Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10080052
T. Błachowicz, Andrea Ehrmann
Tissue engineering is based on combining cells with suitable scaffolds and growth factors. Recently, bone tissue engineering has been especially investigated deeply due to a large number of bone-related diseases. One approach to improve scaffolds is based on using piezoelectric materials as a way to influence the growing bone tissue by mechanical stress. Another method to stimulate tissue growth is by applying an external magnetic field to composites of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials, as well as the possibility to prepare oriented surfaces by orienting embedded magnetic fibers or nanoparticles. In addition, magnetic scaffolds without other special properties have also been reported to show improved properties for bone tissue and other tissue engineering. Here, we provide an overview of recent research on magnetic scaffolds for tissue engineering, differentiating between bone and other tissue engineering. We show the advantages of magnetic scaffolds, especially related to cell guidance and differentiation, and report recent progress in the production and application of such magnetic substrates for different areas of tissue engineering.
{"title":"Magnetic Substrates for Tissue Engineering—A Review","authors":"T. Błachowicz, Andrea Ehrmann","doi":"10.3390/magnetochemistry10080052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10080052","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue engineering is based on combining cells with suitable scaffolds and growth factors. Recently, bone tissue engineering has been especially investigated deeply due to a large number of bone-related diseases. One approach to improve scaffolds is based on using piezoelectric materials as a way to influence the growing bone tissue by mechanical stress. Another method to stimulate tissue growth is by applying an external magnetic field to composites of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials, as well as the possibility to prepare oriented surfaces by orienting embedded magnetic fibers or nanoparticles. In addition, magnetic scaffolds without other special properties have also been reported to show improved properties for bone tissue and other tissue engineering. Here, we provide an overview of recent research on magnetic scaffolds for tissue engineering, differentiating between bone and other tissue engineering. We show the advantages of magnetic scaffolds, especially related to cell guidance and differentiation, and report recent progress in the production and application of such magnetic substrates for different areas of tissue engineering.","PeriodicalId":18194,"journal":{"name":"Magnetochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10080053
G. Souca, R. Dudric, Karsten Küpper, C. Tiușan, R. Tetean
The magnetic properties, band structure results, and magnetocaloric effect of GdCo1.8M0.2 with M = Fe, Mn, Cu, and Al are reported. The band structure calculations demonstrate that all the samples have a ferrimagnetically ordered ground state, in perfect agreement with the magnetic measurements. Calculated magnetic moments and variation with the alloy composition are strongly influenced by hybridisation mechanisms as sustained by an analysis of the orbital projected local density of states. The XPS measurements reveal no significant shift in the binding energy of the investigated Co core levels with a change in the dopant element. The Co 3s core-level spectra gave us direct evidence of the local magnetic moments on Co sites and an average magnetic moment of 1.3 µB /atom was found, being in good agreement with the theoretical estimation and magnetic measurements. From the Mn 3s core-level spectra, a value of 2.1 µB/Mn was obtained. The symmetric shapes of magnetic entropy changes, the Arrott plots, and the temperature dependence of Landau coefficients clearly indicate a second-order phase transition. The relative cooling power, RCP(S), normalized relative cooling power, RCP(∆S)/∆B, and temperature-averaged entropy change values indicate that these compounds could be promising candidates for applications in magnetic refrigeration devices.
