This paper considers the impact of education and training on both individual and co-worker pay and establishment performance using the matched employer-employee data in WERS 2004, the panel dataset 1998-2004 and the new Financial Performance Questionnaire. This enables us to assess the impact of workplace education and training using both subjective (managers’ assessments) and objective data on productivity, profits and establishment survival. We establish that workplace education and training can have positive impacts on establishment financial performance, survival and growth. In contrast to extant studies, it was found that the square and the interaction between own and co-workers years of training also have a positive and significant impact on hourly pay. We find evidence indicating that establishments with 60% or more of workers trained have a higher establishment performance and also have a powerful impact on the likelihood of establishment survival.
{"title":"Human Capital Spillovers and Economic Performance in the Workplace in 2004: Some British Evidence","authors":"R. Metcalfe, P. Sloane","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.986341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.986341","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the impact of education and training on both individual and co-worker pay and establishment performance using the matched employer-employee data in WERS 2004, the panel dataset 1998-2004 and the new Financial Performance Questionnaire. This enables us to assess the impact of workplace education and training using both subjective (managers’ assessments) and objective data on productivity, profits and establishment survival. We establish that workplace education and training can have positive impacts on establishment financial performance, survival and growth. In contrast to extant studies, it was found that the square and the interaction between own and co-workers years of training also have a positive and significant impact on hourly pay. We find evidence indicating that establishments with 60% or more of workers trained have a higher establishment performance and also have a powerful impact on the likelihood of establishment survival.","PeriodicalId":181797,"journal":{"name":"European Economics eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121688853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-01DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00620.x
S. Gil‐Pareja, R. Llorca‐Vivero, J. Martínez-Serrano
This paper estimates the effect of the euro on intra‐EMU tourist flows by using a panel dataset of 20 OECD countries over the period 1995–2002. The results reveal that the euro has increased tourism, with an effect of around 6.5%. This is a noticeable impact given the early stage of the EMU analyzed. The robustness checks show that the evidence of a positive impact is quite widespread across EMU destination countries.
{"title":"The Effect of EMU on Tourism","authors":"S. Gil‐Pareja, R. Llorca‐Vivero, J. Martínez-Serrano","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00620.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00620.x","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the effect of the euro on intra‐EMU tourist flows by using a panel dataset of 20 OECD countries over the period 1995–2002. The results reveal that the euro has increased tourism, with an effect of around 6.5%. This is a noticeable impact given the early stage of the EMU analyzed. The robustness checks show that the evidence of a positive impact is quite widespread across EMU destination countries.","PeriodicalId":181797,"journal":{"name":"European Economics eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114205125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Payment choice models based on transaction sizes (TS models) induce strong predictions about the use of payment instruments. Especially, all equal-sized transactions should be paid with the same payment instrument. Then, for each individual, one should observe strict domains of transaction for every payment instruments. Using micro-level payment data from a representative sample of the French population, we show that TS models are bad at replicating individual and aggregate payment patterns. First, we show that the predictions of TS models are not empirically validated on an individual level. Second, we develop and test three models to explain the observed aggregate payment patterns. The first two models are aggregate versions of TS models and the third one is an alternative model based on a payment decision rule depending on cash holding (CH model). We find that the third model gives predictions between 2 and 6 times more precise than the first two models with notably less demanding information on individuals.
