Antibiotics saves millions of lives in human and animal from bacterial infections, but resistance has been occurred and spreading borderless which pose health and economic problems. This study aimed to describe epidemiology (prevalence) of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human and animals and describing risk factors with strategic control efforts in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. Total 72 articles published from 2010 to 2017 were reviewed which reported on bacterium resistance to commonly-used antibiotics of different groups. Majority of isolated bacteria were highly resistant to b-lactams, Tetracycline and Sulphonamide, moderate resistant to Gentamycine and Aminoglycoside with low resistant to cephalosporin and quinolones for bacteria isolated from human while isolates from animal have high resistance to majority of antibiotic. High antibiotic resistant was associated by presence of weak/no regulation and irrational antibiotics use in Animal and Human health system, despite there is paucity of published data from central and southern African countries, lack of data sharing among laboratories and presence of few initiatives on control strategies of antimicrobial resistance while most of them are faced by resource limitations (skilled personnel, Equipments and Fund allocation). This study recommend that awareness on rational antibiotic use must be created, strong regulation to limit accessibility of antibiotics over the counter prescription, strengthening laboratory based diagnosis and surveillance, Infection control and prevention in hospitals with strong biosafety and biosecurity in animal farms are crucial. Adoption of “One Health Approach” is very important through multisectoral involvement, information sharing and networking.
{"title":"Antibiotics resistance in Sub Saharan Africa; literature review from 2010 – 2017","authors":"A. Balala, T. Huong, S. Fenwick","doi":"10.4314/tvj.v37i.6s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v37i.6s","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics saves millions of lives in human and animal from bacterial infections, but resistance has been occurred and spreading borderless which pose health and economic problems. This study aimed to describe epidemiology (prevalence) of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human and animals and describing risk factors with strategic control efforts in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. Total 72 articles published from 2010 to 2017 were reviewed which reported on bacterium resistance to commonly-used antibiotics of different groups. Majority of isolated bacteria were highly resistant to b-lactams, Tetracycline and Sulphonamide, moderate resistant to Gentamycine and Aminoglycoside with low resistant to cephalosporin and quinolones for bacteria isolated from human while isolates from animal have high resistance to majority of antibiotic. High antibiotic resistant was associated by presence of weak/no regulation and irrational antibiotics use in Animal and Human health system, despite there is paucity of published data from central and southern African countries, lack of data sharing among laboratories and presence of few initiatives on control strategies of antimicrobial resistance while most of them are faced by resource limitations (skilled personnel, Equipments and Fund allocation). This study recommend that awareness on rational antibiotic use must be created, strong regulation to limit accessibility of antibiotics over the counter prescription, strengthening laboratory based diagnosis and surveillance, Infection control and prevention in hospitals with strong biosafety and biosecurity in animal farms are crucial. Adoption of “One Health Approach” is very important through multisectoral involvement, information sharing and networking.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127781887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tanzania Veterinary Journal (TVJ) is an official Journal of Tanzania Veterinary Association (TVA) founded in 1979 and originally known as Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin. The journal was renamed as Tanzania Veterinary Journal in 1991. The aim of the establishment of the Journal was to provide a platform where Veterinarians and allied Professionals working in the tropical environment can publish their works and that are relevant in solving problems in the tropics. At the time of its establishment in 1979, only few Veterinary Journals which focussed on animal and human health problems in the tropics existed. This explains why the Journal identified itself as “The Tropical Veterinarian”. Today the Journal celebrates 40 years of existence and success of remaining focussed to its core objectives and scope that were the basis of its establishment amidst thousands of body of knowledge generated and published on different subjects. In addition, TVJ boast other successes including publication of 34 regular volumes, 36 special issues of TVA Proceedings, and today we are pleased to bring to you Volume 37: Special issue of TVA Proceedings (2019). The latest volume is even more special as it features some of the articles presented during the 37th TVA Conference which focussed on One Health.