报告了 M = Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Al 的 GdCo1.8M0.2 的磁性能、能带结构结果和磁致效应。带状结构计算表明，所有样品都具有铁磁有序基态，与磁性测量结果完全一致。计算得出的磁矩和随合金成分的变化受到杂化机制的强烈影响，这一点通过对轨道投影局部态密度的分析得到了证实。XPS 测量显示，所研究的钴核级结合能并没有随着掺杂元素的变化而发生显著变化。Co 3s 核级光谱为我们提供了 Co 位点局部磁矩的直接证据，发现平均磁矩为 1.3 µB /原子，与理论估算和磁性测量结果十分吻合。从锰 3s 核级光谱中得到的磁矩值为 2.1 µB/Mn。磁熵变化的对称形状、阿罗特图和朗道系数的温度依赖性都清楚地表明了二阶相变。相对冷却功率 RCP(S)、归一化相对冷却功率 RCP(∆S)/∆B 和温度平均熵变值表明，这些化合物有望应用于磁制冷设备。
{"title":"Band Structure Calculations, Magnetic Properties and Magnetocaloric Effect of GdCo1.8M0.2 Compounds with M = Fe, Mn, Cu, Al","authors":"G. Souca, R. Dudric, Karsten Küpper, C. Tiușan, R. Tetean","doi":"10.3390/magnetochemistry10080053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10080053","url":null,"abstract":"The magnetic properties, band structure results, and magnetocaloric effect of GdCo1.8M0.2 with M = Fe, Mn, Cu, and Al are reported. The band structure calculations demonstrate that all the samples have a ferrimagnetically ordered ground state, in perfect agreement with the magnetic measurements. Calculated magnetic moments and variation with the alloy composition are strongly influenced by hybridisation mechanisms as sustained by an analysis of the orbital projected local density of states. The XPS measurements reveal no significant shift in the binding energy of the investigated Co core levels with a change in the dopant element. The Co 3s core-level spectra gave us direct evidence of the local magnetic moments on Co sites and an average magnetic moment of 1.3 µB /atom was found, being in good agreement with the theoretical estimation and magnetic measurements. From the Mn 3s core-level spectra, a value of 2.1 µB/Mn was obtained. The symmetric shapes of magnetic entropy changes, the Arrott plots, and the temperature dependence of Landau coefficients clearly indicate a second-order phase transition. The relative cooling power, RCP(S), normalized relative cooling power, RCP(∆S)/∆B, and temperature-averaged entropy change values indicate that these compounds could be promising candidates for applications in magnetic refrigeration devices.","PeriodicalId":18194,"journal":{"name":"Magnetochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10070051
S. Bernad, Alexander Bunge, M. Ioncica, R. Turcu, Monica Dan, V. Socoliuc, D. Susan-Resiga, E. Bernad
In this article, we investigated the influence of molecular weight (Mw) on particle deposition efficiency after PEG-functionalized (polyethylene glycol-PEG) magnetoresponsive magnetic cluster targeting. In this work, the clusters were obtained by the solvothermal polyol method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a coating agent. So, we investigated three kinds of magnetoresponsive clusters: MNC-2000, MNC-6000, and MNC-10,000. These clusters were coated with PEG, and had molecular weights (Mw) of 2000 Da, 6000 Da, and 10,000 Da, respectively. The authors propose that the key to achieving maximum efficiency in targeted drug delivery is to deposit a thin, uniform layer of medication that covers the vascular wall in the area of interest. We defined a set of efficiency criteria to focus on the most essential characteristics of the targeting results. These are the obstruction degree, which measures the level of vessel obstruction; the magnet coverage degree, which evaluates the quality of particle deposition along the vessel wall; and the proximal deposition degree, which assesses the effect of pulsatile flow on deposition length. We performed several tests to determine how molecular weight affected these efficiency parameters. These tests examined (a) the effect of the injected cluster quantities, (b) the effect of the magnet distance, and (c) the effect of the injection period. Our findings indicate that an increase in PEG’s molar weight significantly impacts magnetic particle targeting efficiency.
