Pub Date : 2019-06-24DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.12
A. Volodina
Information on the first findings of Gaillona rosea (Roth) Athanasiadis 2016:814 (Aglaothamnion roseum (Roth) Maggs & L’Hardy-Halos 1933:522) in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic is given. Samples of algae in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic along the coast of the Kaliningrad region at depths of 1–15 m were collected by diving method on the north coast of the Sambian Peninsula near Cape Taran and Cape Gvardeysky at the stations confined to hard ground. First samples of G. rosea collected from drifting mats of perennial algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Polysiphonia fucoides were first registered along the west and north coast of the Sambian Peninsula (Cape Taran) at depths of 1.5–7 m in autumn 2015. The finding of the species in 2015 on the west coast of the Sambian Peninsula is the first registration for the coast of the Gdansk Bay. In July 2016, the species was found in samples at Cape Taran at a depth of 0.5 m. The length of the thalli does not exceed 3 cm. The species was registered with F. lumbricalis and P. fucoides, both in attached communities and in drifting mats. G. rosea is quite common in the Baltic Sea, with the exception of the Gdansk Bay and the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea, where the salinity is low. There is no data available on the abundance of the species in the adjacent Lithuanian waters. The species is rarely registered in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic, and therefore G. rosea is rare in the entire South-Eastern Baltic Sea.
{"title":"On findings of the red alga Gaillona rosea (Roth) Athanasiadis (Rhodophyta) in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic","authors":"A. Volodina","doi":"10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Information on the first findings of Gaillona rosea (Roth) Athanasiadis 2016:814 (Aglaothamnion roseum (Roth) Maggs & L’Hardy-Halos 1933:522) in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic is given. Samples of algae in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic along the coast of the Kaliningrad region at depths of 1–15 m were collected by diving method on the north coast of the Sambian Peninsula near Cape Taran and Cape Gvardeysky at the stations confined to hard ground. First samples of G. rosea collected from drifting mats of perennial algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Polysiphonia fucoides were first registered along the west and north coast of the Sambian Peninsula (Cape Taran) at depths of 1.5–7 m in autumn 2015. The finding of the species in 2015 on the west coast of the Sambian Peninsula is the first registration for the coast of the Gdansk Bay. In July 2016, the species was found in samples at Cape Taran at a depth of 0.5 m. The length of the thalli does not exceed 3 cm. The species was registered with F. lumbricalis and P. fucoides, both in attached communities and in drifting mats. G. rosea is quite common in the Baltic Sea, with the exception of the Gdansk Bay and the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea, where the salinity is low. There is no data available on the abundance of the species in the adjacent Lithuanian waters. The species is rarely registered in the Russian part of the South-Eastern Baltic, and therefore G. rosea is rare in the entire South-Eastern Baltic Sea.","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"318 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77645539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-24DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.08
G. Finenko, N. A. Datsyk, S. Ignatyev, B. E. Anninsky
The existence of two alternative points of view on the long-term dynamics of gelatinous macroplankton populations in the World Ocean determines the need for long-term monitoring as a basis for assessing their condition. The accumulation of long-term series of data on the development of gelatinous predators in the Black Sea makes it possible to assess their role in the functioning of the pelagic ecosystem in connection with climatic variability. The abundance, biomass, the size structure of the gelatinous predators (jellyfish Aurelia aurita; ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi and Pleurobrachia pileus) and the feeding intensity of the two species (A. aurita and M. leidyi) were investigated in the early summer period (June) of 2016 at 45 stations covering the shelf zone off the coast of Crimea from Cape Tarkhankut to Kerch, as well as at 3 stations of the deepwater area with the coordinates 44°23′N–45°5′N and 32°22′E–36°36′E. The material was collected from the bottom (10–100 m) up to the surface at the inshore stations and from the depth with σt = 16.2 to the surface – in deepwater by vertical trawls with modified Bogorov – Russ net with an inlet diameter of 80 cm, a mesh of 300 μm. The nutritional spectrum and its quantitative composition were determined under a microscope in the laboratory immediately after the catch of animals, followed by the calculation of diurnal rations and the rate of ingestion of zooplankton. Spatial differences in abundance of gelatinous species were observed: the maximum biomass of A. aurita, prevailing in all regions, was observed in the Yevpatoriya – Sevastopol region and was due to large accumulations of middle-sized specimens of new generation. Ctenophora P. pileus dominated in the abundance in the halistatic zone. The food spectrum of jellyfish was very diverse and included various stages of Copepoda, Tunicata, Cladocera, and also the meroplankton – the Bivalvia and Gastropoda veligers. The halistatic zone with great depths was characterized by the widest species composition of planktonic Copepoda in A. aurita food. The average daily rations of jellyfish varied from one region to another, being the lowest in the Karkinitsky Bay [(0.113 ± 0.10) mg C−1·day−1, or (1.6 ± 2.18) % of C body] with most of the food being algae C. granii. The most intensive feeding was in the halistatic zone [(56.2 ± 23.7) % of C body] with a predominance of Calanus euxinus and Pseudocalanus elongatus in the diet. In no region A. aurita can compensate the respiration requirements by the consumption of mesozooplankton. The highest impact on zooplankton was provided by jellyfish population in the Karkinitsky Bay and in the Yevpatoriya – Sevastopol region, although along all the shelf its impact was very low and did not lead to a dramatic reduction in the zooplankton community abundance.