{"title":"Editorial: 40th Anniversary of Tanzania Veterinary Journal","authors":"Editor","doi":"10.4314/tvj.v37i1.1s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v37i1.1s","url":null,"abstract":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal (TVJ) is an official Journal of Tanzania Veterinary Association (TVA) founded in 1979 and originally known as Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin. The journal was renamed as Tanzania Veterinary Journal in 1991. The aim of the establishment of the Journal was to provide a platform where Veterinarians and allied Professionals working in the tropical environment can publish their works and that are relevant in solving problems in the tropics. At the time of its establishment in 1979, only few Veterinary Journals which focussed on animal and human health problems in the tropics existed. This explains why the Journal identified itself as “The Tropical Veterinarian”. Today the Journal celebrates 40 years of existence and success of remaining focussed to its core objectives and scope that were the basis of its establishment amidst thousands of body of knowledge generated and published on different subjects. In addition, TVJ boast other successes including publication of 34 regular volumes, 36 special issues of TVA Proceedings, and today we are pleased to bring to you Volume 37: Special issue of TVA Proceedings (2019). The latest volume is even more special as it features some of the articles presented during the 37th TVA Conference which focussed on One Health.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127414429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fish provide important protein to human population. The procedures to preserve and maintain quality of fish from fishing until consumption can play a role in contamination with pathogens. Consumption of contaminated sea food products such as fish may lead to food poisoning. Knowledge about the spectrum of fish bacterial contaminants may assist in prevention of contamination and control food poisoning incidences. The present study aimed at characterizing and estimating prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from landing sites in Unguja Island. A total of 400 Indian Mackerel Fish were collected from landing sites in Unguja Island and from each fish two samples, skin swab and muscle, were collected. The primary culture was obtained from Mannitol salt agar, Nutrient and Blood agar followed by Gram staining, catalase coagulase tests. PCR targeting 16S rRNA, nuc, mecA, pvl, spa and enterotoxin genes was run to genetically characterize isolates and identify S. aureus. The result indicates that there was growth of bacteria in 359 (89.75%) fish skin swabs and 102 (25.5%) in fish muscle samples. Based on biochemical tests, 27 isolates (6.75%) were confirmed to be Staphylococcus bacteria. Of the 27 isolates, seven (1.75%) were confirmed S. aureus based on PCR. All 27 isolates confirmed to be positive in 16Sr RNA gene, two isolates demonstrated mecA gene and one had SEB and SEC. Detection of S. aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish at landing sites poses a contamination risk to other critical points along the value chain and threatens public health
{"title":"Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish","authors":"F. Ali, A. M. Lupindu, R. Mdegela, A. J. Mmoch","doi":"10.4314/tvj.v37i.3s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v37i.3s","url":null,"abstract":"Fish provide important protein to human population. The procedures to preserve and maintain quality of fish from fishing until consumption can play a role in contamination with pathogens. Consumption of contaminated sea food products such as fish may lead to food poisoning. Knowledge about the spectrum of fish bacterial contaminants may assist in prevention of contamination and control food poisoning incidences. The present study aimed at characterizing and estimating prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from landing sites in Unguja Island. A total of 400 Indian Mackerel Fish were collected from landing sites in Unguja Island and from each fish two samples, skin swab and muscle, were collected. The primary culture was obtained from Mannitol salt agar, Nutrient and Blood agar followed by Gram staining, catalase coagulase tests. PCR targeting 16S rRNA, nuc, mecA, pvl, spa and enterotoxin genes was run to genetically characterize isolates and identify S. aureus. The result indicates that there was growth of bacteria in 359 (89.75%) fish skin swabs and 102 (25.5%) in fish muscle samples. Based on biochemical tests, 27 isolates (6.75%) were confirmed to be Staphylococcus bacteria. Of the 27 isolates, seven (1.75%) were confirmed S. aureus based on PCR. All 27 isolates confirmed to be positive in 16Sr RNA gene, two isolates demonstrated mecA gene and one had SEB and SEC. Detection of S. aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish at landing sites poses a contamination risk to other critical points along the value chain and threatens public health","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123000553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was conducted in Kibaha Town Council of Pwani Region of Tanzania to survey the probable factors that negatively affected the anti-rabies vaccinations leading to low percent coverage in some selected wards. The data used in this study were gathered from households keeping dogs and cats and institutions, using a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews. Another set of data was the record of the rabies control programme at the district veterinary office. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS.16, Microsoft Excel 2007 and EpiInfoTM7. The enquiry instrument centred on three main fields, namely, knowledge of respondents about rabies, responsible dog ownership and their perception of issues pertaining to the conduct of the rabies control programme. The results showed that the last round of vaccination covered dogs for 57% of the sampled households in the selected wards. A huge percentage of the respondents (64%) kept the wrong perception that clinical rabies could be cured. Only 34% of the respondents indicated that they had been taught about rabies in a WHO project area. It was also learnt that there was an outbreak of rabies in the district after 2 years of consecutively vaccinating the dogs in the area. The Chi- square test for linear trends showed very highly significant statistical differences in the progression of numbers of dogs vaccinated over the years (p<0.05; = 0.0000). This study concludes that, lack of sufficient knowledge on rabies and negative attitude towards the control programme were the biggest drawbacks on the vaccination coverage.