{"title":"The Demand for Currency Versus Debitable Accounts: A Reconsideration","authors":"D. Bounie, A. François, N. Houy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.987375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.987375","url":null,"abstract":"Payment choice models based on transaction sizes (TS models) induce strong predictions about the use of payment instruments. Especially, all equal-sized transactions should be paid with the same payment instrument. Then, for each individual, one should observe strict domains of transaction for every payment instruments. Using micro-level payment data from a representative sample of the French population, we show that TS models are bad at replicating individual and aggregate payment patterns. First, we show that the predictions of TS models are not empirically validated on an individual level. Second, we develop and test three models to explain the observed aggregate payment patterns. The first two models are aggregate versions of TS models and the third one is an alternative model based on a payment decision rule depending on cash holding (CH model). We find that the third model gives predictions between 2 and 6 times more precise than the first two models with notably less demanding information on individuals.","PeriodicalId":181797,"journal":{"name":"European Economics eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115231289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oskar Nordstrom Skans, Per-Anders Edin, B. Holmlund
The paper describes the Swedish wage distribution and how it correlates with worker mobility and plant-specific factors. It is well known that wage inequality has increased in Sweden since the mid-1980s. However, little evidence has so far been available as to whether this development reflects increased dispersion between plants, between individuals in the same plant, or both. We use a new linked employer-employee data set and discover that a trend rise in between-plant wage inequality account for the entire increase in wage dispersion. This pattern, which remains when we control for observable individual human capital characteristics, may reflect increased sorting of workers by skill levels and/or increased scope for rent sharing in local wage negotiations. Our discussion suggests that both factors may have become more important.
{"title":"Wage Dispersion between and within Plants: Sweden 1985-2000","authors":"Oskar Nordstrom Skans, Per-Anders Edin, B. Holmlund","doi":"10.3386/W13021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W13021","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the Swedish wage distribution and how it correlates with worker mobility and plant-specific factors. It is well known that wage inequality has increased in Sweden since the mid-1980s. However, little evidence has so far been available as to whether this development reflects increased dispersion between plants, between individuals in the same plant, or both. We use a new linked employer-employee data set and discover that a trend rise in between-plant wage inequality account for the entire increase in wage dispersion. This pattern, which remains when we control for observable individual human capital characteristics, may reflect increased sorting of workers by skill levels and/or increased scope for rent sharing in local wage negotiations. Our discussion suggests that both factors may have become more important.","PeriodicalId":181797,"journal":{"name":"European Economics eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133081921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In an arbitrage-free economy with non-zero bid-ask spreads, the presence of payoffs, whose price is lower than the price of another payoff where the former dominates the latter, can not be discarded in general. However, their presence is a true market anomaly when the former price corresponds to trivial portfolios which involve buying or selling one unit of the basis assets. We refer to these prices as inefficient quotes and we characterize their absence by imposing certain conditions on the set of admissible Stochastic Discount Factors. A measure of overall quote inefficiency is also introduced. We report, in an empirical study, evidence that indicates that in options markets, both the frequency and the magnitude of these inefficiencies, are substantial. Also, we find puzzling patterns in the behavior of these inefficiencies.
{"title":"A Theory of Inefficient Quotes: Empirical Evidence in Options Markets","authors":"Iñaki Rodríguez-Longarela, Silvia Mayoral","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.967679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.967679","url":null,"abstract":"In an arbitrage-free economy with non-zero bid-ask spreads, the presence of payoffs, whose price is lower than the price of another payoff where the former dominates the latter, can not be discarded in general. However, their presence is a true market anomaly when the former price corresponds to trivial portfolios which involve buying or selling one unit of the basis assets. We refer to these prices as inefficient quotes and we characterize their absence by imposing certain conditions on the set of admissible Stochastic Discount Factors. A measure of overall quote inefficiency is also introduced. We report, in an empirical study, evidence that indicates that in options markets, both the frequency and the magnitude of these inefficiencies, are substantial. Also, we find puzzling patterns in the behavior of these inefficiencies.","PeriodicalId":181797,"journal":{"name":"European Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126058977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Finland experienced an extremely severe economic depression in the early 1990s.In the midst of this crisis, significant new legislation was passed that increased supervisory powers official market regulators and reformed bankruptcy procedures significantly decreasing the protection of creditors.We show that the introduction of these new laws resulted in positive abnormal stock returns.The new laws also lead to increases in firms'Tobin's q, especially for more levered firms.In contrast to previous studies, our results also suggest that public supervision of financial markets fosters rather than hampers financial market development. JEL Classification: G34, K22 Keywords: corporate governance, bankruptcy, financial supervision,shareholder protection, creditors' rights, corporate valuations, political economy
