Murray I. Duncan, Fiorenza Micheli, J. Andres Marquez, Christopher J. Lowe, Scott L. Hamilton, Erik A. Sperling
ABSTRACT: Ocean warming is increasing organismal oxygen demand, yet at the same time the ocean’s oxygen supply is decreasing. For a patch of habitat to remain viable, there must be a minimum level of environmental oxygen available for an organism to fuel its metabolic demand—quantified as its critical oxygen partial pressure ( pO2crit). The temperature-dependence of pO2crit sets an absolute lower boundary on aerobically viable ocean space for a species, yet whether certain life stages or geographically distant populations differ in their temperature-dependent hypoxia tolerance remains largely unknown. To address these questions, we used the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus as a model species and measured pO2crit for 3 populations of adult urchins (Clallam Bay, WA [n = 39], Monterey Bay, CA [91], San Diego, CA [34]) spanning 5-22°C and for key embryonic and larval developmental phases (blastula [n = 11], gastrula [21], prism [31], early-pluteus [21], late-pluteus [14], settled [12]) at temperatures of 10-19°C. We found that temperature-dependent hypoxia tolerance is consistent among adult populations exposed to different temperature and oxygen regimes, despite variable basal oxygen demands, suggesting differential capacity to provision oxygen. Moreover, we did not detect evidence for a hypoxia tolerance bottleneck for any developmental phase. Earlier larval phases are associated with higher hypoxia tolerance and greater temperature sensitivity, while this pattern shifts towards lower hypoxia tolerance and reduced temperature sensitivity as larvae develop. Our results indicate that, at least for S. purpuratus, models quantifying aerobically viable habitat based on pO2crit-temperature relationships from a single adult population will conservatively estimate viable habitat.
{"title":"Temperature-dependent hypoxia tolerance of purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus across biogeography and ontogeny","authors":"Murray I. Duncan, Fiorenza Micheli, J. Andres Marquez, Christopher J. Lowe, Scott L. Hamilton, Erik A. Sperling","doi":"10.3354/meps14602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14602","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Ocean warming is increasing organismal oxygen demand, yet at the same time the ocean’s oxygen supply is decreasing. For a patch of habitat to remain viable, there must be a minimum level of environmental oxygen available for an organism to fuel its metabolic demand—quantified as its critical oxygen partial pressure (<i> p</i>O<sub>2crit</sub>). The temperature-dependence of <i> p</i>O<sub>2crit</sub> sets an absolute lower boundary on aerobically viable ocean space for a species, yet whether certain life stages or geographically distant populations differ in their temperature-dependent hypoxia tolerance remains largely unknown. To address these questions, we used the purple sea urchin <i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i> as a model species and measured <i> p</i>O<sub>2crit</sub> for 3 populations of adult urchins (Clallam Bay, WA [n = 39], Monterey Bay, CA [91], San Diego, CA [34]) spanning 5-22°C and for key embryonic and larval developmental phases (blastula [n = 11], gastrula [21], prism [31], early-pluteus [21], late-pluteus [14], settled [12]) at temperatures of 10-19°C. We found that temperature-dependent hypoxia tolerance is consistent among adult populations exposed to different temperature and oxygen regimes, despite variable basal oxygen demands, suggesting differential capacity to provision oxygen. Moreover, we did not detect evidence for a hypoxia tolerance bottleneck for any developmental phase. Earlier larval phases are associated with higher hypoxia tolerance and greater temperature sensitivity, while this pattern shifts towards lower hypoxia tolerance and reduced temperature sensitivity as larvae develop. Our results indicate that, at least for <i>S. purpuratus,</i> models quantifying aerobically viable habitat based on <i> p</i>O<sub>2crit</sub>-temperature relationships from a single adult population will conservatively estimate viable habitat.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: In 1966, Working Party 2 of the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) chose the mesh size of 200 µm to collect zooplankton of a width of >200 µm. In the proceeding decades, research has described various zooplankton taxa with widths narrower than 200 µm. For example, we have become more aware of the existence of juvenile stages and small zooplankton species. Yet, utilizing nets with 200 µm mesh has continued to some extent, although it is recognized that juvenile stages and smaller species are not quantitatively collected. We suggest that zooplankton sampling be reconsidered by using meshes or methods which quantitatively collect small species and juvenile stages (nauplii and copepodids). These new methods should take into account the narrowest dimensions of the taxon to be studied, thus allowing quantitative sampling of the forms under investigation. To maintain previous time-series, we suggest to continue sampling with cylinder-cone nets of 200 µm mesh for mesozooplankton and add sampling with 30 l Go/Flo bottles at various depths sieved through 20 µm mesh to retain all nauplii and small copepodid stages.