{"title":"Factors Lowering Levels of Rabies Vaccination: A case of Kibaha Town District of Tanzania","authors":"F. M. Chikoondo, K. Majid, C. Mpelumbe-Ngeleja","doi":"10.4314/tvj.v37i.8s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v37i.8s","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted in Kibaha Town Council of Pwani Region of Tanzania to survey the probable factors that negatively affected the anti-rabies vaccinations leading to low percent coverage in some selected wards. The data used in this study were gathered from households keeping dogs and cats and institutions, using a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews. Another set of data was the record of the rabies control programme at the district veterinary office. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS.16, Microsoft Excel 2007 and EpiInfoTM7. The enquiry instrument centred on three main fields, namely, knowledge of respondents about rabies, responsible dog ownership and their perception of issues pertaining to the conduct of the rabies control programme. The results showed that the last round of vaccination covered dogs for 57% of the sampled households in the selected wards. A huge percentage of the respondents (64%) kept the wrong perception that clinical rabies could be cured. Only 34% of the respondents indicated that they had been taught about rabies in a WHO project area. It was also learnt that there was an outbreak of rabies in the district after 2 years of consecutively vaccinating the dogs in the area. The Chi- square test for linear trends showed very highly significant statistical differences in the progression of numbers of dogs vaccinated over the years (p<0.05; = 0.0000). This study concludes that, lack of sufficient knowledge on rabies and negative attitude towards the control programme were the biggest drawbacks on the vaccination coverage.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128589890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Attainment of optimal health calls for collaboration between animals, humans, and environmental health professionals together with understanding the consequences of animals, humans, and environment interactions on health. In cognizant of this, the government in Tanzania introduced One Health Strategic Plan (2015–2020), little is empirically known on how this plan has facilitated the enhancement of knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) under One Health Approach (OHA). This article analyses KAPs under OHA from a cross-sectional study conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania. Data were collected by a questionnaire from 1440 respondents obtained through a multistage sampling procedure, 80 Focus Group discussions (FGDs) participants and 16 key informant interviewees. IBM-SPSS v.20 analysed quantitative data while qualitative data were organised into themes on specific objectives. Results revealed that only 32.3% (95% CI:30.3 to 35.3) had adequate OH knowledge. Only 5% (95% CI:4.0 to 6.1) were aware of OHA concept and practices; 3.8% (CI 95%, 2.8 to 4.8) managed to identify collaborative efforts and strategies, and 2.5% (CI 95%, 1.7 to 3.4) correctly explained/ described OHA. Whereas, 38.5% (95% CI:32.6 to 37.5) had a positive (favourable) attitude towards OHA. Despite the efforts outlined in the OH Strategic Plan to promote OHA, there is little awareness and knowledge on OHA. This indicates that the One Health Strategic Plan (2015–2020) and other initiatives have not significantly facilitated the enhancement of KAPs. This study recommends strengthening efforts towards OHA information dissemination to enhance awareness and knowledge on the concept and practices.