{"title":"Spatial variability and trophic characteristics of jellyfish populations in the Crimea marine area in summer","authors":"G. Finenko, N. A. Datsyk, S. Ignatyev, B. E. Anninsky","doi":"10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of two alternative points of view on the long-term dynamics of gelatinous macroplankton populations in the World Ocean determines the need for long-term monitoring as a basis for assessing their condition. The accumulation of long-term series of data on the development of gelatinous predators in the Black Sea makes it possible to assess their role in the functioning of the pelagic ecosystem in connection with climatic variability. The abundance, biomass, the size structure of the gelatinous predators (jellyfish Aurelia aurita; ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi and Pleurobrachia pileus) and the feeding intensity of the two species (A. aurita and M. leidyi) were investigated in the early summer period (June) of 2016 at 45 stations covering the shelf zone off the coast of Crimea from Cape Tarkhankut to Kerch, as well as at 3 stations of the deepwater area with the coordinates 44°23′N–45°5′N and 32°22′E–36°36′E. The material was collected from the bottom (10–100 m) up to the surface at the inshore stations and from the depth with σt = 16.2 to the surface – in deepwater by vertical trawls with modified Bogorov – Russ net with an inlet diameter of 80 cm, a mesh of 300 μm. The nutritional spectrum and its quantitative composition were determined under a microscope in the laboratory immediately after the catch of animals, followed by the calculation of diurnal rations and the rate of ingestion of zooplankton. Spatial differences in abundance of gelatinous species were observed: the maximum biomass of A. aurita, prevailing in all regions, was observed in the Yevpatoriya – Sevastopol region and was due to large accumulations of middle-sized specimens of new generation. Ctenophora P. pileus dominated in the abundance in the halistatic zone. The food spectrum of jellyfish was very diverse and included various stages of Copepoda, Tunicata, Cladocera, and also the meroplankton – the Bivalvia and Gastropoda veligers. The halistatic zone with great depths was characterized by the widest species composition of planktonic Copepoda in A. aurita food. The average daily rations of jellyfish varied from one region to another, being the lowest in the Karkinitsky Bay [(0.113 ± 0.10) mg C−1·day−1, or (1.6 ± 2.18) % of C body] with most of the food being algae C. granii. The most intensive feeding was in the halistatic zone [(56.2 ± 23.7) % of C body] with a predominance of Calanus euxinus and Pseudocalanus elongatus in the diet. In no region A. aurita can compensate the respiration requirements by the consumption of mesozooplankton. The highest impact on zooplankton was provided by jellyfish population in the Karkinitsky Bay and in the Yevpatoriya – Sevastopol region, although along all the shelf its impact was very low and did not lead to a dramatic reduction in the zooplankton community abundance.","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73436364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-24DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.03
T. Klimova, I. Vdodovich, Yu. A. Zagorodnyaya, G. Finenko, N. A. Datsyk
Species composition and quantitative indicators of zoo- and ichthyoplankton feeding of fish larvae were studied inshore of the South-Western Crimea in the summer of 2013. There were 33 species of fish eggs and larvae from 24 families identified in ichthyoplankton. It was twice as large as it was in the 1990s. Inshore of Sevastopol in May 2013 the anchovy spawning was efficiently spawned due to favorable temperature of the sea water (+21 °C) and good food conditions. The largest number of summer-spawning species was recorded in June at the surface water temperature of +22.7 °C. Abundance of fish larvae in inshore region increased too, compared to this of the 2000s, due to their high survival rate resulting from improved food conditions. There was relatively high abundance of zooplankton and the predominance of a small-sized fraction mainly by juvenile stages of copepods. Low abundance of ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its slight impact on zooplankton were other factors that improved the food base of fish larvae.