{"title":"Quantification of marine metazooplankton: Do we need to include juveniles?","authors":"G. A. Paffenhöfer, M. Köster","doi":"10.3354/meps14618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14618","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: In 1966, Working Party 2 of the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) chose the mesh size of 200 µm to collect zooplankton of a width of >200 µm. In the proceeding decades, research has described various zooplankton taxa with widths narrower than 200 µm. For example, we have become more aware of the existence of juvenile stages and small zooplankton species. Yet, utilizing nets with 200 µm mesh has continued to some extent, although it is recognized that juvenile stages and smaller species are not quantitatively collected. We suggest that zooplankton sampling be reconsidered by using meshes or methods which quantitatively collect small species and juvenile stages (nauplii and copepodids). These new methods should take into account the narrowest dimensions of the taxon to be studied, thus allowing quantitative sampling of the forms under investigation. To maintain previous time-series, we suggest to continue sampling with cylinder-cone nets of 200 µm mesh for mesozooplankton and add sampling with 30 l Go/Flo bottles at various depths sieved through 20 µm mesh to retain all nauplii and small copepodid stages.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah J. Weisberg, Sarah M. Roberts, Laura K. Gruenburg, Teresa G. Schwemmer, Tyler Menz, Ileana F. Fenwick, Janet A. Nye, Rebecca G. Asch
ABSTRACT: Change in phenology is one of the hallmarks of global climate change. In marine fishes, warming is expected to cause the advancement of a spring peak in larval occurrence or the delay of a fall peak. However, empirical evidence has not consistently upheld this broad prediction, implying that more nuanced hypotheses are needed. Our study investigates oceanic impacts on fish phenology by examining patterns in larval occurrence on the Northeast US continental shelf, one of the most rapidly warming regions of the global ocean. We use data from NOAA’s Ecosystem Monitoring Program, which samples larval fish taxa across the shelf on a bimonthly basis. The sampling program began in 1999, thus documenting changes during a period of rapid warming. We calculated the central tendency of seasonal larval occurrence for 38 taxa and tested for temporal relationships with oceanic drivers thought to influence larval seasonality in other ecosystems. We did not find evidence for warming-related changes in larval phenology over the last 2 decades. Rather, we found high interannual variability in larval timing among many populations, especially those along the shelf break. Among examined factors, salinity maximum intrusions associated with Gulf Stream warm core rings showed the strongest explanatory power for variation in larval fish phenology. Additionally, the occurrence timing of highly variable larval populations overlapped with that of salinity maximum intrusions. Our results suggest that uniform phenological responses to warming are unlikely in this ecosystem, and that hydrodynamic processes connecting widely dispersed regions can strongly influence the phenology of fish.
{"title":"Gulf Stream intrusions associated with extreme seasonal fluctuations among larval fishes","authors":"Sarah J. Weisberg, Sarah M. Roberts, Laura K. Gruenburg, Teresa G. Schwemmer, Tyler Menz, Ileana F. Fenwick, Janet A. Nye, Rebecca G. Asch","doi":"10.3354/meps14592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14592","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Change in phenology is one of the hallmarks of global climate change. In marine fishes, warming is expected to cause the advancement of a spring peak in larval occurrence or the delay of a fall peak. However, empirical evidence has not consistently upheld this broad prediction, implying that more nuanced hypotheses are needed. Our study investigates oceanic impacts on fish phenology by examining patterns in larval occurrence on the Northeast US continental shelf, one of the most rapidly warming regions of the global ocean. We use data from NOAA’s Ecosystem Monitoring Program, which samples larval fish taxa across the shelf on a bimonthly basis. The sampling program began in 1999, thus documenting changes during a period of rapid warming. We calculated the central tendency of seasonal larval occurrence for 38 taxa and tested for temporal relationships with oceanic drivers thought to influence larval seasonality in other ecosystems. We did not find evidence for warming-related changes in larval phenology over the last 2 decades. Rather, we found high interannual variability in larval timing among many populations, especially those along the shelf break. Among examined factors, salinity maximum intrusions associated with Gulf Stream warm core rings showed the strongest explanatory power for variation in larval fish phenology. Additionally, the occurrence timing of highly variable larval populations overlapped with that of salinity maximum intrusions. Our results suggest that uniform phenological responses to warming are unlikely in this ecosystem, and that hydrodynamic processes connecting widely dispersed regions can strongly influence the phenology of fish.