{"title":"One Health Approach (OHA) in Selected Urban Settings in Tanzania: Knowledge, Attitudes, Awareness, and Practices","authors":"M. Muhanga, J. Malungo, K. A. Kimario","doi":"10.4314/tvj.v37i1.9s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v37i1.9s","url":null,"abstract":"Attainment of optimal health calls for collaboration between animals, humans, and environmental health professionals together with understanding the consequences of animals, humans, and environment interactions on health. In cognizant of this, the government in Tanzania introduced One Health Strategic Plan (2015–2020), little is empirically known on how this plan has facilitated the enhancement of knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) under One Health Approach (OHA). This article analyses KAPs under OHA from a cross-sectional study conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania. Data were collected by a questionnaire from 1440 respondents obtained through a multistage sampling procedure, 80 Focus Group discussions (FGDs) participants and 16 key informant interviewees. IBM-SPSS v.20 analysed quantitative data while qualitative data were organised into themes on specific objectives. Results revealed that only 32.3% (95% CI:30.3 to 35.3) had adequate OH knowledge. Only 5% (95% CI:4.0 to 6.1) were aware of OHA concept and practices; 3.8% (CI 95%, 2.8 to 4.8) managed to identify collaborative efforts and strategies, and 2.5% (CI 95%, 1.7 to 3.4) correctly explained/ described OHA. Whereas, 38.5% (95% CI:32.6 to 37.5) had a positive (favourable) attitude towards OHA. Despite the efforts outlined in the OH Strategic Plan to promote OHA, there is little awareness and knowledge on OHA. This indicates that the One Health Strategic Plan (2015–2020) and other initiatives have not significantly facilitated the enhancement of KAPs. This study recommends strengthening efforts towards OHA information dissemination to enhance awareness and knowledge on the concept and practices.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131344703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Street vendors supply large quantities of food at affordable prices in many places especially in developing countries. Street foods are common sources of bacteriological contamination causing food poisoning, diarrhea, cholera and typhoid fever. This study analyzed the bacteriological quality of ready-to-eat foods vended in Morogoro Municipal Market. A total of 70 samples from different street foods were randomly collected from different vendors and transported in cool boxes to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Standard microbiological methods were used for isolation, enumeration and identification of bacteria. Additional information regarding food preparation, storage and handling practices observed by vendors was noted to correlate with the extent of bacterial contamination. Majority (67.1%) of the ready to eat foods were contaminated with bacteria. Vegetable salads and Potato fries showed highest bacterial contamination rates (78.6%). Escherichia coli (49.2%) was the major isolate in all food types. Other bacteria isolated were Bacillus cereus (19.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8%) and Salmonella spp. (1.6%). E. coli was resistant to some antimicrobials (carbenicilin, clindamycin and tetracycline). High levels of bacterial contamination were associated with poor hygiene of vendors, unsafe food handling practices and use of contaminated water in food preparation. Although the presence of the microorganisms is not necessarily a threat to human health, the fact that some microorganisms were resistant to some antibiotics is of concern. Provision of sanitation and hygiene education to vendors and regulations for implementation of good hygienic practices can improve quality of street foods
{"title":"Bacteriological Analysis of Ready-to-eat Foods from Morogoro Municipal Market","authors":"J. Ndunguru, D. Ndossi","doi":"10.4314/tvj.v37i1.4s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v37i1.4s","url":null,"abstract":"Street vendors supply large quantities of food at affordable prices in many places especially in developing countries. Street foods are common sources of bacteriological contamination causing food poisoning, diarrhea, cholera and typhoid fever. This study analyzed the bacteriological quality of ready-to-eat foods vended in Morogoro Municipal Market. A total of 70 samples from different street foods were randomly collected from different vendors and transported in cool boxes to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Standard microbiological methods were used for isolation, enumeration and identification of bacteria. Additional information regarding food preparation, storage and handling practices observed by vendors was noted to correlate with the extent of bacterial contamination. Majority (67.1%) of the ready to eat foods were contaminated with bacteria. Vegetable salads and Potato fries showed highest bacterial contamination rates (78.6%). Escherichia coli (49.2%) was the major isolate in all food types. Other bacteria isolated were Bacillus cereus (19.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8%) and Salmonella spp. (1.6%). E. coli was resistant to some antimicrobials (carbenicilin, clindamycin and tetracycline). High levels of bacterial contamination were associated with poor hygiene of vendors, unsafe food handling practices and use of contaminated water in food preparation. Although the presence of the microorganisms is not necessarily a threat to human health, the fact that some microorganisms were resistant to some antibiotics is of concern. Provision of sanitation and hygiene education to vendors and regulations for implementation of good hygienic practices can improve quality of street foods","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134118043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global one health issue threatening our ability to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Surveillance of AMR is important in order to estimate the size of the problem, to identify targets for measures and to evaluate the effect of implemented measures. The study was conducted to determine how microbiological samples were collected, results interpreted and the number of samples collected for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing; to identify bacteria frequently isolated from milk and avian samples; and to determine the trend of samples submitted for bacterial culture, sensitivity testing and AMR prevalence. A retrospective study was conducted to collect AMR data by extracting information from laboratory logbooks and laboratory information system from 2010-2017. About 90% of samples were submitted by farmers, and then registered into laboratory registration systems at the reception. A total of 4157 samples were collected for bacterial culture, which included 3571 milk samples collected from cows, 555 samples obtained from live or dead chicken, and 31 samples collected from other animal species. Four hundred and thirty (430) samples requested bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, of which 346 (80.5%) were from cow milk samples, 53 (12.3%) from avian samples, and 31 (7.2%) from other animal species. The common bacterial isolates were Micrococcus, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Bacillus species. The use of diagnostics and detection of drug susceptibility is important to support rational use of antibiotics and tracking of AMR.
{"title":"Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance in diagnostic Veterinary laboratory in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"E. L. Mayenga, E. Ågren, A. Balala, G. K. Banda","doi":"10.4314/tvj.v37i.5s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v37i.5s","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global one health issue threatening our ability to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Surveillance of AMR is important in order to estimate the size of the problem, to identify targets for measures and to evaluate the effect of implemented measures. The study was conducted to determine how microbiological samples were collected, results interpreted and the number of samples collected for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing; to identify bacteria frequently isolated from milk and avian samples; and to determine the trend of samples submitted for bacterial culture, sensitivity testing and AMR prevalence. A retrospective study was conducted to collect AMR data by extracting information from laboratory logbooks and laboratory information system from 2010-2017. About 90% of samples were submitted by farmers, and then registered into laboratory registration systems at the reception. A total of 4157 samples were collected for bacterial culture, which included 3571 milk samples collected from cows, 555 samples obtained from live or dead chicken, and 31 samples collected from other animal species. Four hundred and thirty (430) samples requested bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, of which 346 (80.5%) were from cow milk samples, 53 (12.3%) from avian samples, and 31 (7.2%) from other animal species. The common bacterial isolates were Micrococcus, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Bacillus species. The use of diagnostics and detection of drug susceptibility is important to support rational use of antibiotics and tracking of AMR.","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129070674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Makungu, W. Plessis, Michelle Barrows, Katja N. Koeppel
Salmonella resistance to antimicrobials is rapidly growing worldwide. Antibiotics are commonly used in prevention of bacterial infections as well as treatment of infected chickens in Tanzania. A study on Salmonella was conducted in commercially produced chicken feeds from feed mills in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, between May 2015 and June 2016 with the objective of estimating the prevalence of Salmonella contamination and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Feed samples were collected from a total of 384 randomly selected feed bags of different types from six feed mills. Cultural and biochemical tests were performed for identification of Salmonella in the samples. All isolates were subjected to eight commonly used antibiotics for sensitivity test using disc diffusion method. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in the study was 22.1%. Prevalence of Salmonella contamination was 22.2%, 39.1%, 14.7%, 0.0%, 25% and 42.9% of the samples from feed mills named A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Significantly higher ( p = 0.001) prevalence of Salmonella contamination was recorded in feed mill B. Although Salmonella isolates were less resistant to ciprofloxacin (14.1%), the resistance increased towards amikacin (63.4%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (85.9%), gentamicin (87.1%), kanamycin (88.2%), streptomycin (96.5%), amoxycillin (98.8%) and tetracycline (100.0%). Isolation of Salmonella from commercial chicken feeds in Dar es Salaam connotes the importance of hygienic processing and handling of feeds for effective control of Salmonella contamination in both humans and farms. The antibiogram pattern shows the presence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella species hence; suitable measures should be implemented to avoid indiscriminate use of antibiotics in chicken feed chain. Keywords: Salmonella , Poultry mash, feed mills, antibiogram, antibiotic sensitivity
{"title":"Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from commercial chicken feeds in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"M. Makungu, W. Plessis, Michelle Barrows, Katja N. Koeppel","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V34I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V34I1","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella resistance to antimicrobials is rapidly growing worldwide. Antibiotics are commonly used in prevention of bacterial infections as well as treatment of infected chickens in Tanzania. A study on Salmonella was conducted in commercially produced chicken feeds from feed mills in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, between May 2015 and June 2016 with the objective of estimating the prevalence of Salmonella contamination and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Feed samples were collected from a total of 384 randomly selected feed bags of different types from six feed mills. Cultural and biochemical tests were performed for identification of Salmonella in the samples. All isolates were subjected to eight commonly used antibiotics for sensitivity test using disc diffusion method. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in the study was 22.1%. Prevalence of Salmonella contamination was 22.2%, 39.1%, 14.7%, 0.0%, 25% and 42.9% of the samples from feed mills named A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Significantly higher ( p = 0.001) prevalence of Salmonella contamination was recorded in feed mill B. Although Salmonella isolates were less resistant to ciprofloxacin (14.1%), the resistance increased towards amikacin (63.4%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (85.9%), gentamicin (87.1%), kanamycin (88.2%), streptomycin (96.5%), amoxycillin (98.8%) and tetracycline (100.0%). Isolation of Salmonella from commercial chicken feeds in Dar es Salaam connotes the importance of hygienic processing and handling of feeds for effective control of Salmonella contamination in both humans and farms. The antibiogram pattern shows the presence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella species hence; suitable measures should be implemented to avoid indiscriminate use of antibiotics in chicken feed chain. Keywords: Salmonella , Poultry mash, feed mills, antibiogram, antibiotic sensitivity","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"12 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114120736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Lankester, G. Russell, A. Lugelo, A. Ndabigaye, N. Mnyambwa, J. Keyyu, R. Kazwala, D. Grant, A. Percival, D. Deane, D. Haig, S. Cleaveland
Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks in flocks vaccinated with LaSota® vaccine have been reported around Morogoro municipality. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available LaSota® vaccine against virulent strains of newcastle disease virus (NDV). One hundred day-old chicks were randomly allocated to five groups of 20 chicks each. Group I and II were vaccinated at the age of 5 days through oral and ocular routes, respectively, and boosted at the age of 20 days. Groups III and IV were vaccinated once through oral and ocular routes, respectively, at the age of 10 days. Group V served as a negative control. Immune response against NDV was measured by the level of antibodies using Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test and resistance to challenge with virulent strain of NDV. All birds were challenged with virulent NDV at 32 days of age and monitored for 21 days. Regardless of the route, there was no statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) between the mean HI titres in the four vaccinated groups. Significant differences, however, existed between regimes (p < 0.05). The morbidity and mortality in vaccinated birds were 20% and 10% respectively, while in un-vaccinated birds the corresponding values were 95% and 65%. In conclusion, the used LaSota® strain ND vaccine available in Morogoro, Tanzania produced enough protection against ND. Both oral and ocular routes provided the same level of protection, however, regardless of route of vaccination, booster dose produced higher level of protection.Keywords: Newcastle disease, oral and ocular routes, layer chicks, vaccination regime, antibodies
{"title":"Evaluation of efficacy of LaSota ® vaccine against circulating Newcastle virus strains from Morogoro, Tanzania","authors":"F. Lankester, G. Russell, A. Lugelo, A. Ndabigaye, N. Mnyambwa, J. Keyyu, R. Kazwala, D. Grant, A. Percival, D. Deane, D. Haig, S. Cleaveland","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V32I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V32I1","url":null,"abstract":"Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks in flocks vaccinated with LaSota® vaccine have been reported around Morogoro municipality. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available LaSota® vaccine against virulent strains of newcastle disease virus (NDV). One hundred day-old chicks were randomly allocated to five groups of 20 chicks each. Group I and II were vaccinated at the age of 5 days through oral and ocular routes, respectively, and boosted at the age of 20 days. Groups III and IV were vaccinated once through oral and ocular routes, respectively, at the age of 10 days. Group V served as a negative control. Immune response against NDV was measured by the level of antibodies using Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test and resistance to challenge with virulent strain of NDV. All birds were challenged with virulent NDV at 32 days of age and monitored for 21 days. Regardless of the route, there was no statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) between the mean HI titres in the four vaccinated groups. Significant differences, however, existed between regimes (p < 0.05). The morbidity and mortality in vaccinated birds were 20% and 10% respectively, while in un-vaccinated birds the corresponding values were 95% and 65%. In conclusion, the used LaSota® strain ND vaccine available in Morogoro, Tanzania produced enough protection against ND. Both oral and ocular routes provided the same level of protection, however, regardless of route of vaccination, booster dose produced higher level of protection.Keywords: Newcastle disease, oral and ocular routes, layer chicks, vaccination regime, antibodies","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115026451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cross sectional study was conducted between October 2015 and February 2016 to establish the prevalence of sarcoptic mange infestation and identify risk factors associated with the infestation in pigs kept by smallholder farmers in Mpwapwa town. A total of 22 households participated in the study. Questionnaires were administered to gather information on pig management and potential risk factors for mange mite infestation. This was complemented by researcher's examination of animals and environmental observation. A total number of 127 pigs were clinically examined and skin scrapping samples were collected for laboratory examination of sarcoptic mange mites. The majority of respondents were females (81.8%), had primary education (72.8%) and the household pigs herd size was 10 ± 14 (ranged between 1 and 60 pigs) which were crosses of either Landrace or Large White breed. Pigs were fed on non compounded feed that constituted maize bran, green leaves, pumpkins, potatoes and kitchen wastes. All the 33 (100%) grower pigs were stunted. The housing of pig and general management was poor. All the farms had pigs which were clinically positive for sarcoptic mange mite infestation however, laboratory results showed that 30 (23.6%) of the samples had Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis. Despite the fact that majority of the farmers (99.2%) reported controlling of mange using ivermection, 69.3% of them reported recurrence of the disease. It is conclude that sarcoptic mange mite infestation is a problem in pigs kept by smallholder pig farmers in Mpwapwa district. Therefore, education to farmers on better pig management and feeding coupled with good mange control measures may help to overcome the problem of mange infestation in Mpwapwa district. Key words : sarcoptic mange, pig management, diseases, smallholder farmers
{"title":"Prevalence of mange infestation in smallholder pig farms in selected areas of Mpwapwa town, Tanzania","authors":"H. Nonga, F. Lugendo","doi":"10.4314/tvj.v30i1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v30i1","url":null,"abstract":"A cross sectional study was conducted between October 2015 and February 2016 to establish the prevalence of sarcoptic mange infestation and identify risk factors associated with the infestation in pigs kept by smallholder farmers in Mpwapwa town. A total of 22 households participated in the study. Questionnaires were administered to gather information on pig management and potential risk factors for mange mite infestation. This was complemented by researcher's examination of animals and environmental observation. A total number of 127 pigs were clinically examined and skin scrapping samples were collected for laboratory examination of sarcoptic mange mites. The majority of respondents were females (81.8%), had primary education (72.8%) and the household pigs herd size was 10 ± 14 (ranged between 1 and 60 pigs) which were crosses of either Landrace or Large White breed. Pigs were fed on non compounded feed that constituted maize bran, green leaves, pumpkins, potatoes and kitchen wastes. All the 33 (100%) grower pigs were stunted. The housing of pig and general management was poor. All the farms had pigs which were clinically positive for sarcoptic mange mite infestation however, laboratory results showed that 30 (23.6%) of the samples had Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis. Despite the fact that majority of the farmers (99.2%) reported controlling of mange using ivermection, 69.3% of them reported recurrence of the disease. It is conclude that sarcoptic mange mite infestation is a problem in pigs kept by smallholder pig farmers in Mpwapwa district. Therefore, education to farmers on better pig management and feeding coupled with good mange control measures may help to overcome the problem of mange infestation in Mpwapwa district. Key words : sarcoptic mange, pig management, diseases, smallholder farmers","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114949102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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