elevated Lp(a) levels ≥ 125 nmol/L. A history of ASCVD was found in 57.7% of patients with Lp(a) levels ≥ 400 nmol/L compared to 21.1% of patients with Lp(a) levels < 100 nmol/L and the median age of onset of ASCVD was 51 years and 56 years, respectively. Furthermore, in individuals with Lp(a) levels ≥ 300 nmol/L, we found that 7.6% had LDL-C < 3.0 mmol/L and 9.1% had LDL-C between 3.0 and 3.5 mmol/L when measured for the first time, respectively. This study highlights distinct clinical characteristics across Lp(a) levels. With increasing Lp(a) levels, the prevalence of ASCVD increased, while the age at onset of ASCVD decreased. Furthermore, we found that LDL-C within the normal range cannot be used to rule out highly elevated Lp(a) levels.

7-Ketocholesterol (7-KC), a cytotoxic oxysterol, contributes to atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders by promoting oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysfunction of organelles including mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, ultimately leading to cell death. Nutritional biomedicine offers potential strategies to counteract these effects using antioxidant nutrients and probiotics. In this study, genes associated with 7-KC toxicity were retrieved from GeneCards, and targets of quercetin, luteolin, butyrate, Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and vitamin E were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction. Overlapping targets were identified via an interactive Venn tool and analyzed through STRING protein-protein interaction networks, CytoHubba hub ranking, and Gene Ontology (GO)/ClueGO pathway enrichment. Twenty shared genes were identified, with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG), AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1 (AKT1), Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) as key hubs. Enriched processes included sterol metabolism, cholesterol efflux, inflammatory regulation, and organelle protection, indicating multi-target modulation. These findings support that combinatorial nutrient interventions can restore sterol homeostasis, mitigate oxidative stress, and attenuate 7-KC-induced pathologies.

The effects of fish oil supplementation on omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly intermediates between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), that may provide valuable metabolic information, have not been fully characterized in older populations. A total of 10 postmenopausal females (69.6 ± 2.6 years, mean ± SEM) and 10 age-matched males (70.0 ± 2.4) were supplemented with fish oil (1.8 g/day EPA and 1.4 g/day DHA) for 5 months, and blood was collected to determine n-3 PUFA levels. Significant interaction effects (sex × supplementation) for plasma phospholipid EPA, DHA, and 24:5n-3 (p < 0.05) revealed 69%, 101%, and 182% higher levels, respectively, in females compared with males post-supplementation. Significant main effects of supplementation yielded 83%-327% higher plasma triacylglycerol EPA, DHA, 22:5n-3, and 24:5n-3 (p < 0.05) post-supplementation. Our findings provide insight into sex-dependent DHA metabolism in healthy older adults, which may help inform more targeted EPA and/or DHA supplementation advice to promote improved n-3 PUFA status.

Oxylipins are oxygenated products of fatty acids that are being increasingly studied due to their role in multiple physiological processes. Investigations to date have focused on the 20-carbon eicosanoids and 22-carbon docosanoids. However, more recently, interest has grown into the 18-carbon octadecanoids. A significant obstacle in the study of these compounds is a lack of authentic standards for functional studies as well as for development of methods for their quantification. We developed a fast and simple one-step synthetic strategy to produce mono-hydroxylated metabolites based on the photosensitized oxidation of 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Four different PUFAs including α-linolenic acid (ALA, ω3), γ-linolenic acid (GLA, ω6), stearidonic acid (SDA, ω3), and octadecapentaenoic acid (ODPA, ω3) were photooxidized in the presence of methylene blue and oxygen under exposure to light from a halogen lamp. The uncommon PUFA ODPA was prepared from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, ω3) in a 6-step synthesis with 30% overall yield. The hydroperoxide products were reduced with sodium borohydride and the mono-hydroxylated octadecanoids were separated by HPLC. Product identification was performed by GC-MS. The final purities of isolated products ranged from 80% to 98%, with oxidation of non-terminal double bonds being preferred. It is likely that this approach could be extended to PUFAs of varying chain length, suggesting that photosensitized oxidation could be employed to rapidly prepare hydroperoxides from multiple unsaturated fatty acids. As interest in oxylipins continues to increase, this approach will be useful for large-scale preparation of multiple standards for the study of these new compounds.

In this study, five FADS genes-FADS1a, FADS1b, FADS1c, FADS2, and FADS6-were cloned and characterized in chickens. Their nutritional regulations by diets containing various levels (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg) of curcumin (Curcuma longa) were also determined. We aimed to determine the functions of FADS genes in fatty acid (FA) metabolism in chickens. We identified two critical conserved regions in chicken FADS: DWXXGH and GEXA, likely conferring structural stability to the iron-binding center and modulating the electrostatic potential. The chicken FADS genes are orthologs of vertebrate FADS genes. FADS1a/FADS1b and FADS1c exhibited markedly different tissue-specific transcription. However, FADS1a, FADS1b, and FADS1c responded differently to dietary curcumin, suggesting their functional divergence. Therefore, we propose that FADS1a, FADS1b, and FADS1c were retained in the chicken genome due to neo- or sub-functionalization. Dietary curcumin upregulated four of five chicken FADS genes (except FADS1a), indicating its effect on FA metabolism in chickens. Analyzing the promoter regions of FADS1 genes is essential for identifying their regulatory mechanisms, which may explain their evolutionary fates and functions.

To compare the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in venous blood and cervical flushing fluid between patients with unexplained infertility and a control group, marking the first investigation of its kind in the literature. Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Education and Research Hospital-based cross-sectional study. This study was conducted with a total of 66 women (35 with unexplained infertility and 31 healthy controls) between 20 and 45 who attended the outpatient gynecology clinic between January 2023 and January 2024. Samples for EPA were collected in the midluteal phase and stored at -80°C, analyzed using EPA's ELISA kits. Baseline demographic and hormonal parameters were similar between the unexplained infertility and control groups. Serum EPA levels were lower in the unexplained infertility group, but the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, cervical flushing fluid EPA concentrations were significantly reduced in women with unexplained infertility (p < 0.001). No correlation was observed between serum and cervical EPA levels (Spearman's ρ = 0.13, p = 0.28). In multivariate analysis, unexplained infertility independently predicted lower cervical EPA concentrations, explaining approximately one-third of the total variance (R² = 34.3%). Cervical flushing fluid EPA levels were significantly lower in the unexplained infertility group compared to the control group. These findings suggest that local anti-inflammatory lipid imbalance in the cervical microenvironment may contribute to fertility impairment. Further studies are needed to clarify the potential role of EPA as a biomarker or therapeutic target in reproductive disorders.

Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been consumed aiming to reduce cardiovascular disease. Fish oil is the main dietary source of EPA and DHA but has limitations that have stimulated interest in sustainable alternatives such as Echium (Echium plantagineum) and Ahiflower (Buglossoides arvensis) oils, both rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA), precursors of EPA. However, the ability of these two oils to increase EPA and DHA levels in different tissues remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of SDA-rich oils on fatty acid profiles in different biological matrices of C57BL/6 mice. Animals received diets supplemented with soybean oil (control), Echium oil, or Ahiflower oil (4% diet) for 8 weeks, providing n-3/n-6 FA intake ratios of 0.14, 1.51, and 2.28, respectively. Fatty acids were analyzed in plasma, erythrocytes, liver, adipose tissue, heart, and brain. Both SDA-rich oils significantly increased EPA levels across all tissues in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control, whereas changes in DHA were limited and tissue-specific. Despite the increase in EPA, DHA levels remained unchanged in the heart, brain, and plasma. In erythrocytes, DHA levels were higher in both SDA-rich oil groups compared with the control. Echium and Ahiflower oils may be strategically used in EPA-focused interventions and, depending on the target tissue and physiological demand, may partially satisfy DHA requirements. This nuanced understanding is critical for the development of evidence-based dietary recommendations and sustainable omega-3 supplementation strategies.