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: The consequences of a year-round warming scenario on the photosynthetic performance of kelp species are unknown. In times of global warming, fundamental photosynthesis data are important due to the high temperature dependence. Seasonal photosynthetic performance was quantified in the kelp Laminaria hyperborea sampled along a depth gradient (2, 4 and 6 m below mean low water spring tide) at the island of Helgoland (North Sea, Germany). Blade discs were cultivated at in situ irradiances and temperatures (spring: 7°C; summer: 16°C; autumn: 14°C; winter: 6°C) and in parallel under warming scenarios (+4°C) for 3 d. The results highlighted that seasonality and collection depth had a stronger effect on oxygen formation (photosynthesis versus irradiance curve) and pigmentation than short-term warming, as there is a stronger correlation with changing irradiance levels than with temperature. Photosynthesis was highest in spring and summer, with small impacts of warming, indicating a high resilience to short-term temperature increases. In summer, algae exhibited reduced maximum quantum yields (Fv/Fm) at sub-lethal temperatures (20°C), pointing to a moderate stress response. Photosynthetic acclimation along the depth gradient was intensified by short-term warming, reflected in a stronger decrease in Pmax and chlorophyll content. Overall, the influence of short-term warming on the depth acclimation varied seasonally, underlining the importance of considering the season. In conclusion, L. hyperborea revealed distinct seasonal photosynthetic response patterns and a high photoacclimation potential at different depths. Therefore, seasonal and depth effects need to be considered when predicting the effects of warming on kelp primary production.
{"title":"Seasonality influences the effect of warming on kelp photosynthesis","authors":"Kiara Franke, Inka Bartsch, Ulf Karsten, Angelika Graiff","doi":"10.3354/meps14623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14623","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The consequences of a year-round warming scenario on the photosynthetic performance of kelp species are unknown. In times of global warming, fundamental photosynthesis data are important due to the high temperature dependence. Seasonal photosynthetic performance was quantified in the kelp <i>Laminaria hyperborea</i> sampled along a depth gradient (2, 4 and 6 m below mean low water spring tide) at the island of Helgoland (North Sea, Germany). Blade discs were cultivated at <i>in situ</i> irradiances and temperatures (spring: 7°C; summer: 16°C; autumn: 14°C; winter: 6°C) and in parallel under warming scenarios (+4°C) for 3 d. The results highlighted that seasonality and collection depth had a stronger effect on oxygen formation (photosynthesis versus irradiance curve) and pigmentation than short-term warming, as there is a stronger correlation with changing irradiance levels than with temperature. Photosynthesis was highest in spring and summer, with small impacts of warming, indicating a high resilience to short-term temperature increases. In summer, algae exhibited reduced maximum quantum yields (<i>F</i><sub>v</sub><i>/F</i><sub>m</sub>) at sub-lethal temperatures (20°C), pointing to a moderate stress response. Photosynthetic acclimation along the depth gradient was intensified by short-term warming, reflected in a stronger decrease in <i>P</i><sub>max</sub> and chlorophyll content. Overall, the influence of short-term warming on the depth acclimation varied seasonally, underlining the importance of considering the season. In conclusion, <i>L. hyperborea</i> revealed distinct seasonal photosynthetic response patterns and a high photoacclimation potential at different depths. Therefore, seasonal and depth effects need to be considered when predicting the effects of warming on kelp primary production.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alison C. Cleary, Frances Perry, Geraint A. Tarling
ABSTRACT: Antarctic krill Euphausia superba are key components of Southern Ocean ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, as well as the target of a growing commercial fishery. Understanding the drivers of variability in krill recruitment is key to managing this fishery sustainably. One potential driver which has received little attention is the role of parasites. We investigated the impact of natural parasite infestations in adult female krill on egg production and egg quality around South Georgia. DNA metabarcode sequencing was used to detect all eukaryotic parasites within krill bodies, while spawning success was determined through incubation experiments, and egg quality was assessed by quantifying key elements within each egg (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen). E. superba in this area were infested with suctorian ciliates, eugregarine apicomplexans, and, less frequently, ellobiopsids. Parasite load was not associated with a reduced likelihood of producing eggs, but high parasite loads were associated with lower-quality eggs. This reduction in egg quality may reflect an energetic cost to parasite infestation, with implications for larval development and recruitment.
{"title":"Influence of parasites on spawning success and egg quality in Antarctic krill Euphausia superba","authors":"Alison C. Cleary, Frances Perry, Geraint A. Tarling","doi":"10.3354/meps14617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14617","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Antarctic krill <i>Euphausia superba</i> are key components of Southern Ocean ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, as well as the target of a growing commercial fishery. Understanding the drivers of variability in krill recruitment is key to managing this fishery sustainably. One potential driver which has received little attention is the role of parasites. We investigated the impact of natural parasite infestations in adult female krill on egg production and egg quality around South Georgia. DNA metabarcode sequencing was used to detect all eukaryotic parasites within krill bodies, while spawning success was determined through incubation experiments, and egg quality was assessed by quantifying key elements within each egg (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen). <i>E. superba</i> in this area were infested with suctorian ciliates, eugregarine apicomplexans, and, less frequently, ellobiopsids. Parasite load was not associated with a reduced likelihood of producing eggs, but high parasite loads were associated with lower-quality eggs. This reduction in egg quality may reflect an energetic cost to parasite infestation, with implications for larval development and recruitment.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zofia B. Anchondo, Allison M. Tracy, Aiman Raza, Karli A. Meckler, Matthew B. Ogburn
ABSTRACT: No-take reserves and habitat restoration are important management tools for reversing the effects of fishing on coastal habitats, associated faunal assemblages, and host-parasite interactions. Populations of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica have declined by 99% in areas of Chesapeake Bay, USA, due to overharvesting, disease, and other factors, and are now the focus of extensive restoration efforts. We surveyed subtidal oyster reefs using classic quantitative approaches and emerging videography methods to contrast pairs of harvested reefs and reefs protected in subtidal no-take marine reserves (oyster sanctuaries) in the Choptank, Great Wicomico, and James River tributaries of Chesapeake Bay. Overall, sanctuary oyster reefs contained more intact habitats and communities. Relative to nearby harvested reefs, sanctuary reefs (1) contained higher densities of oysters, (2) held larger oysters of lower condition, (3) hosted stronger oyster-macroparasite (boring sponge [Cliona spp.] and mud blister worm [Polydora spp.]) interactions, (4) had more complex habitat, and (5) supported a greater richness and abundance of macrofauna. Oyster and mobile macrofauna abundance increased with salinity, whereas macroparasite pre-valence peaked at mesohaline (5-20 psu) sites. Our results suggest that restored, sanctuary-protected oyster reefs are beginning to rebound from the effects of >100 yr of intensive harvest, as indicated by increased oyster density, recovery of host-parasite interactions, improved habitat characteristics, and more mobile macrofauna. Additionally, these patterns, observed across the salinity gradient in Chesapeake Bay, reflect a widespread trend in aquatic ecology: relative to fished areas, unfished areas have more complex habitats and communities, larger and higher densities of hosts, and stronger host-parasite interactions.
