Lipids最新文献

Attention has recently been paid to the cross-talk between G protein-coupled receptor 55 for lysophosphatidylinositol as an endogenous agonist and cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 for 2-arachidonoylglycerol as an endogenous agonists in mammalian neuronal cells. In relation to the functional coupling, in this study, exogenously added 1-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (1–20:4 LPI) to MG6, a mouse microglial cell line, was found to be converted to 1-arachidonoyl glycerol (1–20:4 MAG) and arachidonic acid (20:4 FFA), possibly due to the combined action of ecto-lysophospholipaase C activity of glycerophosphodiesterase 3 and extracellular lipase toward MAG. Consistent with the above result, exogenous 1–20:4 MAG was found to be converted to 20:4 FFA by extracellular lipase activity toward MAG in the culture medium of MG6 cells. Not only was exogenous 20:4 FFA incubated with MG6 cells, but also 20:4 FFA produced from the exogenous 1–20:4 MAG and 1–20:4 LPI in the absence of fetal bovine serum, respectively, were postulated to be involved in the reduced population of process-bearing MG6 cells via its entry into the cells and the intracellular conversion of prostaglandins. This hypothesis was supported by our findings showing that the reducing effects of exogenous 1–20:4 LPI, 1–20:4 MAG, and 20:4 FFA were all found to be indomethacin-inhibitable, and that exogenous PGD₂, but not PGE₂ and PGF₂α, was shown to reduce the population of process-bearing MG6 cells cultured without Fetal bovine serum.

Vegetarian diets limit the consumption of foods of animal origin to a variable extent, potentially leading to deficiencies in specific nutrients, particularly proteins and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) from fish or seafood. This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of vegetarian diets on n-6 and n-3 PUFA status in humans, with a focus on critical periods such as pregnancy and growth. Studies were included if they evaluated the relationship between vegetarian diets and PUFA status with clearly defined vegetarian diet types and PUFA measurement methods. Exclusion criteria included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and studies that included occasional meat or fish consumption. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Springer, and ScienceDirect databases, considering articles published up to 2023. A total of 45 studies were involved; the review found that vegetarian diets increased linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6, LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, ALA) intake but resulted in significantly reduced concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3, DHA), particularly in vegan diets. DHA intake from microalgae oil was shown to effectively improve serum DHA status, particularly during pregnancy and lactation. The evidence included in this review is limited by variations in study designs, potential biases in dietary reporting, and inconsistencies in PUFA (especially intake) measurement methods. These findings highlight the need for strict dietary planning and supplementation strategies to mitigate deficiencies, particularly during critical developmental periods.

High plasma levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are associated with lifestyle diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes, whereas the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) is believed to be responsible for neuropathy in certain types of peroxisomal disorders. Despite their clinical relevance, the toxicity mechanisms of fatty acids (FAs) remain poorly understood, largely because of the challenges in solubilizing them for in vitro experiments. We recently developed a method to form stable complexes of FAs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) using isopropanol as the solvent. Here, we demonstrate the stability and concentration range of FA/BSA and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPtdCho)/BSA complexes prepared using this method. These complexes exhibit enhanced solubility, retain their biological activity in cellular uptake assays, and remain stable for up to 12 months. We believe that our method will contribute to a better understanding of the toxicity and metabolism of SFAs and SFA-LysoPtdChos, and offer new insights into their roles in metabolic diseases and peroxisomal disorders.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental pollutants increasingly implicated in cardiometabolic risk. This study evaluates the association between serum PFAS exposure and lipid dysregulation, focusing on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), a key cardiovascular risk factor. We analyzed 998 adults from the 2017 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), representing a weighted sample of 240 million US adults. Serum concentrations of nine PFAS compounds including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) were measured. Double/debiased machine learning (DML) estimated the association between PFAS exposure and LDL-C and triglyceride levels, adjusting for demographics, clinical, and behavioral covariates. The median total PFAS concentration was 9.23 ng/mL (interquartile range: 9.67 ng/mL). The weighted mean LDL-C and triglyceride levels were 112.5 mg/dL (95% CI: 112.5–112.5) and 115.6 mg/dL (95% CI: 115.6–115.6), respectively. Total PFAS exposure was significantly associated with higher LDL-C (β = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.05–0.54; p = 0.016). Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), linear PFOS, and methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (Sm-PFOS) were also significantly associated with elevated LDL-C (β = 12.1, 0.44, 2.83; all p < 0.05). PFHxS was inversely associated with triglycerides (β = −2.26; p = 0.031). In this representative sample of US adults, PFAS exposure is independently associated with lipid dysregulation, particularly elevated LDL-C. However, results should be interpreted with caution given the cross-sectional design, modest effect sizes, and potential residual confounding from unmeasured environmental or dietary factors.

