A study was conducted in Turiani (sub-humid environment) and Mlali (semi-arid environment) to assess the seasonal variation of nematode infection in Small East African (SEA) goats and F 1 crosses of SAE with Saanen and Boer. The SEA goats were kept under extensive system while the crossbreds were kept under semi-intensive system. In Mlali 37 SEA goats and 30 SEA x Boer crosses while in Turiani 30 SEA goats and 33 SEA x Saanen crosses were included in the study. Worm burden was assessed using faecal egg count (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) as indicator traits. Faecal and blood samples were collected at the end of dry season, mid and end of rain season. The dominant worm species were identified by faecal culture. The results indicated that fewer animals (30 – 66.7%) were infected at the end of the dry season than at the mid and end of the rain season (69.7 – 100%). The FEC values differed significantly between periods of the year (P epg ) reared under semi-intensive system. The PCV values differed significantly (P Haemonchus spp and accounted for 47.5 and 48.9% of total worms in Turiani and Mlali, respectively. This was followed by Trichostrongylus spp ( 21.3 and 19.8% in Mlali and Turiani, respectively) and Oesophagostomum spp (18.2 and 20.7% in Turiani and Mlali, respectively). The proportions of Strongyloides spp (6%), Bunostomum spp (4%) and Cooperia spp (3%) were small in all periods and locations. It is concluded that the level of nematode infection is highest at the end of the rain season and low during the dry season. The crossbred goats kept under semi-intensive grazing system had lower level of nematode infection than the local goats kept under the free-range grazing system.
{"title":"Seasonal variations of nematode infection in Small East African goats and their crosses with Boer and Saanen reared under extensive and semi-intensive systems.","authors":"S. Chenyambuga, S. Mbaga, V.R.M. Muhikambele","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53806","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted in Turiani (sub-humid environment) and Mlali (semi-arid environment) to assess the seasonal variation of nematode infection in Small East African (SEA) goats and F 1 crosses of SAE with Saanen and Boer. The SEA goats were kept under extensive system while the crossbreds were kept under semi-intensive system. In Mlali 37 SEA goats and 30 SEA x Boer crosses while in Turiani 30 SEA goats and 33 SEA x Saanen crosses were included in the study. Worm burden was assessed using faecal egg count (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) as indicator traits. Faecal and blood samples were collected at the end of dry season, mid and end of rain season. The dominant worm species were identified by faecal culture. The results indicated that fewer animals (30 – 66.7%) were infected at the end of the dry season than at the mid and end of the rain season (69.7 – 100%). The FEC values differed significantly between periods of the year (P epg ) reared under semi-intensive system. The PCV values differed significantly (P Haemonchus spp and accounted for 47.5 and 48.9% of total worms in Turiani and Mlali, respectively. This was followed by Trichostrongylus spp ( 21.3 and 19.8% in Mlali and Turiani, respectively) and Oesophagostomum spp (18.2 and 20.7% in Turiani and Mlali, respectively). The proportions of Strongyloides spp (6%), Bunostomum spp (4%) and Cooperia spp (3%) were small in all periods and locations. It is concluded that the level of nematode infection is highest at the end of the rain season and low during the dry season. The crossbred goats kept under semi-intensive grazing system had lower level of nematode infection than the local goats kept under the free-range grazing system.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"491 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132864130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tropical pastures are characterised by fast growth and early maturity during the rain seasons and a fall in nutritive value during the dry seasons. Animals should be supplemented with minerals known to be deficient. The bioavailability of common supplements and their possible undesirable effects are hardly known. This study was conducted to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on plasma zinc, calcium and inorganic phosphate in East African local goats. The goats were randomly divided into two groups of 12 each. One group was supplemented with 24 mg/Kg body weight of Zn every other day for six weeks during the rainy and dry season. The unsupplemented group was the control. Blood samples collected from goats in both groups were analysed for plasma Zn, Ca and Pi using standard methods. The concentration of plasma Zn was significantly higher (P In both groups plasma Zn concentration was above the normal minimum levels of 18 m mol/l, except towards the end of dry seasons. Plasma Ca (1.9 – 3.1 mmol Ca/l) and Pi (1.3 – 1.60 mmol Pi/l) concentrations for Zn-supplemented group were lower during all the sampling days (P It is concluded that, goats in the study area and probably areas with similar ecological conditions should be supplemented with Zn only when there is evidence of Zn deficiency during prolonged dry seasons.
{"title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on plasma mineral concentration in grazing goats in sub-humid climate of Tanzania.","authors":"E. Phiri, M. Viva, R. Chibunda, L. Mellau","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53807","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical pastures are characterised by fast growth and early maturity during the rain seasons and a fall in nutritive value during the dry seasons. Animals should be supplemented with minerals known to be deficient. The bioavailability of common supplements and their possible undesirable effects are hardly known. This study was conducted to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on plasma zinc, calcium and inorganic phosphate in East African local goats. The goats were randomly divided into two groups of 12 each. One group was supplemented with 24 mg/Kg body weight of Zn every other day for six weeks during the rainy and dry season. The unsupplemented group was the control. Blood samples collected from goats in both groups were analysed for plasma Zn, Ca and Pi using standard methods. The concentration of plasma Zn was significantly higher (P In both groups plasma Zn concentration was above the normal minimum levels of 18 m mol/l, except towards the end of dry seasons. Plasma Ca (1.9 – 3.1 mmol Ca/l) and Pi (1.3 – 1.60 mmol Pi/l) concentrations for Zn-supplemented group were lower during all the sampling days (P It is concluded that, goats in the study area and probably areas with similar ecological conditions should be supplemented with Zn only when there is evidence of Zn deficiency during prolonged dry seasons.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128978276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mwabonimana, A. Kassuku, H. Ngowi, L. Mellau, H. Nonga, E. Karimuribo
The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence and economic significance of fasciolosis in cattle slaughtered at Arusha abattoir in Tanzania. A 3-year database (2005-2008) from the abattoir was retrieved and analysed. In addition, meat inspection was carried out for one month (July 2008) with focus on Fasciola infection and its associated economic loss due to liver condemnation. Results from the retrospective study revealed that 8302 (6.7%) livers out of 123790 examined livers were condemned due to fasciolosis. Analysis of primary data (meat inspection) showed that 150 of 469 cattle livers condemned were due to fasciolosis, a relative condemnation rate of 32.0% per month. Based on the current local price of liver, the economic loss per month due to liver condemnation was estimated at Tanzania shillings (TZS) 1,800,000/- (approximately US $1,500), which summed to TZS 21,600,000/- (US $18,000) per annum. The specific cause of liver fasciolosis was Fasciola gigantica . These results indicate that F. gigantica infection is an important condition that leads to high liver condemnation rates in cattle slaughtered, resulting into high financial loss. This merits for more extensive epidemiological investigations to better determine the prevalence, economic impact and public health importance of the disease.
{"title":"Prevalence and economic significance of bovine fasciolosis in slaughtered cattle at Arusha abattoir, Tanzania.","authors":"M. Mwabonimana, A. Kassuku, H. Ngowi, L. Mellau, H. Nonga, E. Karimuribo","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53804","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence and economic significance of fasciolosis in cattle slaughtered at Arusha abattoir in Tanzania. A 3-year database (2005-2008) from the abattoir was retrieved and analysed. In addition, meat inspection was carried out for one month (July 2008) with focus on Fasciola infection and its associated economic loss due to liver condemnation. Results from the retrospective study revealed that 8302 (6.7%) livers out of 123790 examined livers were condemned due to fasciolosis. Analysis of primary data (meat inspection) showed that 150 of 469 cattle livers condemned were due to fasciolosis, a relative condemnation rate of 32.0% per month. Based on the current local price of liver, the economic loss per month due to liver condemnation was estimated at Tanzania shillings (TZS) 1,800,000/- (approximately US $1,500), which summed to TZS 21,600,000/- (US $18,000) per annum. The specific cause of liver fasciolosis was Fasciola gigantica . These results indicate that F. gigantica infection is an important condition that leads to high liver condemnation rates in cattle slaughtered, resulting into high financial loss. This merits for more extensive epidemiological investigations to better determine the prevalence, economic impact and public health importance of the disease.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122277796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A sero-survey was conducted in buffalo and wildebeests in Ngorongoro Crater and Serengeti National Park (SNP) collectively known as Serengeti ecosystem to establish the level of exposure to Brucella arbortus . Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination test and Competitive ELISA were used serially in the analysis of 205 serum samples. The results indicated that 24% and 17% of buffalo and wildebeest populations respectively are exposed to the bacterium. The difference in the level of exposure of these herbivores to the bacterium in Ngorongoro Crater and SNP was insignificant (P>0.05), suggesting that probably the infection is sustainable in the ecosystem. Because wildlife has high interaction with livestock in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, it is likely that livestock are at risk of exposure to the infection. More studies are recommended to understand its epidemiology and isolate the bacterium for characterization. A close monitoring of the wildlife populations in the two protected areas is important to establish the impact of the infection on the reproductive performance. Furthermore public awareness to the communities in the interface should be strengthened to reduce the risk of human exposure to Brucella infection.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus in buffaloes and wildebeests in the Serengeti ecosystem: a threat to humans and domestic ruminants.","authors":"R. Fyumagwa, P. Wambura, L. Mellau, R. Hoare","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53803","url":null,"abstract":"A sero-survey was conducted in buffalo and wildebeests in Ngorongoro Crater and Serengeti National Park (SNP) collectively known as Serengeti ecosystem to establish the level of exposure to Brucella arbortus . Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination test and Competitive ELISA were used serially in the analysis of 205 serum samples. The results indicated that 24% and 17% of buffalo and wildebeest populations respectively are exposed to the bacterium. The difference in the level of exposure of these herbivores to the bacterium in Ngorongoro Crater and SNP was insignificant (P>0.05), suggesting that probably the infection is sustainable in the ecosystem. Because wildlife has high interaction with livestock in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, it is likely that livestock are at risk of exposure to the infection. More studies are recommended to understand its epidemiology and isolate the bacterium for characterization. A close monitoring of the wildlife populations in the two protected areas is important to establish the impact of the infection on the reproductive performance. Furthermore public awareness to the communities in the interface should be strengthened to reduce the risk of human exposure to Brucella infection.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134329359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A recumbency syndrome around calving in cattle was reported in Dar es salaam during the dry season and was thought to be associated with milk fever a disease common in high producing mature dairy cattle and is related to age, dry cow nutrition and general management. This study was conducted to establish the length of dry period of cows, determine the nutritive value of concentrate supplement fed to dry pregnant cows, levels of crude protein, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and also to establish presence of other periparturient diseases in semi intensively kept dairy crosses cattle. The nutritive value was determined in 70 samples of concentrate supplement collected from purposively selected farms. Semi structured, pre tested questionnaires were used to get information on individual farms dry pregnant cows management including length of dry period of cows, feeding regime, supplement feeding also to establish presence of other periparturient diseases. Only 22.9% farmers dry cows around the recommended 60 days, 52 % dry cows between 60 – 90 days, about 21.4% of the farmers dry their cows more than 90 days, while 1.4% continue to milk their cows until the next calf is born. About 34% of the farmers reported to have experienced the problem of milk fever during the dry season. Daily intake of CP in concentrate supplement ranged from 110 – 245g, calcium 0 – 80 g, phosphorus 16 – 25.3 g and magnesium 5 – 10.2 g. Daily intake of nutrients from herbage was 3.7 g CP, 7.98 g Ca, 1.3 g P, and 0.6 g Mg. The daily recommended levels in dry cow ration are 150g, 20-40g, 5 g, and 10 g DM for crude protein, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus respectively. Periparturient diseases reported by farmers were mastitis 44%, retained placenta 43%, udder edema 20%, delayed estrus 24%, and repeated heat 24%. These findings indicated that dry period length and management of dry cows at close up period is variable among livestock farmers. Daily requirements of nutrients were within recommended limits. It is likely that the recumbency syndrome reported was due to hypocalcaemia but further studies should be conducted to assess plasma ionized calcium levels peripartum in Dar es salaam. Starvation ketosis in the dry season when herbage nutritive value is low may not be ruled out.
{"title":"Recumbence syndrome around calving in cattle: a study of risk factors of milk fever in dairy units in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.","authors":"L. Mellau, A. P. Sarimbo, S. Kimera, E. Phiri","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I2.53951","url":null,"abstract":"A recumbency syndrome around calving in cattle was reported in Dar es salaam during the dry season and was thought to be associated with milk fever a disease common in high producing mature dairy cattle and is related to age, dry cow nutrition and general management. This study was conducted to establish the length of dry period of cows, determine the nutritive value of concentrate supplement fed to dry pregnant cows, levels of crude protein, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and also to establish presence of other periparturient diseases in semi intensively kept dairy crosses cattle. The nutritive value was determined in 70 samples of concentrate supplement collected from purposively selected farms. Semi structured, pre tested questionnaires were used to get information on individual farms dry pregnant cows management including length of dry period of cows, feeding regime, supplement feeding also to establish presence of other periparturient diseases. Only 22.9% farmers dry cows around the recommended 60 days, 52 % dry cows between 60 – 90 days, about 21.4% of the farmers dry their cows more than 90 days, while 1.4% continue to milk their cows until the next calf is born. About 34% of the farmers reported to have experienced the problem of milk fever during the dry season. Daily intake of CP in concentrate supplement ranged from 110 – 245g, calcium 0 – 80 g, phosphorus 16 – 25.3 g and magnesium 5 – 10.2 g. Daily intake of nutrients from herbage was 3.7 g CP, 7.98 g Ca, 1.3 g P, and 0.6 g Mg. The daily recommended levels in dry cow ration are 150g, 20-40g, 5 g, and 10 g DM for crude protein, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus respectively. Periparturient diseases reported by farmers were mastitis 44%, retained placenta 43%, udder edema 20%, delayed estrus 24%, and repeated heat 24%. These findings indicated that dry period length and management of dry cows at close up period is variable among livestock farmers. Daily requirements of nutrients were within recommended limits. It is likely that the recumbency syndrome reported was due to hypocalcaemia but further studies should be conducted to assess plasma ionized calcium levels peripartum in Dar es salaam. Starvation ketosis in the dry season when herbage nutritive value is low may not be ruled out.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117139988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bulls are keys to fertility and genetic improvement of the total herd. Spermatozoa quality is among of major components for evaluation of bulls to be used as breeding bulls. This study was therefore carried out to determine the prevalence of spermatozoa defects in Tanzania shorthorn breeding bulls, and to determine if the defects vary with scrotal circumference (SC), age and testicular pathology. Age was determined by dentition and SC measured by using standard scrotal metal. Sperm cells were collected by epididymal aspiration procedure and stained with Carbol-fuchsin. One hundred spermatozoa were counted per slide and each classified into normal or abnormal. Three testicular samples were taken after slaughter and processed for histological examination by staining with hemotoxylin and eosin. Forty sections of seminiferous tubules per section were evaluated and classified into either normal or abnormal. After examinations, 169 and 134 bulls were classified as satisfactory (normal) and unsatisfactory (abnormal) breeders, respectively. The mean SC (in centimeters) and percentages spermatozoa defects in normal and abnormal bulls were 28.9±2.6 and 15.6±2.5 versus 22.0±3.6 and 39.0±9.1, respectively. Most frequently observed primary spermatozoa defects in normal bulls were Stump-tail, DAG defect and decapitated sperm head while the secondary spermatozoa defects were loose head, bent tail, and proximal and distal cytoplasmic droplets. Bulls with severe testicular lesions had high percentages of spermatozoa defects which increased with severity of testicular abnormalities (P Key words: Tanzania shorthorn zebu bull, spermatozoa defects, scrotal circumference, testicular pathology,
{"title":"Prevalence of spermatozoa morphologic defects from Zebu bulls under free mating system","authors":"I. Kashoma, C. Luziga, F. Mgongo","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49233","url":null,"abstract":"Bulls are keys to fertility and genetic improvement of the total herd. Spermatozoa quality is among of major components for evaluation of bulls to be used as breeding bulls. This study was therefore carried out to determine the prevalence of spermatozoa defects in Tanzania shorthorn breeding bulls, and to determine if the defects vary with scrotal circumference (SC), age and testicular pathology. Age was determined by dentition and SC measured by using standard scrotal metal. Sperm cells were collected by epididymal aspiration procedure and stained with Carbol-fuchsin. One hundred spermatozoa were counted per slide and each classified into normal or abnormal. Three testicular samples were taken after slaughter and processed for histological examination by staining with hemotoxylin and eosin. Forty sections of seminiferous tubules per section were evaluated and classified into either normal or abnormal. After examinations, 169 and 134 bulls were classified as satisfactory (normal) and unsatisfactory (abnormal) breeders, respectively. The mean SC (in centimeters) and percentages spermatozoa defects in normal and abnormal bulls were 28.9±2.6 and 15.6±2.5 versus 22.0±3.6 and 39.0±9.1, respectively. Most frequently observed primary spermatozoa defects in normal bulls were Stump-tail, DAG defect and decapitated sperm head while the secondary spermatozoa defects were loose head, bent tail, and proximal and distal cytoplasmic droplets. Bulls with severe testicular lesions had high percentages of spermatozoa defects which increased with severity of testicular abnormalities (P Key words: Tanzania shorthorn zebu bull, spermatozoa defects, scrotal circumference, testicular pathology,","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122997542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A ten-year (1997 – 2006) retrospective and one-year (2007) cross-sectional study of bovine cysticercosis in Makurdi were conducted using abattoir slaughter records, participatory meat inspection and interviews of abattoir workers. The incidence rates, sex and age of the animals infected and visceral organs affected were determined. The consumption pattern was also determined. The overall incidence rates were 0.7% (n = 53,769) and 9.2% (n = 4,212) for retrospective and cross-sectional studies respectively. In the retrospective study, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the age specific incidence rates. For the cross-sectional study, slaughtered cattle, 3 – 5 years and 8 years and above, were mostly affected. Sex specific incidence rates obtained in both studies did not differ significantly (P>0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the monthly incidences for the retrospective study. Multiple organs were affected in 47.3% (n = 389) of the carcasses. The high incidence of bovine cysticercosis in Makurdi is of great public health risk to consumers of beef and beef products as 97.3% of people interviewed said they eat beef at one time or the other. Keywords: Epidemiology, bovine cysticercosis, Makurdi, Nigeria.
{"title":"Epidemiology and public health importance of bovine cysticercosis in Makurdi, North-Central Nigeria.","authors":"R. Ofukwu, C. Akwuobu, A. Okwori","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49235","url":null,"abstract":"A ten-year (1997 – 2006) retrospective and one-year (2007) cross-sectional study of bovine cysticercosis in Makurdi were conducted using abattoir slaughter records, participatory meat inspection and interviews of abattoir workers. The incidence rates, sex and age of the animals infected and visceral organs affected were determined. The consumption pattern was also determined. The overall incidence rates were 0.7% (n = 53,769) and 9.2% (n = 4,212) for retrospective and cross-sectional studies respectively. In the retrospective study, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the age specific incidence rates. For the cross-sectional study, slaughtered cattle, 3 – 5 years and 8 years and above, were mostly affected. Sex specific incidence rates obtained in both studies did not differ significantly (P>0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the monthly incidences for the retrospective study. Multiple organs were affected in 47.3% (n = 389) of the carcasses. The high incidence of bovine cysticercosis in Makurdi is of great public health risk to consumers of beef and beef products as 97.3% of people interviewed said they eat beef at one time or the other. Keywords: Epidemiology, bovine cysticercosis, Makurdi, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116727230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A limited study was conducted to determine prevalence of brucellosis in domestic ruminants kept in a free range grazing system in Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) which is a world heritage site in which pastoralists communities have been living harmoniously with wildlife for decades. Blood samples from 200 cattle, 87 goats and 13 sheep were collected by venipuncture into plain vacutainer tubes. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Microagglutination Test were used to detect antibodies against brucellosis in sera obtained from sampled blood. It was observed that 14.28% adult cows, 7.54% heifers, 2.38% bulls, 11.9 does, 10.7% bucks, and 10% ewes showed positive reactions to RBPT. When same samples were tested with MAT, 10.05% adult cows, 7.54% heifers, 2.38% bulls, 13.8% does, 14.3% bucks, and 3% ewes tested positive. Based on these serological tests it was concluded that brucellosis is endemic in pastoral livestock in NCA and that the reported increase in human brucellosis among pastoralists living in the NCA might be associated with domestic ruminants which are the sole source of food and income for the pastoralist in the area. Wildlife-domestic animals interaction phenomenon in NCA can as well be viewed as a significant means with which zoonoses are maintained in such ecosystem. Key words : Prevalence, brucellosis, livestock-wildlife interface, other zoonoses
{"title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in domestic ruminants in livestock-wildlife interface: A case study of Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Arusha, Tanzania","authors":"L. Mellau, S. Kuya, P. Wambura","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49234","url":null,"abstract":"A limited study was conducted to determine prevalence of brucellosis in domestic ruminants kept in a free range grazing system in Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) which is a world heritage site in which pastoralists communities have been living harmoniously with wildlife for decades. Blood samples from 200 cattle, 87 goats and 13 sheep were collected by venipuncture into plain vacutainer tubes. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Microagglutination Test were used to detect antibodies against brucellosis in sera obtained from sampled blood. It was observed that 14.28% adult cows, 7.54% heifers, 2.38% bulls, 11.9 does, 10.7% bucks, and 10% ewes showed positive reactions to RBPT. When same samples were tested with MAT, 10.05% adult cows, 7.54% heifers, 2.38% bulls, 13.8% does, 14.3% bucks, and 3% ewes tested positive. Based on these serological tests it was concluded that brucellosis is endemic in pastoral livestock in NCA and that the reported increase in human brucellosis among pastoralists living in the NCA might be associated with domestic ruminants which are the sole source of food and income for the pastoralist in the area. Wildlife-domestic animals interaction phenomenon in NCA can as well be viewed as a significant means with which zoonoses are maintained in such ecosystem. Key words : Prevalence, brucellosis, livestock-wildlife interface, other zoonoses","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115722324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samples of suspected foot and mouth disease (FMD) cases were collected via veterinary investigation centers (VIC) from different geographical locations of Tanzania during the period of 1997 to 2004. Samples were derived from cattle (n =142) and wildebeest (n =8) that suffered from oral and foot lesions associated with lameness in addition to fever in some and innappetence in others. Epithelial tissue and vesicular lesions of the tongue were taken on glycerol buffer saline for serotyping of FMD virus. Antigens of FMD disease virus detected by indirect-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that serotype O, Southern African Territories, SAT 1 and SAT 2 viruses had being circulating in Tanzania. Serotyping of the 65(43.3%) sero-positive samples indicated serotypes O (41.5%), SAT 1 (32.3%) and SAT 2 (26.2%). No serotype A was recovered from animal samples screened. No serotypes were recovered from Central and Western zone regions. The geographical distribution of the seropositive cases suggested that, SAT 1 exposure was widespread and particularly high in Southern and Eastern zone regions whereas serotype SAT 2 and O was patchy and more concentrated in the Northern and Southern highland zone. Key words : Foot and mouth disease, cattle, spatial distribution, Tanzania
{"title":"Occurrence of foot and mouth disease serotypes in Tanzania: a retrospective study of tongue epithelial tissue samples.","authors":"E. Swai, A. Mrosso, J. Masambu","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49232","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of suspected foot and mouth disease (FMD) cases were collected via veterinary investigation centers (VIC) from different geographical locations of Tanzania during the period of 1997 to 2004. Samples were derived from cattle (n =142) and wildebeest (n =8) that suffered from oral and foot lesions associated with lameness in addition to fever in some and innappetence in others. Epithelial tissue and vesicular lesions of the tongue were taken on glycerol buffer saline for serotyping of FMD virus. Antigens of FMD disease virus detected by indirect-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that serotype O, Southern African Territories, SAT 1 and SAT 2 viruses had being circulating in Tanzania. Serotyping of the 65(43.3%) sero-positive samples indicated serotypes O (41.5%), SAT 1 (32.3%) and SAT 2 (26.2%). No serotype A was recovered from animal samples screened. No serotypes were recovered from Central and Western zone regions. The geographical distribution of the seropositive cases suggested that, SAT 1 exposure was widespread and particularly high in Southern and Eastern zone regions whereas serotype SAT 2 and O was patchy and more concentrated in the Northern and Southern highland zone. Key words : Foot and mouth disease, cattle, spatial distribution, Tanzania","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121389231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Knauf, E. K. Batamuzi, K. Mätz-Rensing, F. Leendertz, A. Wehrend
In Olive baboons ( Papio hamadryas anubis ) at Lake Manyara National Park (LMNP), a sexually transmitted disease (STD) of unknown aetiology leads to a partial or complete loss of the external genitalia structure. In order to identify the responsible pathogen, sixty-three baboons were temporarily chemically immobilised and sampled. In addition to the main course of the study (identification of the aetiology) and for a maximization of data collection several other aspects were included to the sampling protocol. Thus an exfoliative vaginal cytology (EVC) was performed in 30 females to investigate its application and reliability under field conditions. The appearance of perineal tumescence was compared with the cytological picture of vaginal smears stained with Papanicolaou and Hemacolor. In 23 (77%) of 30 sampled baboon females the cell composition of vaginal cytology matched the perineal swelling stage of the female’s genital skin. It is concluded that EVC is a useful and cost-effective tool for the evaluation of sexual cycle stages in the Olive baboons. However it’s important to note that reliable results can only be obtained if good quality samples are collected and used. Keywords: Exfoliative vaginal cytology, Papio hamadryas anubis , sexual cycle phase, Papanicolaou staining, Hemacolor staining
{"title":"Exfoliative vaginal cytology: a diagnostic tool for sexual cycle stages in nonhuman primates.","authors":"S. Knauf, E. K. Batamuzi, K. Mätz-Rensing, F. Leendertz, A. Wehrend","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V26I1.49231","url":null,"abstract":"In Olive baboons ( Papio hamadryas anubis ) at Lake Manyara National Park (LMNP), a sexually transmitted disease (STD) of unknown aetiology leads to a partial or complete loss of the external genitalia structure. In order to identify the responsible pathogen, sixty-three baboons were temporarily chemically immobilised and sampled. In addition to the main course of the study (identification of the aetiology) and for a maximization of data collection several other aspects were included to the sampling protocol. Thus an exfoliative vaginal cytology (EVC) was performed in 30 females to investigate its application and reliability under field conditions. The appearance of perineal tumescence was compared with the cytological picture of vaginal smears stained with Papanicolaou and Hemacolor. In 23 (77%) of 30 sampled baboon females the cell composition of vaginal cytology matched the perineal swelling stage of the female’s genital skin. It is concluded that EVC is a useful and cost-effective tool for the evaluation of sexual cycle stages in the Olive baboons. However it’s important to note that reliable results can only be obtained if good quality samples are collected and used. Keywords: Exfoliative vaginal cytology, Papio hamadryas anubis , sexual cycle phase, Papanicolaou staining, Hemacolor staining","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132996738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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