{"title":"Reefs in no-take reserves host more oysters, macroparasites, and macrofauna than harvested reefs across an estuarine salinity gradient","authors":"Zofia B. Anchondo, Allison M. Tracy, Aiman Raza, Karli A. Meckler, Matthew B. Ogburn","doi":"10.3354/meps14615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14615","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: No-take reserves and habitat restoration are important management tools for reversing the effects of fishing on coastal habitats, associated faunal assemblages, and host-parasite interactions. Populations of the eastern oyster <i>Crassostrea virginica</i> have declined by 99% in areas of Chesapeake Bay, USA, due to overharvesting, disease, and other factors, and are now the focus of extensive restoration efforts. We surveyed subtidal oyster reefs using classic quantitative approaches and emerging videography methods to contrast pairs of harvested reefs and reefs protected in subtidal no-take marine reserves (oyster sanctuaries) in the Choptank, Great Wicomico, and James River tributaries of Chesapeake Bay. Overall, sanctuary oyster reefs contained more intact habitats and communities. Relative to nearby harvested reefs, sanctuary reefs (1) contained higher densities of oysters, (2) held larger oysters of lower condition, (3) hosted stronger oyster-macroparasite (boring sponge [<i>Cliona</i> spp.] and mud blister worm [<i>Polydora</i> spp.]) interactions, (4) had more complex habitat, and (5) supported a greater richness and abundance of macrofauna. Oyster and mobile macrofauna abundance increased with salinity, whereas macroparasite pre-valence peaked at mesohaline (5-20 psu) sites. Our results suggest that restored, sanctuary-protected oyster reefs are beginning to rebound from the effects of >100 yr of intensive harvest, as indicated by increased oyster density, recovery of host-parasite interactions, improved habitat characteristics, and more mobile macrofauna. Additionally, these patterns, observed across the salinity gradient in Chesapeake Bay, reflect a widespread trend in aquatic ecology: relative to fished areas, unfished areas have more complex habitats and communities, larger and higher densities of hosts, and stronger host-parasite interactions.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah L. Heidmann, Richard S. Nemeth, Christopher R. Biggs, Elizabeth Kadison, Barbara L. Kojis
ABSTRACT: Designing place-based management for species that reproduce in transient fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) requires knowledge of movements and space use around aggregation sites. We examined the efficacy of the Mutton Snapper Seasonal Closed Area (MSSCA) in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands, in protecting Lutjanus analis from fishing during the spawning season. We used acoustic telemetry to identify the spatial and temporal patterns of movement of 24 mutton snappers over 3 spawning seasons. L. analis aggregated from March to July with peak abundance during April, May, and June. Unlike its congeners, which spawn at sunset, L. analis spawns in the early afternoon. We were able to determine that L. analis used the MSSCA as a staging area during nighttime hours but migrated daily outside the MSSCA for spawning. We also used data from an acoustic Doppler current profiler to examine the relationship between fish movements and coastal current patterns. Fish migrated west in the morning with the prevailing current, occupied the presumed spawning site at slack tide, and then migrated east, again with the prevailing current, back to the MSSCA. We noted that chronic poaching was highly prevalent during the spawning season, reducing the effectiveness of the MSSCA and market closure. In light of our findings, to improve management of the L. analis FSA, we recommend re-evaluating the MSSCA boundaries and timing, improving enforcement, and engaging fishers and the community through co-management efforts. Pro-active management is of particular importance, given that this may be the only L. analis FSA site on St. Croix.
{"title":"Diel movements and space use of Lutjanus analis at a spawning aggregation site, examined to evaluate the efficacy of a seasonal closed area for management","authors":"Sarah L. Heidmann, Richard S. Nemeth, Christopher R. Biggs, Elizabeth Kadison, Barbara L. Kojis","doi":"10.3354/meps14620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14620","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Designing place-based management for species that reproduce in transient fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) requires knowledge of movements and space use around aggregation sites. We examined the efficacy of the Mutton Snapper Seasonal Closed Area (MSSCA) in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands, in protecting <i>Lutjanus analis</i> from fishing during the spawning season. We used acoustic telemetry to identify the spatial and temporal patterns of movement of 24 mutton snappers over 3 spawning seasons. <i>L. analis</i> aggregated from March to July with peak abundance during April, May, and June. Unlike its congeners, which spawn at sunset, <i>L. analis</i> spawns in the early afternoon. We were able to determine that <i>L. analis</i> used the MSSCA as a staging area during nighttime hours but migrated daily outside the MSSCA for spawning. We also used data from an acoustic Doppler current profiler to examine the relationship between fish movements and coastal current patterns. Fish migrated west in the morning with the prevailing current, occupied the presumed spawning site at slack tide, and then migrated east, again with the prevailing current, back to the MSSCA. We noted that chronic poaching was highly prevalent during the spawning season, reducing the effectiveness of the MSSCA and market closure. In light of our findings, to improve management of the <i>L. analis</i> FSA, we recommend re-evaluating the MSSCA boundaries and timing, improving enforcement, and engaging fishers and the community through co-management efforts. Pro-active management is of particular importance, given that this may be the only <i>L. analis</i> FSA site on St. Croix.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camille Vizon, Laura Lagourgue, Claude E. Payri, Maggy M. Nugues
ABSTRACT: Crustose coralline algae (CCA) play a critical role in the ecology and resilience of coral reefs by contributing to reef carbonate production and facilitating coral recruitment. However, little is known about their rates of in situ growth and calcification, particularly at the species level. To investigate the spatial and seasonal dynamics of CCA growth and calcification, we deployed CCA fragments embedded within epoxy rings at 3 mo intervals over 15 mo across 2 reef habitats in Moorea (French Polynesia). We studied 3 species differing in their microhabitat preferences (exposed, subcryptic and cryptic). Annual net calcification rates were highest in the exposed species Porolithon cf. onkodes (0.51 g CaCO3 cm-2 yr-1), intermediate in the subcryptic species Neogoniolithon cf. megalocystum (0.16 g CaCO3 cm-2 yr-1) and lowest in the cryptic species Lithophyllum sp. (0.03 g CaCO3 cm-2 yr-1). Growth and/or calcification rates differed between time intervals for all species. However, no consistent seasonal pattern was observed. P. cf. onkodes and N. cf. megalocystum had higher marginal growth rates at the fore reef habitat relative to the back reef habitat. This difference coincided with a lower occurrence of epiphytes on their crusts in the fore reef, suggesting that species interaction may be an important spatial driver of CCA growth. Our results show that CCA growth and calcification is species-specific and spatially and temporally variable. They highlight the need to consider subcryptic and cryptic CCA in reef carbonate budgets and provide important baseline information to understand how CCA communities are responding to environmental changes.
摘要：甲壳珊瑚藻（CCA）有助于珊瑚礁碳酸盐的生成并促进珊瑚的新陈代谢，在珊瑚礁的生态学和恢复力方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，人们对它们的原地生长和钙化率知之甚少，特别是在物种水平上。为了研究 CCA 生长和钙化的空间和季节动态，我们在莫雷阿（法属波利尼西亚）的两个珊瑚礁栖息地，以 15 个月为间隔，每隔 3 个月部署一次嵌入环氧树脂环的 CCA 片段。我们研究了对微生境（暴露、亚隐蔽和隐蔽）偏好不同的 3 个物种。暴露物种 Porolithon cf. onkodes 的年净钙化率最高（0.51 g CaCO3 cm-2 yr-1），亚隐居物种 Neogoniolithon cf. megalocystum 的年净钙化率居中（0.16 g CaCO3 cm-2 yr-1），隐居物种 Lithophyllum sp. 的年净钙化率最低（0.03 g CaCO3 cm-2 yr-1）。所有物种的生长率和/或钙化率在不同时间段都有所不同。不过，没有观察到一致的季节性模式。与后礁栖息地相比，前礁栖息地的 P. cf. onkodes 和 N. cf. megalocystum 的边际生长率较高。这种差异与前礁结壳上附生植物较少的情况相吻合，表明物种间的相互作用可能是 CCA 生长的重要空间驱动因素。我们的研究结果表明，CCA的生长和钙化具有物种特异性和时空可变性。它们强调了在珊瑚礁碳酸盐预算中考虑亚隐性和隐性 CCA 的必要性，并为了解 CCA 群落如何应对环境变化提供了重要的基线信息。
{"title":"Seasonal growth and calcification of three species of crustose coralline algae in Moorea, French Polynesia","authors":"Camille Vizon, Laura Lagourgue, Claude E. Payri, Maggy M. Nugues","doi":"10.3354/meps14626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14626","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Crustose coralline algae (CCA) play a critical role in the ecology and resilience of coral reefs by contributing to reef carbonate production and facilitating coral recruitment. However, little is known about their rates of <i>in situ</i> growth and calcification, particularly at the species level. To investigate the spatial and seasonal dynamics of CCA growth and calcification, we deployed CCA fragments embedded within epoxy rings at 3 mo intervals over 15 mo across 2 reef habitats in Moorea (French Polynesia). We studied 3 species differing in their microhabitat preferences (exposed, subcryptic and cryptic). Annual net calcification rates were highest in the exposed species <i>Porolithon</i> cf. <i>onkodes</i> (0.51 g CaCO<sub>3</sub> cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>), intermediate in the subcryptic species <i>Neogoniolithon</i> cf. <i>megalocystum</i> (0.16 g CaCO<sub>3</sub> cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>) and lowest in the cryptic species <i>Lithophyllum</i> sp. (0.03 g CaCO<sub>3</sub> cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>). Growth and/or calcification rates differed between time intervals for all species. However, no consistent seasonal pattern was observed. <i>P.</i> cf. <i>onkodes</i> and <i>N.</i> cf. <i>megalocystum</i> had higher marginal growth rates at the fore reef habitat relative to the back reef habitat. This difference coincided with a lower occurrence of epiphytes on their crusts in the fore reef, suggesting that species interaction may be an important spatial driver of CCA growth. Our results show that CCA growth and calcification is species-specific and spatially and temporally variable. They highlight the need to consider subcryptic and cryptic CCA in reef carbonate budgets and provide important baseline information to understand how CCA communities are responding to environmental changes.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pierre Methou, Nanako O. Ogawa, Hidetaka Nomaki, Naohiko Ohkouchi, Chong Chen, Kareen Schnabel
ABSTRACT: Chemosynthetic ecosystems off Aotearoa/New Zealand comprise both hydrothermal vents on the Kermadec Arc and methane seeps on the Hikurangi Margin which host rich communities of specialized fauna including 4 alvinocaridid shrimp species. The systematic positions of these New Zealand alvinocaridid shrimps have not been studied using genetic tools and little is known about their habitat use and feeding habits. Here, we re-evaluate the taxonomy of alvinocaridid shrimps from New Zealand using genetic barcoding and characterize their connectivity and isotopic niches across 8 localities. We describe a new species, Alvinocaris webberi sp. nov., previously confused with A. longirostris. We also show that A. alexander and A. chelys are junior synonyms of A. dissimilis, revealing a high genetic connectivity across hydrothermal vents and methane seeps from Japan to New Zealand, greatly extending its range. Finally, we find clear niche separation in co-occurring alvinocaridid shrimps, suggesting different diets and/or habitat use. Nevertheless, all species rely on chemosynthetic resources, regardless of the habitat depth, which ranges from 380 to 1650 m.