Energy metabolism manipulation strategy, enhancing fat metabolism while reducing the dependence on glucose, is beneficial to improve exercise performance. The multi-ingredient supplements (MIS) mixed with valine, isoleucine, leucine, β-alanine, creatine, L-carnitine, quercetin, and betaine were found to be able to improve the endurance performance of mice, which was associated with a shift of energy substrates from glucose to fatty acids. Thus, we hypothesized that the MIS regulating lipid metabolism contributes to enhancing exercise endurance in mice. The present study aimed to explore the alterations in the biochemical composition of mice treated with the MIS using a metabolomics strategy after they were subjected to endurance exercise. The serum metabolite profile was investigated using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that significant changes in lipid metabolism were observed in the MIS-treated mice during endurance exercise compared with the vehicle control. Specifically, the MIS treatment reduced glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, long-chain fatty acids, and inflammatory signaling arachidonic acid derivatives, and increased medium-long-chain acylcarnitine levels relative to the exercised group. Furthermore, the levels of dimethylglycine (DMG), citrate (CA), glycerol, creatine, and corticosterone were also increased after the MIS supplementation, which was associated with the changes in the pathways of serotoninergic synapses, CA cycles, and amino acid metabolisms. In conclusion, the MIS tested in this study effectively alters serum metabolomics profiles, which provides further evidence to support a shift in energy substrate utilization contributing to the ability of the MIS to improve exercise performance.

To explore the causal associations between inflammatory cytokines and lipoprotein particles and analyze the possible mediating role of lipoprotein particles. Independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were employed as instrumental variables (IVs). We employed Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization (TSMR) to examine the effects of 41 inflammatory cytokines and 17 lipoprotein particles on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, with additional evaluation of lipoprotein particles' potential mediating effects. Our primary analysis utilized inverse variance weighted (IVW) estimation, complemented by secondary methods including weighted median and MR-Egger regression to verify result robustness. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) estimates revealed that genetically predicted lower levels of GROA (OR = 0.901 [95% CI: 0.831, 0.977], p = 0.011), VEGF (OR = 0.941 [95% CI: 0.891, 0.996], p = 0.034), IL_12_P70 (OR = 0.927 [95% CI: 0.862, 0.997], and p = 0.037), and CTACK (OR = 0.901 [95% CI: 0.831, 0.977], p = 0.011) with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Conversely, higher levels of IL-1β (OR = 1.134 [95% CI: 1.006, 1.277], and p = 0.039) and HGF (OR = 1.292 [95% CI: 1.102, 1.515], p = 0.002) were associated with an elevated risk of GDM. Additionally, our study indicated a relationship between three HDL particles and GDM (p < 0.05). Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that very large high-density lipoprotein (VLHDL) particles partially mediated the association between hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and GDM, accounting for 1.29% of the total effect. The results of two-step Mendelian randomization analysis suggested a causal relationship between circulating inflammatory cytokines and lipoprotein particles and an increased risk of GDM.

Perilla seed oil (PSO), rich in unsaturated α-linolenic acid, faces challenges such as oxidation susceptibility, low solubility, and poor bioaccessibility, limiting its applications. In this study, PSO was extracted from Perilla seeds as lipid droplets (LDs) using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The resulting PSLDs exhibited a spherical morphology with a diameter of 1.1 μm, featuring a hydrophobic neutral lipid core encapsulated by a monolayer of phospholipids and minimal proteins. Stability assessments revealed no significant changes in peroxide value (POV) or the content of α-linolenic acid in PSLDs. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that PSLDs significantly enhanced the bioavailability of α-linolenic acid, with a 266% increase in relative bioavailability and higher AUC_0~∞ compared to free PSO. These findings highlight the role of LDs in improving the oxidative stability and bioavailability of PSO, attributed to their unique structural properties. This study provides valuable insights for advancing the development and application of PSO and other oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids.