Macromolecular Symposia最新文献

Microemulsion based fuels (MBF) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance combustion efficiency, reduce emissions, and improve overall engine performance. This research paper enlightens the effects of physiochemical properties on the emission characteristics of CI engine. The microemulsions are formulated using surfactants, co-surfactants, water or alcohols, and fuel components. The effects of density, viscosity, calorific value, cold flow properties, and cetane number along with the stability and the multi-component characteristics of (MBF) has been taken into consideration to examine its effects on Emission characteristics such as nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulfur oxides (SO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). Microemulsion-based fuels lower emissions of NO_x and PM, recognized to the more complete combustion. The review highlights various studies that have investigated the benefits of microemulsion fuels, including reduced emissions of different pollutants and thus reduce the adverse effect on environment.

In conclusion, microemulsion-based fuels show likely physiochemical properties, as well as favorable emission characteristics, with reduced NO_x, SO_x, CO, PM, and UHC emissions. This study highlights the potential of microemulsion-based fuels as environment friendly alternatives, flagging the way for further research.

Forecasting various forms of intermolecular contact and the degree to which the solute and solvent are bonded is highly advantageous when using thermo-acoustical and volumetric data. Both salts and vitamins are abundant in the human body. A variety of thermo-acoustical and volumetric properties (viz. velocity [U], density [ρ], adiabatic compressibility [β], surface tension [σ], specific heat ratio [γ], acoustic impedance [Z], relative association [R_A], relaxation strength [r], isothermal compressibility [kT], and nonlinearity parameter [B/A]) are investigated in this study. Of the vitamin B₃ + H₂O and vitamin B₃ + H₂O + MgCl₂ systems have been examined. Through solvation and hydrogen bonding, these characteristics are utilized to describe the interactions between solutes and solvents. Compressibility explains the qualitative intermolecular elastic forces that exist between the molecules of the solvent and the solute. The electrostatic field of ions has formed the basis for discussions on the structural arrangement of molecules in electrolyte solutions. The volumetric and thermoacoustic characteristics exhibit concentration-dependent changes, suggesting the existence of molecular interactions in both systems. The vitamin B₃ molecule shows stronger molecular contact at higher solvent concentrations, although it interacts most molecularly with MgCl₂ solvents. This suggests that magnesium molecules are more suited for the attachment of vitamin B₃ molecules than are water molecules.

Although there have been numerous great field emission reports of pure and hybrid carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with ultra-low turn-on field and ultra-high emission stability, practically all of the reports indicate concern about CNT manufacture on a large scale. This is due to the fact that CNT experiments require high pressure, temperature, metal catalysis, and an inert environment, and even after meeting all of these perfect conditions, the yield is quite low. Furthermore, as CNT is relatively inert in nature, it is nearly hard to make it reactive with any other metal without adequate functionalization. Keeping this in mind, this work reports the synthesis of CNT in amorphous form by a simple low-temperature solid-state reaction between ammonium chloride and ferrocene. The as-synthesized CNT is further functionalized by silver oxide nanoparticle without additional functionalization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the proper phase formation as well as the successful functionalization of the pure and hybrid sample, electron microscopic images confirm the successful functionalization of the as-prepared CNT whereas Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis gives the ideas about different bonding present in all the samples. It has been found that the hybrid sample gives much better field emission performance compare to the pure CNT with betterment in both turn-on field and enhancement factor more than 100%. The betterment is believed to be due to the favorable band bending, larger number of emission sites, and sharp curvature of the silver particles.

The principal objective of this article is a thorough analysis of the usage of inexpensive adsorbents to eliminate dyes from different aquatic environments. Dyes, commonly employed in industries—textiles, pharmaceuticals, and food, pose a significant environmental concern due to their persistence and potential toxicity. In response, researchers have explored the efficacy of low-cost adsorbents (LCAs) as sustainable and economical alternatives for dye elimination. An overview of the environmental effects of dye contamination and the difficulties in using traditional dye removal techniques is given at the outset of the paper. It then delves into the diverse range of LCAs, including agricultural by-products, waste materials, and natural substances, that have shown promise in adsorbing and eliminating dye contaminants. Examples of such adsorbents include activated carbon (AC) derived from agricultural residues, bio-adsorbents from various plant materials, and industrial by-products with inherent adsorption properties. Key mechanisms involved in the adsorption process, such as surface chemistry, pore structure, and electrostatic interactions, are elucidated to offer a fundamental understanding of the sorption capabilities of these materials. This comprehensive review consolidates the current knowledge on dye removal utilizing LCAs, offering insights into the challenges, advancements, and future directions in this environmentally significant field. The findings underscore the potential of harnessing readily available, sustainable materials as effective sorbents for mitigating the adverse impacts of dye pollutants in aqueous systems. The adsorption capacity is comparable to supplementary adsorbents suggested for the removal of dyes. The widely accessible adsorption properties of basic and acidic dyes do not significantly differ from one another.

This study highlights the significance of polymers in the progress of nanoparticles across various areas. The molecules of polymers are highly regarded for their ability to adapt and self-assemble, making them essential components in the creation of nanomaterials. The variety of polymers include natural polymers such as chitosan, synthetic polymers like polyethylene, and biodegradable polymers like poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). These kinds of polymers possess distinct advantages such as high strength, environmental sustainability, and biocompatibility. Incorporation of nanoscale fillers into polymer matrices, which enhances the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of materials, is crucial for the development of nanocomposites. Illustration instances encompass carbon nanotube-polymer composites and polymer clay hybrids, which find application in the construction, automotive, and aerospace sectors. Composites can employ many synthetic methods to generate nanostructures. Nanofibers have utility in tissue engineering, whereas polymer nanoparticles function as carriers for medical delivery. Also, polymers enhance nanomaterials by modifying their surfaces, a crucial factor for their application in membrane technology, catalysis, and sensing. A collaborative synergy between polymers and nanoparticles fosters a wide range of applications, showcasing the versatility and potential of polymers in altering the characteristics of nanomaterials. The resulting partnership continues to generate pioneering breakthroughs that address complex challenges and unveil unprecedented prospects in the domains of science, technology, and business.

Topoisomerase-IB changes the topological state of DNA during central dogma by the formation of intermediate bond in between active amino acid and DNA strand. How the hydrogen bonding provides hooks restriction during the topological change and gives the conformational change. This study employs a 200 ns Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation to analyze the conformational changes of Topo-IB resulting from artificially created intermediate bonds. Specifically, the study focuses on hydrogen bonding interactions between Tyrosine at position Y509 in the protein and Thymine at DT561 in the DNA. The investigation reveals that these artificial intermediate bonds act as temporary hooks, stabilizing the complex's structure, and driving significant conformational changes. The analysis of Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) and Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) values underscores the dynamic nature of the complex, with artificial intermediate bonds playing a pivotal role.

Graphene oxide (GO) has been synthesized by modified new Hummer's method with the help of Graphite flakes with sodium nitrite due to its various applications in physical, chemical, and medical sciences. The structure and morphology of GO are characterized using XRD, FTIR, RAMAN spectroscopy, and SEM. The results confirm that the synthesized material is graphene oxide (GO). The synthesized graphene oxide is used in perovskite solar cell as ETL layer.

Cover:

This issue of Macromolecular Symposia contains selected papers presented at the 4^th National Conference on Material and Device (NCMD) 2023, hosted in hybrid mode at the Teerthanker Mahaveer University (TMU), Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Auditorium 6, Moradabad, India (28 – 29 December 2023). The cover shows a figure provided from the manuscript 2400121 by Pankaj Kumar and co-authors.

The post-globalization of the Indian economy marks the beginning of a new era for various industries, including manufacturing and the service sector. As a result, people begin to migrate from sub-urban/rural area to nearby major cities in search of employment and access to modern conveniences. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) pattern change is caused by human and natural factors which include geology, elevation, and slope. LULC change assessment is best ways to manage and understand landscape transformation. Bilari block in Moradabad is India's brass city and one of Uttar Pradesh's major cities, its population growth has pushed the rapid urbanization of city in last two decades. In the present study Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Manager (OLI) data for years 2000 and 2023 have been employed to assess. ArcGIS Pro 2.9.0 software is used to perform layer stacking and on the raw Landsat data for pre-processing. To find LULC changes in the study area between 2000 and 2023, supervised classification is done by adopting Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC). From the results, it is observed that the area from pervious to impervious changes very quickly in Bilari. This research will aid in regional and urban planning, as well as agricultural management, in the years ahead.

The present work reports the development of oxide-sulfide hybrid by simple hydrothermal process where zinc oxide (ZnO) prepared by simple chemical process is added in situ during the growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) by hydrothermal process. The as prepared sample is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). XRD confirms the coexistence of both ZnO and MoS₂ in the sample whereas FESEM shows that fractal kind of sulfide structures get developed over ZnO rod. EDX carries the information regarding the stoichiometry of the sample. The sample is proven to be an excellent remover of textile dyes by synergistic effect of photocatalysis and adsorption with almost 100% efficiency following simple first-order reaction kinetics. When the porous structure of the sample helps the process of adsorption, the charge transfer mechanism has been assumed to be responsible for photocatalytic dye degradation. The latter involves the transferring of electrons or holes between the photocatalyst and the dye molecules, leading to the generation of reactive species that initiate the degradation process. The combined effect of these two processes takes only 30 min to degrade textile dyes like Bengal rose (BR) and methylene blue (MB). Thus, the present work is supposed to serve as milestone in the associated field.