{"title":"Ichthyoplankton and trophic relations in the plankton communities inshore of the South-Western Crimea (Black Sea) during the summer season 2013","authors":"T. Klimova, I. Vdodovich, Yu. A. Zagorodnyaya, G. Finenko, N. A. Datsyk","doi":"10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Species composition and quantitative indicators of zoo- and ichthyoplankton feeding of fish larvae were studied inshore of the South-Western Crimea in the summer of 2013. There were 33 species of fish eggs and larvae from 24 families identified in ichthyoplankton. It was twice as large as it was in the 1990s. Inshore of Sevastopol in May 2013 the anchovy spawning was efficiently spawned due to favorable temperature of the sea water (+21 °C) and good food conditions. The largest number of summer-spawning species was recorded in June at the surface water temperature of +22.7 °C. Abundance of fish larvae in inshore region increased too, compared to this of the 2000s, due to their high survival rate resulting from improved food conditions. There was relatively high abundance of zooplankton and the predominance of a small-sized fraction mainly by juvenile stages of copepods. Low abundance of ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its slight impact on zooplankton were other factors that improved the food base of fish larvae.","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74517553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-24DOI: 10.21072/MBJ.2019.04.2.06
L. Ryabushko, D. Balycheva, A. Bondarenko, S. Zheleznova, A. A. Begun, I. Stonik
The article summarizes original and literary data on different aspects of studying Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Lewin 1964 in two biotopes – phytoplankton and microphytobenthos – of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and the Sea of Japan for the period from 1976 to 2016. The aim of the work is to present the results of the study mainly of own data on the morphology, systematics and ecology of C. closterium in different seas and under cultivation in the laboratory. Information on the history of the species origin and its nomenclature changes is given. C. closterium belongs to the phylum Bacillariophyta, class Bacillariophyceae, order Bacillariales Hendey 1937, family Bacillariaceae Ehrenb. 1831, genus Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst 1859 emend. Reim. et Lewin 1964. This benthoplanktonic species occurs in the plankton, in littoral and sublittoral zones of the seas. The species is marine and brackish-water; it is a cosmopolite common in different geographical zones of the World Ocean. The results of studying alga by various methods under natural and experimental conditions in light and transmission electron microscopes of C. Zeiss LIBRA-120 are presented. The quantitative data of C. closterium were determined by direct counting of the cells in the Goryaev’ camera (V = 0.9 mm³) in light microscopes BIOLAM L-212, C. Zeiss Axioskop 40 with the program AxioVision Rel. 4.6 at 10×40, 10×100, and Olympus BX41 (Tokyo, Japan) with lenses UPLanF140× and 100×1/30 oil immersion. Cultivation of C. closterium was carried out in the cumulative mode on the nutrient medium F, volume of 1 L under light intensity of 13.7 klx and temperature of +20…+21 °C. Morphology data of this species from different seas were obtained. The average cell sizes of C. closterium are: 25–260 µm length, 1.5–8 µm width; 12–25 fibulae in 10 µm. The results of cultivation in the laboratory conditions showed that the average cell sizes reached 148.17 µm (length) and 8 µm (width) at the temperature of +19…+20 °C and light intensity of 13 klx; length of cells reached 162.12 µm in the exponential phase of growth and 172.07 µm – in the stationary phase. C. closterium has an important practical significance as a source of fucoxanthin, since this alga is intensively cultivated for production of biologically active substances. Our experimental data showed that during laboratory cultivation the fucoxanthin concentration in a diatom biomass can reach 11 mg·g-1 of dry mass. The new data obtained are relevant and important; they can be used in different fields of science and medicine. The seasonal dynamics of population abundance of C. closterium in different ecotopes (epizoon of invertebrates and their food spectra, epiphyton of bottom vegetation, periphyton of the experimental and anthropogenic substrates of the different seas) is presented for the first time. The maximum abundance of the species population (65.6·10³ cells·cm-2) was registered in the epizoon of the mussel Mytilus galloprovinc
{"title":"Different aspects of studying a diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Lewin 1964 in natural and laboratory conditions","authors":"L. Ryabushko, D. Balycheva, A. Bondarenko, S. Zheleznova, A. A. Begun, I. Stonik","doi":"10.21072/MBJ.2019.04.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/MBJ.2019.04.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"The article summarizes original and literary data on different aspects of studying Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Lewin 1964 in two biotopes – phytoplankton and microphytobenthos – of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and the Sea of Japan for the period from 1976 to 2016. The aim of the work is to present the results of the study mainly of own data on the morphology, systematics and ecology of C. closterium in different seas and under cultivation in the laboratory. Information on the history of the species origin and its nomenclature changes is given. C. closterium belongs to the phylum Bacillariophyta, class Bacillariophyceae, order Bacillariales Hendey 1937, family Bacillariaceae Ehrenb. 1831, genus Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst 1859 emend. Reim. et Lewin 1964. This benthoplanktonic species occurs in the plankton, in littoral and sublittoral zones of the seas. The species is marine and brackish-water; it is a cosmopolite common in different geographical zones of the World Ocean. The results of studying alga by various methods under natural and experimental conditions in light and transmission electron microscopes of C. Zeiss LIBRA-120 are presented. The quantitative data of C. closterium were determined by direct counting of the cells in the Goryaev’ camera (V = 0.9 mm³) in light microscopes BIOLAM L-212, C. Zeiss Axioskop 40 with the program AxioVision Rel. 4.6 at 10×40, 10×100, and Olympus BX41 (Tokyo, Japan) with lenses UPLanF140× and 100×1/30 oil immersion. Cultivation of C. closterium was carried out in the cumulative mode on the nutrient medium F, volume of 1 L under light intensity of 13.7 klx and temperature of +20…+21 °C. Morphology data of this species from different seas were obtained. The average cell sizes of C. closterium are: 25–260 µm length, 1.5–8 µm width; 12–25 fibulae in 10 µm. The results of cultivation in the laboratory conditions showed that the average cell sizes reached 148.17 µm (length) and 8 µm (width) at the temperature of +19…+20 °C and light intensity of 13 klx; length of cells reached 162.12 µm in the exponential phase of growth and 172.07 µm – in the stationary phase. C. closterium has an important practical significance as a source of fucoxanthin, since this alga is intensively cultivated for production of biologically active substances. Our experimental data showed that during laboratory cultivation the fucoxanthin concentration in a diatom biomass can reach 11 mg·g-1 of dry mass. The new data obtained are relevant and important; they can be used in different fields of science and medicine. The seasonal dynamics of population abundance of C. closterium in different ecotopes (epizoon of invertebrates and their food spectra, epiphyton of bottom vegetation, periphyton of the experimental and anthropogenic substrates of the different seas) is presented for the first time. The maximum abundance of the species population (65.6·10³ cells·cm-2) was registered in the epizoon of the mussel Mytilus galloprovinc","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84688611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-31DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.03
O. Vyalova
The rate of linear and weight growth of triploid spat of oyster Crassostrea gigas in Donuzlav Liman (Black Sea, Crimea) was investigated. A quantitative relationship between the mass (W, g) of the whole oyster and the height of the shell (H, mm) is given (it is described by the equation W = 7 · 10-5 · Н3.1, R² = 0.78), as well as a quantitative relationship between the mass (W, g) of the whole oyster and the length of the shell (L, mm) (W = 3 · 10-4 · L3.12, R² = 0.65). The maximum rates of linear growth of triploid oysters T20 were registered in April (1.15 mm per day), of weight growth – in June (0.50 g per day) and August (0.61 g per day). It was shown that 27 % of triploid oysters T20 can reach commercial size after 6 months. It is recommended to use Pacific oysters of T20 size as a planting material on the shellfish farms in the Black Sea region.
对克里米亚黑海Donuzlav Liman海域牡蛎长牡蛎三倍体口贝的线性增长率和重量增长率进行了调查。给出了全牡蛎质量(W, g)与壳高(H, mm)之间的定量关系(用公式W = 7·10-5·Н3.1, R²= 0.78表示)，以及全牡蛎质量(W, g)与壳长(L, mm)之间的定量关系(W = 3·10-4·L3.12, R²= 0.65)。三倍体牡蛎T20的最大线性生长率出现在4月(1.15 mm / d)、6月(0.50 g / d)和8月(0.61 g / d)。结果表明，27%的三倍体牡蛎T20在6个月后能达到商业规模。建议在黑海地区的贝类养殖场使用T20大小的太平洋牡蛎作为种植材料。
{"title":"Growth and terms of obtaining marketable triploid oysters in Donuzlav Liman (Black Sea, Crimea)","authors":"O. Vyalova","doi":"10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"The rate of linear and weight growth of triploid spat of oyster Crassostrea gigas in Donuzlav Liman (Black Sea, Crimea) was investigated. A quantitative relationship between the mass (W, g) of the whole oyster and the height of the shell (H, mm) is given (it is described by the equation W = 7 · 10-5 · Н3.1, R² = 0.78), as well as a quantitative relationship between the mass (W, g) of the whole oyster and the length of the shell (L, mm) (W = 3 · 10-4 · L3.12, R² = 0.65). The maximum rates of linear growth of triploid oysters T20 were registered in April (1.15 mm per day), of weight growth – in June (0.50 g per day) and August (0.61 g per day). It was shown that 27 % of triploid oysters T20 can reach commercial size after 6 months. It is recommended to use Pacific oysters of T20 size as a planting material on the shellfish farms in the Black Sea region.","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82862355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-31DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.05
G. Zuyev
European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. is one of the most abundant fish species in the Sea of Azov – Black Sea basin. Historically it is the main commercial fish in all Black Sea countries. In modern conditions, the share of anchovy catches totals 80–85 %. In recent years (since 2001) the average annual catch was 250 tones. E. encrasicolus is a polytypic species. In the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov there are two intraspecific forms – Black Sea anchovy (E. encrasicolus ponticus Alex.) and Sea of Azov anchovy (E. encrasicolus maeoticus Pusanov), and their taxonomic status is still unclear. An actual task is the assessment of the current population structure of E. encrasicolus and its possible changes under the influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors in order to develop the necessary measures to prevent negative impacts and to preserve the resource potential of the species. This work focuses on the study of European anchovy modern population structure in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, the geological and paleoclimatic conditions of its formation and assessment of possible changes taking into account real natural and anthropogenic risk factors. The work is based on the research results of intraspecific morphobiological, biochemical, genetic and ecological variability of E. encrasicolus, as well as spatial and reproductive relationships between Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy. Investigations concerned with the study of intraspecific heterogeneity problem of E. encrasicolus in the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov were reviewed. Data obtained by domestic and foreign authors for a 100-year period (1913–2014) were analyzed; the list of publications includes more than 40 titles. Our own research results were also used in the work. The information about reproductive area boundaries of Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy was systematized and summarized. Their reproductive areas were found to be distributed over the entire water area of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and overlapped over the whole space. The absence of spatially separate reproductive areas and the presence of simultaneous spawning exclude belonging of Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy to different subspecies (geographical races). Population level of the differences between Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy was confirmed by the results of genetic and biochemical studies: the coefficients of genetic similarity and genetic distance between them were 0.9983–0.9985 and 0.0015–0.0017, respectively. Geological history of population structure formation of Engraulis encrasicolus was presented. Modern Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy in the past were spatially separated and came into contact again only after appearance of a number of differences between them in the course of evolution. Their isolation occurred in the newly formed Sarmatian Sea isolated from the Tethyan Ocean in the Miocene (23.0–5.3 million years ago). As a result, two geogr
{"title":"Current population structure of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. (Engraulidae: Pisces) in the Sea of Azov – Black Sea basin and history of its formation","authors":"G. Zuyev","doi":"10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. is one of the most abundant fish species in the Sea of Azov – Black Sea basin. Historically it is the main commercial fish in all Black Sea countries. In modern conditions, the share of anchovy catches totals 80–85 %. In recent years (since 2001) the average annual catch was 250 tones. E. encrasicolus is a polytypic species. In the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov there are two intraspecific forms – Black Sea anchovy (E. encrasicolus ponticus Alex.) and Sea of Azov anchovy (E. encrasicolus maeoticus Pusanov), and their taxonomic status is still unclear. An actual task is the assessment of the current population structure of E. encrasicolus and its possible changes under the influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors in order to develop the necessary measures to prevent negative impacts and to preserve the resource potential of the species. This work focuses on the study of European anchovy modern population structure in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, the geological and paleoclimatic conditions of its formation and assessment of possible changes taking into account real natural and anthropogenic risk factors. The work is based on the research results of intraspecific morphobiological, biochemical, genetic and ecological variability of E. encrasicolus, as well as spatial and reproductive relationships between Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy. Investigations concerned with the study of intraspecific heterogeneity problem of E. encrasicolus in the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov were reviewed. Data obtained by domestic and foreign authors for a 100-year period (1913–2014) were analyzed; the list of publications includes more than 40 titles. Our own research results were also used in the work. The information about reproductive area boundaries of Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy was systematized and summarized. Their reproductive areas were found to be distributed over the entire water area of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and overlapped over the whole space. The absence of spatially separate reproductive areas and the presence of simultaneous spawning exclude belonging of Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy to different subspecies (geographical races). Population level of the differences between Black Sea anchovy and Sea of Azov anchovy was confirmed by the results of genetic and biochemical studies: the coefficients of genetic similarity and genetic distance between them were 0.9983–0.9985 and 0.0015–0.0017, respectively. Geological history of population structure formation of Engraulis encrasicolus was presented. Modern Sea of Azov anchovy and Black Sea anchovy in the past were spatially separated and came into contact again only after appearance of a number of differences between them in the course of evolution. Their isolation occurred in the newly formed Sarmatian Sea isolated from the Tethyan Ocean in the Miocene (23.0–5.3 million years ago). As a result, two geogr","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73815657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-31DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.04
S. Zheleznova
The diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Levin is characterized by high productivity (up to 1.5 g·l-1·day-1) and the ability to accumulate a valuable carotenoid fucoxanthin (up to 2 % of dry weight). In the development of biotechnology based on microalgae, the key issue is the creation of concentrated nutrient medium. Nitrogen is one of the most important components in the nutrient medium that significantly affects the production characteristics of all microalgae. The aim of this study is to compare the production characteristics of C. closterium in an intensive storage culture using different forms of nitrogen in the medium. In the first experiment, nitrate and sodium nitrite, urea, and nitrogen in the form of ammonium were used as a source of nitrogen. The amount of nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, and urea in the medium was calculated from the nitrogen content of the RS nutrient medium, with a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of 15 : 1. In the second experiment, amino acids were used as a nitrogen source – arginine, asparagine, cysteine. The possibility of using the microalgae C. closterium for the growth of various organic sources of nitrogen (urea, cysteine, asparagine) was shown. Productive characteristics in the intensive storage culture of C. closterium using urea, cysteine, and asparagine as the sole source of nitrogen in the RS nutrient medium were determined. It is shown that when urea was used, the productivity reached its maximum values and amounted to 1.5 g·l-1·day-1. Thus, the expediency of using urea in the medium for obtaining the maximum yield of biomass was shown. The use of cysteine in the stationary phase of growth to achieve a long stationary phase with minimal concentrations of the nitrogen source in the nutrient medium is also advisable. It was found that C. closterium was able to grow and vegetate at sufficiently high concentrations of nitrite, and the addition of nitrogen in ammonium form to the nutrient medium during the active growth of C. closterium led to inhibition of all metabolic processes and to the death of the culture.
硅藻圆柱形藻(Ehrenberg) Reimann et Levin的特点是生产力高(高达1.5 g·l-1·day-1)和积累有价值的类胡萝卜素岩藻黄质的能力(高达干重的2%)。在微藻生物技术的发展中，关键问题是建立浓缩的营养培养基。氮是营养培养基中最重要的成分之一，对各种微藻的生产特性有重要影响。本研究的目的是比较C. closterium在使用不同形式氮的培养基中在集约化储藏培养中的生产特性。在第一个实验中，以硝酸盐和亚硝酸钠、尿素和铵态氮作为氮源。根据RS营养培养基的含氮量计算培养基中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐和尿素的含量，氮磷比为15:1。在第二个试验中，用氨基酸作为氮源——精氨酸、天冬酰胺、半胱氨酸。显示了利用微藻C. closterium生长各种有机氮源(尿素、半胱氨酸、天冬酰胺)的可能性。以尿素、半胱氨酸和天冬酰胺为唯一氮源，在RS营养培养基中进行了closterium集约储藏培养，并对其生产特性进行了研究。结果表明，尿素用量最大，可达1.5 g·l-1·day-1。因此，在培养基中使用尿素可以获得最大的生物质产量。在生长的固定阶段使用半胱氨酸，以便在营养培养基中氮源浓度最低的情况下实现长固定阶段也是可取的。结果表明，在足够高浓度的亚硝酸盐条件下，closterium能够生长和生长，而在closterium活性生长期间，在营养培养基中添加铵态氮会抑制closterium的所有代谢过程并导致培养物死亡。
{"title":"Production characteristics of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenb.) Reimann et Lewin grown in an intensive culture at various nitrogen sources in the medium","authors":"S. Zheleznova","doi":"10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Levin is characterized by high productivity (up to 1.5 g·l-1·day-1) and the ability to accumulate a valuable carotenoid fucoxanthin (up to 2 % of dry weight). In the development of biotechnology based on microalgae, the key issue is the creation of concentrated nutrient medium. Nitrogen is one of the most important components in the nutrient medium that significantly affects the production characteristics of all microalgae. The aim of this study is to compare the production characteristics of C. closterium in an intensive storage culture using different forms of nitrogen in the medium. In the first experiment, nitrate and sodium nitrite, urea, and nitrogen in the form of ammonium were used as a source of nitrogen. The amount of nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, and urea in the medium was calculated from the nitrogen content of the RS nutrient medium, with a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of 15 : 1. In the second experiment, amino acids were used as a nitrogen source – arginine, asparagine, cysteine. The possibility of using the microalgae C. closterium for the growth of various organic sources of nitrogen (urea, cysteine, asparagine) was shown. Productive characteristics in the intensive storage culture of C. closterium using urea, cysteine, and asparagine as the sole source of nitrogen in the RS nutrient medium were determined. It is shown that when urea was used, the productivity reached its maximum values and amounted to 1.5 g·l-1·day-1. Thus, the expediency of using urea in the medium for obtaining the maximum yield of biomass was shown. The use of cysteine in the stationary phase of growth to achieve a long stationary phase with minimal concentrations of the nitrogen source in the nutrient medium is also advisable. It was found that C. closterium was able to grow and vegetate at sufficiently high concentrations of nitrite, and the addition of nitrogen in ammonium form to the nutrient medium during the active growth of C. closterium led to inhibition of all metabolic processes and to the death of the culture.","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86471800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-31DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.07
D. Y. Romanova
Placozoa is one of the five basal metazoan lineages critical for our understanding of animal evolution in general, and the origin of neuromuscular organization in particular. All Placozoa have the simplest known animal body plan, without neurons and muscles, but relatively complex behaviors. Totally 19 haplotypes of placozoans have been identified including two genera, Trichoplax adhaerens (H1) and Hoilungia hongkongensis (H13), plus a number of less characterized ecological groups also known as H2–H19 Placozoa sp. However, microscopic anatomy had been characterized for H1 (Trichoplax adhaerens) only. Here, using scanning and confocal microscopy, we described morphological organization of H4, the haplotype similar to Hoilungia. All six basal morphological cell types have been found in H4. Nevertheless, we recognized a greater heterogeneity of cell populations (in their shape, density, mitochondrial distribution and activity) than described elsewhere for H1. This study expands our knowledge about the biology of these enigmatic groups of marine organisms.
{"title":"Cell types diversity of H4 haplotype Placozoa sp.","authors":"D. Y. Romanova","doi":"10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.07","url":null,"abstract":"Placozoa is one of the five basal metazoan lineages critical for our understanding of animal evolution in general, and the origin of neuromuscular organization in particular. All Placozoa have the simplest known animal body plan, without neurons and muscles, but relatively complex behaviors. Totally 19 haplotypes of placozoans have been identified including two genera, Trichoplax adhaerens (H1) and Hoilungia hongkongensis (H13), plus a number of less characterized ecological groups also known as H2–H19 Placozoa sp. However, microscopic anatomy had been characterized for H1 (Trichoplax adhaerens) only. Here, using scanning and confocal microscopy, we described morphological organization of H4, the haplotype similar to Hoilungia. All six basal morphological cell types have been found in H4. Nevertheless, we recognized a greater heterogeneity of cell populations (in their shape, density, mitochondrial distribution and activity) than described elsewhere for H1. This study expands our knowledge about the biology of these enigmatic groups of marine organisms.","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78340974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-31DOI: 10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.01
B. N. Belyaev, N. Beregovaya
The results of long-term studies of conditions of cultivation of red Black Sea algae Gelidium spinosum (S. G. Gmelin) P. C. Silva (Rhodophyta) in Silva P. C., Basson P. W. & Moe R. L. 1996: 141 in the systems of engineering type aimed at increasing R-phycoerythrin concentration are given. The systems were developed on the basis of studying the influence of temperature, light and regimes of the nutrient medium flow saturated with carbon dioxide on the biomass growth and were protected by several patents. Anti-fouling methods were also taken into consideration while developing the systems. The relevance of the work is determined by the value of G. spinosum, which is a natural pigment and food dye, a powerful antioxidant used in immune diagnosis, microscopy and cytometry, the cost of which is estimated at $3250–14000 per 1 gram. The aim of the work was to optimize Black Sea G. spinosum cultivation conditions in the coastal systems of engineering type for increasing the yield of the R-phycoerythrin per unit of the area of cultivators. As the material we used G. spinosum from fouling of the rocks and shore protection structures in the vicinity of Sevastopol, which was cultivated in the laboratory setup at the temperature in the range of 15–27 °C, light intensity 10–25 klx in the regime of 18 h day : 6 h night, variations of flow of the nutrient medium using the Black Sea water with addition of salt, salts of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, magnesium and manganese. At the last stage of the work the yield was (96.2 ± 8.8) g·m−2·day−1 of G. spinosum wet weight. At the lowest harvest of 87.4 g·m−2, with a minimum of dry matter of 36 % and the content of phycoerythrin to 12 mg·g−1, the pigment yield of R-phycoerythrin will be 378.6 mg·m−2·day−1. In the future, the coastal system of the cultivators with the depth of 0.5 m and mirror surface area of 1 ha (when working only 300 days a year) will produce not less than 1100 kg of R-phycoerythrin.
本文给出了在Silva P. C.， Basson P. W. & Moe R. L. 1996: 141中对红黑海藻类Gelidium spinosum (S. G. Gmelin) P. C. Silva (Rhodophyta)的培养条件进行的长期研究结果。该系统是在研究温度、光照和富含二氧化碳的营养介质对生物量生长的影响的基础上开发的，并获得了多项专利保护。在开发系统时，还考虑了防污方法。这项工作的相关性是由棘棘草的价值决定的，棘棘草是一种天然色素和食用染料，是一种强大的抗氧化剂，用于免疫诊断、显微镜和细胞计数，其成本估计为每克3250-14000美元。本研究的目的是优化黑海棘草在沿海工程型栽培系统中的栽培条件，以提高栽培者单位面积r -藻红蛋白的产量。作为材料，我们使用了来自塞瓦斯托波尔附近岩石和海岸保护结构污染的棘棘草，该棘棘草在实验室环境中培养，温度为15-27°C，光照强度为10-25 klx，白天18小时，晚上6小时，营养介质的流量变化，使用添加盐的黑海水，氮，磷，铁，镁和锰盐。在工作的最后阶段，棘草湿重产量为(96.2±8.8)g·m−2·day−1。在最低采收量为87.4 g·m−2，干物质含量为36%，植红蛋白含量为12 mg·g−1的条件下，r -植红蛋白的色素产量为378.6 mg·m−2·day−1。未来，深为0.5 m，镜面面积为1 ha的栽培机的沿海系统(一年仅工作300天)将产生不少于1100 kg的r -藻红素。
{"title":"New technology of Black Sea algae Gelidium spinosum (S. G. Gmelin) P. C. Silva (Rhodophyta) cultivation","authors":"B. N. Belyaev, N. Beregovaya","doi":"10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"The results of long-term studies of conditions of cultivation of red Black Sea algae Gelidium spinosum (S. G. Gmelin) P. C. Silva (Rhodophyta) in Silva P. C., Basson P. W. & Moe R. L. 1996: 141 in the systems of engineering type aimed at increasing R-phycoerythrin concentration are given. The systems were developed on the basis of studying the influence of temperature, light and regimes of the nutrient medium flow saturated with carbon dioxide on the biomass growth and were protected by several patents. Anti-fouling methods were also taken into consideration while developing the systems. The relevance of the work is determined by the value of G. spinosum, which is a natural pigment and food dye, a powerful antioxidant used in immune diagnosis, microscopy and cytometry, the cost of which is estimated at $3250–14000 per 1 gram. The aim of the work was to optimize Black Sea G. spinosum cultivation conditions in the coastal systems of engineering type for increasing the yield of the R-phycoerythrin per unit of the area of cultivators. As the material we used G. spinosum from fouling of the rocks and shore protection structures in the vicinity of Sevastopol, which was cultivated in the laboratory setup at the temperature in the range of 15–27 °C, light intensity 10–25 klx in the regime of 18 h day : 6 h night, variations of flow of the nutrient medium using the Black Sea water with addition of salt, salts of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, magnesium and manganese. At the last stage of the work the yield was (96.2 ± 8.8) g·m−2·day−1 of G. spinosum wet weight. At the lowest harvest of 87.4 g·m−2, with a minimum of dry matter of 36 % and the content of phycoerythrin to 12 mg·g−1, the pigment yield of R-phycoerythrin will be 378.6 mg·m−2·day−1. In the future, the coastal system of the cultivators with the depth of 0.5 m and mirror surface area of 1 ha (when working only 300 days a year) will produce not less than 1100 kg of R-phycoerythrin.","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"161 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76279615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-31DOI: 10.21072/MBJ.2019.04.1.06
T. Klimova, A. Subbotin, V. Melnikov, A. Serebrennikov, P. Podrezova
Data obtained in five complex cruises of RV “Professor Vodyanitsky”, carried out from May to September 2013, in the summer spawning season, are analyzed. The dynamics of ichthyoplankton species diversity and spatial distribution depending on hydrological regime peculiarities in different regions of the shelf and open waters of the Black Sea off the Crimean Peninsula is presented. Totally 17 species of fish eggs and larvae from 13 families were identified in ichthyoplankton, maximum number of species was observed in June. Average eggs and larvae numbers during the spawning season were 50.5 and 9.2 specimen per m², respectively. Maximum abundance of eggs and larvae was observed in July (109.9 and 9.2 specimen per m², respectively). Eggs and larvae of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) dominated: their proportion in open waters in the height of the spawning season amounted 96 and 94 %, respectively. Maximum indexes of species diversity and evenness (significance of each species) were observed in May, at the beginning of spawning season, when dominant species had just started their spawning and their abundance in ichthyoplankton was comparatively low. Species richness indexes reached the maximum value in June, when maximum species number in ichthyoplankton was observed. Species composition and spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton depended on the thermohydrodynamic structure of the sea in the studied regions, and decline of jelly plankton pressing on ichthyoplankton fodder base contributed to the survival of fish larvae. The most significant factors determining the thermohydrodynamic structure of the sea in the summer spawning season 2013 were: regional peculiarities of the sea surface warming up regime in spring-summer period and its cooling in autumn hydrological season; advective contribution of surface currents (first of all, the Main Black Sea Current); wind-driven processes (upwelling and vortex dipole) in the coastal regions; local thermohaline inhomogeneities in the areas of freshened river water mixing with shelf waters in the north-western part of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov waters at the beginning of the Kerch Strait mixing with open sea waters.
{"title":"Spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton near the Crimean Peninsula in the summer spawning season 2013","authors":"T. Klimova, A. Subbotin, V. Melnikov, A. Serebrennikov, P. Podrezova","doi":"10.21072/MBJ.2019.04.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21072/MBJ.2019.04.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"Data obtained in five complex cruises of RV “Professor Vodyanitsky”, carried out from May to September 2013, in the summer spawning season, are analyzed. The dynamics of ichthyoplankton species diversity and spatial distribution depending on hydrological regime peculiarities in different regions of the shelf and open waters of the Black Sea off the Crimean Peninsula is presented. Totally 17 species of fish eggs and larvae from 13 families were identified in ichthyoplankton, maximum number of species was observed in June. Average eggs and larvae numbers during the spawning season were 50.5 and 9.2 specimen per m², respectively. Maximum abundance of eggs and larvae was observed in July (109.9 and 9.2 specimen per m², respectively). Eggs and larvae of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) dominated: their proportion in open waters in the height of the spawning season amounted 96 and 94 %, respectively. Maximum indexes of species diversity and evenness (significance of each species) were observed in May, at the beginning of spawning season, when dominant species had just started their spawning and their abundance in ichthyoplankton was comparatively low. Species richness indexes reached the maximum value in June, when maximum species number in ichthyoplankton was observed. Species composition and spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton depended on the thermohydrodynamic structure of the sea in the studied regions, and decline of jelly plankton pressing on ichthyoplankton fodder base contributed to the survival of fish larvae. The most significant factors determining the thermohydrodynamic structure of the sea in the summer spawning season 2013 were: regional peculiarities of the sea surface warming up regime in spring-summer period and its cooling in autumn hydrological season; advective contribution of surface currents (first of all, the Main Black Sea Current); wind-driven processes (upwelling and vortex dipole) in the coastal regions; local thermohaline inhomogeneities in the areas of freshened river water mixing with shelf waters in the north-western part of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov waters at the beginning of the Kerch Strait mixing with open sea waters.","PeriodicalId":18191,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biological Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79953053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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