{"title":"Impact of the Different Molecular Weights of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Coating Agents on the Magnetic Targeting Characteristics of Functionalized Magnetoresponsive Nanoclusters","authors":"S. Bernad, Alexander Bunge, M. Ioncica, R. Turcu, Monica Dan, V. Socoliuc, D. Susan-Resiga, E. Bernad","doi":"10.3390/magnetochemistry10070051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10070051","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we investigated the influence of molecular weight (Mw) on particle deposition efficiency after PEG-functionalized (polyethylene glycol-PEG) magnetoresponsive magnetic cluster targeting. In this work, the clusters were obtained by the solvothermal polyol method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a coating agent. So, we investigated three kinds of magnetoresponsive clusters: MNC-2000, MNC-6000, and MNC-10,000. These clusters were coated with PEG, and had molecular weights (Mw) of 2000 Da, 6000 Da, and 10,000 Da, respectively. The authors propose that the key to achieving maximum efficiency in targeted drug delivery is to deposit a thin, uniform layer of medication that covers the vascular wall in the area of interest. We defined a set of efficiency criteria to focus on the most essential characteristics of the targeting results. These are the obstruction degree, which measures the level of vessel obstruction; the magnet coverage degree, which evaluates the quality of particle deposition along the vessel wall; and the proximal deposition degree, which assesses the effect of pulsatile flow on deposition length. We performed several tests to determine how molecular weight affected these efficiency parameters. These tests examined (a) the effect of the injected cluster quantities, (b) the effect of the magnet distance, and (c) the effect of the injection period. Our findings indicate that an increase in PEG’s molar weight significantly impacts magnetic particle targeting efficiency.","PeriodicalId":18194,"journal":{"name":"Magnetochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141821505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-14DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10070050
Xing Chen, Cuixiu Zheng, Yaowen Liu
Magnons, recognized as the quanta of spin waves, offer a pathway for transmitting information without the need for electron motion, thus emerging as a leading candidate for the next generation of low-power electronics. Firstly, this study gives an overview by examining magnon modes possessing infinite wavelengths or zero wave numbers (known as ferromagnetic resonance) in classical ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and synthetic antiferromagnetic systems. It delves into the dynamics of magnetization, particularly focusing on magnetic moments precession and the corresponding dispersion relationships under two distinct acoustic and optic eigenmodes. Furthermore, it elaborates on a novel hybrid quantum system termed magnon-magnon coupling. The study elucidates the mechanism behind the robust coupling between acoustic and optic magnon modes. Finally, we briefly discuss the current challenges and future research directions in this field.
{"title":"Magnon Excitation Modes in Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Systems","authors":"Xing Chen, Cuixiu Zheng, Yaowen Liu","doi":"10.3390/magnetochemistry10070050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10070050","url":null,"abstract":"Magnons, recognized as the quanta of spin waves, offer a pathway for transmitting information without the need for electron motion, thus emerging as a leading candidate for the next generation of low-power electronics. Firstly, this study gives an overview by examining magnon modes possessing infinite wavelengths or zero wave numbers (known as ferromagnetic resonance) in classical ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and synthetic antiferromagnetic systems. It delves into the dynamics of magnetization, particularly focusing on magnetic moments precession and the corresponding dispersion relationships under two distinct acoustic and optic eigenmodes. Furthermore, it elaborates on a novel hybrid quantum system termed magnon-magnon coupling. The study elucidates the mechanism behind the robust coupling between acoustic and optic magnon modes. Finally, we briefly discuss the current challenges and future research directions in this field.","PeriodicalId":18194,"journal":{"name":"Magnetochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141650144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10070049
S. Bataineh, I. Arafa, Samya M. Abu-Zreg, Mohammad M. Al-Gharaibeh, H. Hammouri, Yaser H. Tarazi, H. Darmani
Nanoparticles are emerging as a fascinating alternative to antibiotics. When stabilized by chemical compounds, magnetite nanoparticles (MagNPs) consistently exhibit bactericidal effects across different types of bacteria. This study describes the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial properties of magnetite MagNPs prepared by the coprecipitation method under continuous sonication. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques revealed Fe3O4-NPs as spherical, uniform particles with an average size of approximately 16 nm. The antibacterial efficacy of MagNPs was investigated by combining them with methanolic extracts of three medicinal plants known for their antibacterial properties: Aloysia triphylla, Sarcopoterium spinosum, and Urtica pilulifera. The combined effect was assessed against both wild type and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial synergistic effect of MagNPs and plant extracts was evaluated by the MIC test, which showed significant inhibitory properties against the growth of the four bacterial strains as compared to control samples of plant extracts alone. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of MagNPs combined with extracts from Rosmarinus officinalis, Anchusa azurea, Quercus infectoria, and Urtica pilulifera significantly prevented biofilm development in both sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