{"title":"Phoenix Rising: Legal Reforms and Changes in Valuations in Finland During the Economic Crisis","authors":"Timo P. Korkeamaki, Y. Koskinen, T. Takalo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.940665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.940665","url":null,"abstract":"Finland experienced an extremely severe economic depression in the early 1990s.In the midst of this crisis, significant new legislation was passed that increased supervisory powers official market regulators and reformed bankruptcy procedures significantly decreasing the protection of creditors.We show that the introduction of these new laws resulted in positive abnormal stock returns.The new laws also lead to increases in firms'Tobin's q, especially for more levered firms.In contrast to previous studies, our results also suggest that public supervision of financial markets fosters rather than hampers financial market development. JEL Classification: G34, K22 Keywords: corporate governance, bankruptcy, financial supervision,shareholder protection, creditors' rights, corporate valuations, political economy","PeriodicalId":181797,"journal":{"name":"European Economics eJournal","volume":"24 21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130247974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paper presents decomposition of the realized rate of return on investment in fixed-income securities in order to identify the income/risk sources. The decomposition is accomplished applying the concept of factorization and factor analysis on treasury bonds returns. Weekly data from the interbank market in Poland for the period 30 June – 6 October, 2004 (14 weeks) are used. In the single-factor model of decomposition, the source of risk is assumed to be the change of yield-to-maturity (YTM) of the considered bond. Within the multi-factor model, decomposition is carried out by means of both the factorization concept and factor analysis. Factor analysis is undertaken as a preliminary action aimed to identify common factors of market risk that affect the realized rate of return of the examined securities. The results of factor analysis are used in the multi-factor model of decomposition. This approach allows to reduce the number of market risk factors and to investigate their influence on realized rate of returns on different fixed-income securities.
{"title":"Decomposition of the Realized Rate of Return on Investment in Fixed-Income Securities","authors":"Rumiana Górska","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.984551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.984551","url":null,"abstract":"Paper presents decomposition of the realized rate of return on investment in fixed-income securities in order to identify the income/risk sources. The decomposition is accomplished applying the concept of factorization and factor analysis on treasury bonds returns. Weekly data from the interbank market in Poland for the period 30 June – 6 October, 2004 (14 weeks) are used. In the single-factor model of decomposition, the source of risk is assumed to be the change of yield-to-maturity (YTM) of the considered bond. Within the multi-factor model, decomposition is carried out by means of both the factorization concept and factor analysis. Factor analysis is undertaken as a preliminary action aimed to identify common factors of market risk that affect the realized rate of return of the examined securities. The results of factor analysis are used in the multi-factor model of decomposition. This approach allows to reduce the number of market risk factors and to investigate their influence on realized rate of returns on different fixed-income securities.","PeriodicalId":181797,"journal":{"name":"European Economics eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115547311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to the classification in official statistics, Dutch pension plans have mainly preserved their DB character in recent years. The dominant reaction of pension funds to the fall in funding ratios at the beginning of this century has been a switch from final-pay schemes to average-wage schemes. This contrasts sharply with the experience in the United States and the United Kingdom, where the fall in pension funding ratios has accelerated the switch from DB to DC schemes. This paper scrutinizes the recent evolution of Dutch pension plans: how does the evolution of Dutch pension funds diverge from that of Anglo-Saxon pension funds, and how can we explain this divergence? Using an ALM framework, we argue that the current average-wage pension plans may be better viewed as hybrid DB-DC schemes, as indexation of all liabilities has been made solvency-contingent. Because these hybrid plans make use of two steering mechanisms to control solvency risk, Dutch pension funds display a high effectiveness in minimizing the risk of under-funding. The current hybrid schemes reflect a compromise between the various stakeholders. We examine the institutional basis for this compromise, and contrast this with the situation in Anglo-Saxon pension funds, where primarily employers are responsible for absorbing funding deficits, which gives them in turn more grip on pension plan design issues. In addition, we look at the role of unions, the strong preferences within the Dutch society for collective risk-sharing, and the underlying high level of social trust, as explanations for the divergence with the experience in the US and the UK…