ABSTRACT: 新西兰奥特亚罗瓦近海的化合生态系统包括克马德克弧上的热液喷口和希库兰吉边缘的甲烷渗漏，这些地方栖息着丰富的特化动物群落，其中包括 4 种阿尔文卡氏虾。目前还没有利用基因工具对这些新西兰金眼鲷虾的系统位置进行研究，对它们的栖息地利用和摄食习性也知之甚少。在这里，我们利用基因条形码重新评估了新西兰金眼鲷虾的分类，并描述了它们在8个地点的连接性和同位素生态位。我们描述了一个新物种，Alvinocaris webberi sp.我们还发现 A. alexander 和 A. chelys 是 A. dissimilis 的初级同义词，揭示了从日本到新西兰的热液喷口和甲烷渗漏中的高度遗传连通性，大大扩展了其分布范围。最后，我们发现在共生的阿尔文卡氏虾中存在明显的生态位分离现象，这表明它们的食物和/或栖息地使用方式不同。尽管如此，所有物种都依赖化合资源，与栖息地深度无关，栖息地深度从380米到1650米不等。
{"title":"Genetic connectivity and isotopic niches of alvinocaridid shrimps from chemosynthetic habitats in Aotearoa/New Zealand, with a new Alvinocaris species","authors":"Pierre Methou, Nanako O. Ogawa, Hidetaka Nomaki, Naohiko Ohkouchi, Chong Chen, Kareen Schnabel","doi":"10.3354/meps14611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14611","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Chemosynthetic ecosystems off Aotearoa/New Zealand comprise both hydrothermal vents on the Kermadec Arc and methane seeps on the Hikurangi Margin which host rich communities of specialized fauna including 4 alvinocaridid shrimp species. The systematic positions of these New Zealand alvinocaridid shrimps have not been studied using genetic tools and little is known about their habitat use and feeding habits. Here, we re-evaluate the taxonomy of alvinocaridid shrimps from New Zealand using genetic barcoding and characterize their connectivity and isotopic niches across 8 localities. We describe a new species, <i>Alvinocaris webberi</i> sp. nov., previously confused with <i>A. longirostris</i>. We also show that <i>A. alexander</i> and <i>A. chelys</i> are junior synonyms of <i>A. dissimilis</i>, revealing a high genetic connectivity across hydrothermal vents and methane seeps from Japan to New Zealand, greatly extending its range. Finally, we find clear niche separation in co-occurring alvinocaridid shrimps, suggesting different diets and/or habitat use. Nevertheless, all species rely on chemosynthetic resources, regardless of the habitat depth, which ranges from 380 to 1650 m.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leigh-Ann Smit, Janine B. Adams, Sarah A. Hawkes, Nasreen Peer, Gavin M. Rishworth
ABSTRACT: Salt marsh productivity has historically been viewed as being driven primarily by bottom-up processes, but recent studies in North America, Europe, Asia and South America have shown that top-down forces by grazers also structure marsh vegetation. This generality of grazing pressure has not been tested to date in African salt marshes. Here, we investigated whether dominant crabs in South Africa’s estuarine marshes consume live plants and whether that interaction has direct effects on the foundational species Spartina maritima. We employed natural surveys, lab feeding trials, diet analysis and field experiments. Although we found no significant relationships between crabs and marsh plant structure in surveys, gut contents and stable isotope analysis showed that S. maritima is present but not prominent in their diet. All S. maritima components were consumed. Manipulation of crab density and size structure in the field (crabs >5 mm excluded) revealed small effects on S. maritima stem density and aboveground biomass compared to controls. Combined, this research demonstrates that crabs in these South African marshes do indeed eat live cordgrass, and their effects appear to be density dependent. Top-down impacts on marsh plants were not detected by natural density correlations, probably due to the different scales at which data were collected compared to field experiments. These results establish that grazing of live foundational marsh plants is globally common. Future studies in these systems should manipulate crab density through addition experiments or predator exclusions to understand the impact of crabs at high densities and what forces regulate their populations.