{"title":"Synergistic Effect of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Medicinal Plant Extracts against Resistant Bacterial Strains","authors":"S. Bataineh, I. Arafa, Samya M. Abu-Zreg, Mohammad M. Al-Gharaibeh, H. Hammouri, Yaser H. Tarazi, H. Darmani","doi":"10.3390/magnetochemistry10070049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10070049","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles are emerging as a fascinating alternative to antibiotics. When stabilized by chemical compounds, magnetite nanoparticles (MagNPs) consistently exhibit bactericidal effects across different types of bacteria. This study describes the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial properties of magnetite MagNPs prepared by the coprecipitation method under continuous sonication. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques revealed Fe3O4-NPs as spherical, uniform particles with an average size of approximately 16 nm. The antibacterial efficacy of MagNPs was investigated by combining them with methanolic extracts of three medicinal plants known for their antibacterial properties: Aloysia triphylla, Sarcopoterium spinosum, and Urtica pilulifera. The combined effect was assessed against both wild type and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial synergistic effect of MagNPs and plant extracts was evaluated by the MIC test, which showed significant inhibitory properties against the growth of the four bacterial strains as compared to control samples of plant extracts alone. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of MagNPs combined with extracts from Rosmarinus officinalis, Anchusa azurea, Quercus infectoria, and Urtica pilulifera significantly prevented biofilm development in both sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.","PeriodicalId":18194,"journal":{"name":"Magnetochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141654760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10070048
H. A. Alburaih, Muhammad Ahsan ul Haq, Abdul Jabbar, Atiq ur Rehman, A. Laref, Mohamed Musa Saad Hasb Elkhalig, N. A. Noor
Ferroelectric materials, renowned for their capacity to demonstrate spontaneous electric polarization reversible through an external electric field, are essential in numerous technological applications owing to their distinctive characteristics. For this, a series of spinel Sr-Cd co-doped nickel ferrite nanomaterials Cd0.5−xSrxNi0.5Fe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) were prepared through the standard sol-gel auto combustion method The XRD patterns showed that the prepared samples have a cubic spinel structure. The crystallite sizes of the samples vary from 29 to 40 nm. The morphology of prepared samples showed uniformly distributed spheres. Magnetic properties showed the soft magnetic nature of the prepared ferrites. The ferroelectric study revealed that Sr-Cd substituted ferrites exhibited the elliptical nature of ferroelectric loops at normal room temperature. The maximum polarization has been achieved at x = 0.3. The understanding of current and voltage (I–V) showed a slowly decreasing tendency of leakage current on both sides symmetrically against the increasing Sr content. The conductivity of the prepared spinel increases as a function of higher Sr doping. The real part of dielectric constant increases with increasing frequency. The materials show large elliptical loops indicating high asymmetric ferroelectric energy storage capability.
{"title":"Structural, Morphological and Ferroelectric Properties of Sr-Cd Co-Doped Nickel Ferrite for Energy Storage Devices","authors":"H. A. Alburaih, Muhammad Ahsan ul Haq, Abdul Jabbar, Atiq ur Rehman, A. Laref, Mohamed Musa Saad Hasb Elkhalig, N. A. Noor","doi":"10.3390/magnetochemistry10070048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10070048","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroelectric materials, renowned for their capacity to demonstrate spontaneous electric polarization reversible through an external electric field, are essential in numerous technological applications owing to their distinctive characteristics. For this, a series of spinel Sr-Cd co-doped nickel ferrite nanomaterials Cd0.5−xSrxNi0.5Fe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) were prepared through the standard sol-gel auto combustion method The XRD patterns showed that the prepared samples have a cubic spinel structure. The crystallite sizes of the samples vary from 29 to 40 nm. The morphology of prepared samples showed uniformly distributed spheres. Magnetic properties showed the soft magnetic nature of the prepared ferrites. The ferroelectric study revealed that Sr-Cd substituted ferrites exhibited the elliptical nature of ferroelectric loops at normal room temperature. The maximum polarization has been achieved at x = 0.3. The understanding of current and voltage (I–V) showed a slowly decreasing tendency of leakage current on both sides symmetrically against the increasing Sr content. The conductivity of the prepared spinel increases as a function of higher Sr doping. The real part of dielectric constant increases with increasing frequency. The materials show large elliptical loops indicating high asymmetric ferroelectric energy storage capability.","PeriodicalId":18194,"journal":{"name":"Magnetochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10070047
Sergey V. Komogortsev, S. Stolyar, Alexey A. Mokhov, V. A. Fel’k, D. Velikanov, R. Iskhakov
The generally accepted model of the magnetic structure of an iron oxide core‒shell nanoparticle includes a single-domain magnetically ordered core surrounded by a layer with a frozen spin disorder. Due to the exchange coupling between the shell and core, the spin disorder should lead to nonuniform magnetization in the core. Suppression of this inhomogeneity by an external magnetic field causes the nonlinear behavior of the magnetization as a function of the field in the region of the approach to magnetic saturation. The equation proposed to describe this effect is tested using a micromagnetic simulation. Analysis of the approach to magnetic saturation of iron oxide nanoparticles at different temperatures using this equation can be used to estimate the temperature evolution of the core‒shell coupling energy and the size of the uniformly magnetized nanoparticle core and the temperature behavior of this size.