{"title":"The Recent Evolution of Pension Funds in the Netherlands: The Trend to Hybrid DB-DC Plans and Beyond","authors":"Eduard H. M. Ponds, Bart van Riel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.964428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.964428","url":null,"abstract":"According to the classification in official statistics, Dutch pension plans have mainly preserved their DB character in recent years. The dominant reaction of pension funds to the fall in funding ratios at the beginning of this century has been a switch from final-pay schemes to average-wage schemes. This contrasts sharply with the experience in the United States and the United Kingdom, where the fall in pension funding ratios has accelerated the switch from DB to DC schemes. This paper scrutinizes the recent evolution of Dutch pension plans: how does the evolution of Dutch pension funds diverge from that of Anglo-Saxon pension funds, and how can we explain this divergence? Using an ALM framework, we argue that the current average-wage pension plans may be better viewed as hybrid DB-DC schemes, as indexation of all liabilities has been made solvency-contingent. Because these hybrid plans make use of two steering mechanisms to control solvency risk, Dutch pension funds display a high effectiveness in minimizing the risk of under-funding. The current hybrid schemes reflect a compromise between the various stakeholders. We examine the institutional basis for this compromise, and contrast this with the situation in Anglo-Saxon pension funds, where primarily employers are responsible for absorbing funding deficits, which gives them in turn more grip on pension plan design issues. In addition, we look at the role of unions, the strong preferences within the Dutch society for collective risk-sharing, and the underlying high level of social trust, as explanations for the divergence with the experience in the US and the UK…","PeriodicalId":181797,"journal":{"name":"European Economics eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129341496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper provides an analysis of the level, the structure and the patterns of inter-temporal change in hourly earnings inequality in Europe. For the purposes of static inequality decomposition analysis, the data of the ECHP are employed. Considerable cross-country differences are observed across the EU regarding both the level and the structure of earnings inequality. In most countries, of the four factors examined (education, age, sex and sector of employment), education and, to a lesser extent, age are found to be most closely associated with inequality. For the purposes of inequality trend decomposition analysis national data sets for eight European countries are utilised. The results show that in most countries the main factor behind the observed changes in earnings inequality was changes in inequality “within groups” irrespective of the partitioning criterion used, while the effect of changes in group mean earnings was negligible. Finally, changes in the composition of wage and salary earners regarding the four aforementioned factors (education, age, sex and sector of employment) had a relatively large, but not uniform across countries, effect only in a few countries and mainly when the partitioning factor is education.
{"title":"Earnings Inequality in Europe: Structure and Patterns of Inter-Temporal Changes","authors":"Ioannis Cholezas, P. Tsakloglou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.970220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.970220","url":null,"abstract":"The paper provides an analysis of the level, the structure and the patterns of inter-temporal change in hourly earnings inequality in Europe. For the purposes of static inequality decomposition analysis, the data of the ECHP are employed. Considerable cross-country differences are observed across the EU regarding both the level and the structure of earnings inequality. In most countries, of the four factors examined (education, age, sex and sector of employment), education and, to a lesser extent, age are found to be most closely associated with inequality. For the purposes of inequality trend decomposition analysis national data sets for eight European countries are utilised. The results show that in most countries the main factor behind the observed changes in earnings inequality was changes in inequality “within groups” irrespective of the partitioning criterion used, while the effect of changes in group mean earnings was negligible. Finally, changes in the composition of wage and salary earners regarding the four aforementioned factors (education, age, sex and sector of employment) had a relatively large, but not uniform across countries, effect only in a few countries and mainly when the partitioning factor is education.","PeriodicalId":181797,"journal":{"name":"European Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124415761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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