摘要：盐沼的生产力历来被认为主要由自下而上的过程驱动，但最近在北美、欧洲、亚洲和南美洲进行的研究表明，食草动物自上而下的作用力也会影响沼泽植被的结构。迄今为止，这种放牧压力的普遍性尚未在非洲盐沼中得到验证。在这里，我们研究了南非河口沼泽中的优势螃蟹是否会吃活体植物，以及这种相互作用是否会对基础物种 Spartina maritima 产生直接影响。我们采用了自然调查、实验室喂食试验、饮食分析和野外实验等方法。虽然我们在调查中没有发现螃蟹与沼泽植物结构之间有明显的关系，但肠道内容物和稳定同位素分析表明，S. maritima存在于螃蟹的食物中，但并不突出。所有 S. maritima 成分都被吃掉了。与对照组相比，在野外操纵螃蟹密度和大小结构（不包括 5 毫米的螃蟹）对 S. maritima 茎干密度和地上生物量的影响较小。综合来看，这项研究表明，南非沼泽中的螃蟹确实吃活的灯心草，而且它们的影响似乎取决于密度。沼泽植物受到的自上而下的影响无法通过自然密度相关性检测出来，这可能是由于收集数据的尺度与野外实验不同。这些结果证明，全球范围内普遍存在放牧活体沼泽基础植物的现象。未来对这些系统的研究应通过添加实验或排除捕食者来控制螃蟹密度，以了解高密度螃蟹的影响以及是什么力量在调节它们的种群。
{"title":"Proportional top-down effects of grapsoid crabs on growth of Spartina maritima cordgrass in southern African salt marshes","authors":"Leigh-Ann Smit, Janine B. Adams, Sarah A. Hawkes, Nasreen Peer, Gavin M. Rishworth","doi":"10.3354/meps14612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14612","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Salt marsh productivity has historically been viewed as being driven primarily by bottom-up processes, but recent studies in North America, Europe, Asia and South America have shown that top-down forces by grazers also structure marsh vegetation. This generality of grazing pressure has not been tested to date in African salt marshes. Here, we investigated whether dominant crabs in South Africa’s estuarine marshes consume live plants and whether that interaction has direct effects on the foundational species <i>Spartina maritima</i>. We employed natural surveys, lab feeding trials, diet analysis and field experiments. Although we found no significant relationships between crabs and marsh plant structure in surveys, gut contents and stable isotope analysis showed that <i>S. maritima</i> is present but not prominent in their diet. All <i>S. maritima</i> components were consumed. Manipulation of crab density and size structure in the field (crabs >5 mm excluded) revealed small effects on <i>S. maritima</i> stem density and aboveground biomass compared to controls. Combined, this research demonstrates that crabs in these South African marshes do indeed eat live cordgrass, and their effects appear to be density dependent. Top-down impacts on marsh plants were not detected by natural density correlations, probably due to the different scales at which data were collected compared to field experiments. These results establish that grazing of live foundational marsh plants is globally common. Future studies in these systems should manipulate crab density through addition experiments or predator exclusions to understand the impact of crabs at high densities and what forces regulate their populations.","PeriodicalId":18193,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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