{"title":"Effect of the Core–Shell Exchange Coupling on the Approach to Magnetic Saturation in a Ferrimagnetic Nanoparticle","authors":"Sergey V. Komogortsev, S. Stolyar, Alexey A. Mokhov, V. A. Fel’k, D. Velikanov, R. Iskhakov","doi":"10.3390/magnetochemistry10070047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10070047","url":null,"abstract":"The generally accepted model of the magnetic structure of an iron oxide core‒shell nanoparticle includes a single-domain magnetically ordered core surrounded by a layer with a frozen spin disorder. Due to the exchange coupling between the shell and core, the spin disorder should lead to nonuniform magnetization in the core. Suppression of this inhomogeneity by an external magnetic field causes the nonlinear behavior of the magnetization as a function of the field in the region of the approach to magnetic saturation. The equation proposed to describe this effect is tested using a micromagnetic simulation. Analysis of the approach to magnetic saturation of iron oxide nanoparticles at different temperatures using this equation can be used to estimate the temperature evolution of the core‒shell coupling energy and the size of the uniformly magnetized nanoparticle core and the temperature behavior of this size.","PeriodicalId":18194,"journal":{"name":"Magnetochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141697356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10060043
Yixiang Lu, Kai Zhao, Tongyao Zhang, Baojuan Dong
Field effect transistors based on few-layered van der Waals transition metal halide (TMH) Nb3Cl8 are studied in this work. Few-layered Nb3Cl8 exhibits typical N-type semiconducting behavior controlled by a Si gate, with the electrical signal enhancing as the thickness increases from 4.21 nm to 16.7 nm. Moreover, we find that the tunability of few-layered Nb3Cl8 FETs’ electrical transport properties can be significantly augmented through the use of an ionic liquid gate (or electrical double layer, EDL). This enhancement leads to a substantial increase in the on–off ratio by approximately a factor of 102, with the transfer curve modulated into a bipolar fashion. The emergence of such bipolar tunable characteristics in Nb3Cl8 FETs serves to enrich the electronic properties within the transition metal halide family, positioning Nb3Cl8 as a promising candidate for diverse applications spanning transistors, logic circuits, neuromorphic computing and spintronics.
本文研究了基于少层范德华过渡金属卤化物（TMH）Nb3Cl8 的场效应晶体管。少层 Nb3Cl8 在硅栅极的控制下表现出典型的 N 型半导体行为，随着厚度从 4.21 纳米增加到 16.7 纳米，电信号也随之增强。此外，我们还发现，通过使用离子液体栅极（或电双层栅极，EDL），可以显著提高少层 Nb3Cl8 FET 的电传输特性可调性。这种增强可将导通-关断比大幅提高约 102 倍，并将传输曲线调制成双极方式。Nb3Cl8 FET 中出现的这种双极可调特性丰富了过渡金属卤化物家族的电子特性，使 Nb3Cl8 成为晶体管、逻辑电路、神经形态计算和自旋电子学等各种应用的理想候选材料。
{"title":"Bipolar Nb3Cl8 Field Effect Transistors","authors":"Yixiang Lu, Kai Zhao, Tongyao Zhang, Baojuan Dong","doi":"10.3390/magnetochemistry10060043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10060043","url":null,"abstract":"Field effect transistors based on few-layered van der Waals transition metal halide (TMH) Nb3Cl8 are studied in this work. Few-layered Nb3Cl8 exhibits typical N-type semiconducting behavior controlled by a Si gate, with the electrical signal enhancing as the thickness increases from 4.21 nm to 16.7 nm. Moreover, we find that the tunability of few-layered Nb3Cl8 FETs’ electrical transport properties can be significantly augmented through the use of an ionic liquid gate (or electrical double layer, EDL). This enhancement leads to a substantial increase in the on–off ratio by approximately a factor of 102, with the transfer curve modulated into a bipolar fashion. The emergence of such bipolar tunable characteristics in Nb3Cl8 FETs serves to enrich the electronic properties within the transition metal halide family, positioning Nb3Cl8 as a promising candidate for diverse applications spanning transistors, logic circuits, neuromorphic computing and spintronics.","PeriodicalId":18194,"journal":{"name":"Magnetochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141339282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10060042
V. Veliu, O. Yalçın, S. Özüm, R. Erdem
As a continuation to the previously published work (Yalçın et al. (2022)), we investigate the equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of the spin-crossover systems, with a specific focus on the nonequivalent sublattice, and compare these properties with those of the equivalent sublattices. We used the lowest approximation of the cluster variation method (LACVM) to derive the static equations for the order parameters of the two sublattices and determine high-spin fraction in relation to temperature and external magnetic field in a spin-crossover system. At a low temperature, the transition from stable high-spin (HS) state where nHS=1 occurs in the plateau region, where nHS=0.5 for nonequivalent sublattices. The order parameters for non-equivalent sublattices exhibit different states at the transition temperature. Also, we study the nonequilibrium properties of the order parameters and high-spin fraction using the path probability method (PPM). With the current model, we obtain and analyze the relaxation curves for the order parameters Sa, Sb, and high-spin fraction. These curves demonstrate the existence of bistability at low temperatures. At the end of this study, we present the flow diagram that shows the order parameters for different temperature values. The diagram exhibits states that are stable, metastable, and unstable.
{"title":"Nonequivalent Antiferromagnetically Coupled Sublattices Induce Two-Step Spin-Crossover Transitions: Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Aspects","authors":"V. Veliu, O. Yalçın, S. Özüm, R. Erdem","doi":"10.3390/magnetochemistry10060042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10060042","url":null,"abstract":"As a continuation to the previously published work (Yalçın et al. (2022)), we investigate the equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of the spin-crossover systems, with a specific focus on the nonequivalent sublattice, and compare these properties with those of the equivalent sublattices. We used the lowest approximation of the cluster variation method (LACVM) to derive the static equations for the order parameters of the two sublattices and determine high-spin fraction in relation to temperature and external magnetic field in a spin-crossover system. At a low temperature, the transition from stable high-spin (HS) state where nHS=1 occurs in the plateau region, where nHS=0.5 for nonequivalent sublattices. The order parameters for non-equivalent sublattices exhibit different states at the transition temperature. Also, we study the nonequilibrium properties of the order parameters and high-spin fraction using the path probability method (PPM). With the current model, we obtain and analyze the relaxation curves for the order parameters Sa, Sb, and high-spin fraction. These curves demonstrate the existence of bistability at low temperatures. At the end of this study, we present the flow diagram that shows the order parameters for different temperature values. The diagram exhibits states that are stable, metastable, and unstable.","PeriodicalId":18194,"journal":{"name":"Magnetochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141265800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry10060037
Lai Gao, Chao Shen, Y. Ji, Yufei Zhou, Yulia V. Bogdanova
The magnetopause plays a pivotal role in the coupling among solar wind, the magnetosheath, and the magnetosphere. By analyzing magnetopause crossing events using MMS, we reveal a local non-neutrality of electric charges in the magnetopause boundary layer and the associated electric field. There are two types of electric structures. In one group, which typically occurs on the dusk side, the electric field directs towards the Earth. In the other, which generally occurs on the day side, the field directs away from the Earth. The spatial extent of this electric non-neutrality spans approximately 600 km, which is at the scale of ion gyrational motion. These findings provide valuable insights into the fine structures of the magnetopause and the coupling between the magnetosheath and the magnetosphere.
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