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Innovations in Journalism as Complex Interplay: Supportive and Obstructive Factors in International Comparison 新闻业的创新是复杂的相互作用:国际比较中的支持和阻碍因素
IF 3.1 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.17645/mac.7443
Klaus Meier, Michael Grassl, J. García-Avilés, Dámaso Mondéjar, A. Kaltenbrunner, Renée Lugschitz, Colin Porlezza, Petra Mazzoni, Vinzenz Wyss, Mirco Saner
Where does innovation in journalism come from, how is it implemented, and what factors drive or hinder its development? Scholars have explored these questions from different perspectives for over two decades. Our research holistically considers the broader factors that influence the development of journalistic innovation at the macro, meso, and micro levels, and whether it is internally or externally driven. In a three-year international research project, we have unpacked innovation with this multidimensional approach, looking at the most important innovations in journalism in Austria, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK. Our study focuses on the mutual interplay between journalists, media organizations, and society. We investigated 100 case studies with 137 guided interviews with senior managers or project leaders. The results show that the focus of supporting and obstructive factors is internal and on the meso level and that many parallels exist between media systems. Internal factors are the intrinsic motivation of individuals, which need the support of open-minded management, allowing a culture of experimentation without economic pressure and assembling interdisciplinary teams. Across countries and independent of the respective media system, three external key drivers of innovation in journalism can be identified: technology, societal change, and change in the digital media universe. The study confirms once again as if through a magnifying glass that journalism is primarily a public service, especially for those innovations that strengthen the role of journalism in a democratic society.
新闻业的创新从何而来,如何实施,哪些因素推动或阻碍其发展?二十多年来,学者们从不同角度探讨了这些问题。我们的研究从宏观、中观和微观层面全面考虑了影响新闻创新发展的更广泛因素,以及新闻创新是由内部驱动还是外部驱动。在一个为期三年的国际研究项目中,我们用这种多维方法解读了创新,研究了奥地利、德国、西班牙、瑞士和英国新闻业最重要的创新。我们的研究侧重于记者、媒体组织和社会之间的相互影响。我们对 100 个案例进行了调查,并对高级管理人员或项目负责人进行了 137 次有指导的访谈。研究结果表明,支持和阻碍因素的重点在于内部和中观层面,媒体系统之间存在许多相似之处。内部因素是个人的内在动力,需要思想开放的管理层的支持,允许没有经济压力的实验文化,以及组建跨学科团队。在不同的国家和不同的媒体系统中,可以发现新闻业创新的三个外部关键驱动因素:技术、社会变革和数字媒体领域的变革。这项研究通过放大镜再次证实,新闻业主要是一项公共服务,尤其是那些加强新闻业在民主社会中作用的创新。
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引用次数: 0
Media and Journalism Research in Small European Countries 欧洲小国的媒体和新闻研究
IF 3.1 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.17645/mac.7205
Ragne Kõuts-Klemm, Tobias Eberwein, Zrinjka Peruško, Dina Vozab, Anda Rožukalne, I. Skulte, Alnis Stakle
Big and small states all function as comprehensive entities: they require state apparatuses, the ability to provide services for citizens, the capacity to protect themselves, and appropriate media systems to guarantee a deliberative communication space for democratic processes. Investigating media, in turn, is important since it informs us about risks and opportunities for media transformations. To examine the impact of smallness on monitoring and research capabilities in news media and journalism, we have compared four small European countries with contrasting historical backgrounds and different types of media systems: Austria, Croatia, Estonia, and Latvia. While earlier research has mainly focused on Western European countries, the current study broadens the perspective to Central and Eastern European countries. The analysis shows that smallness can influence research capabilities in different ways, with advantages and disadvantages for media and journalism research. Fewer national resources can foster internationalisation, with the side effect of less attention to country-specific problems. In the situation of growing specialisation in media and journalism research, small countries may be less capable of providing sufficient infrastructure for knowledge exchange. The article builds on research performed within the framework of the H2020 project Mediadelcom.
无论大国还是小国,都是一个综合实体:它们需要国家机器、为公民提供服务的能力、自我保护的能力,以及适当的媒体系统,以保障民主进程的审议交流空间。反过来,对媒体的调查也很重要,因为它能让我们了解媒体转型的风险和机遇。为了研究小国对新闻媒体和新闻业监测与研究能力的影响,我们比较了四个具有不同历史背景和不同类型媒体系统的欧洲小国:这四个国家是奥地利、克罗地亚、爱沙尼亚和拉脱维亚。以前的研究主要集中在西欧国家,而本研究则将视角扩大到了中东欧国家。分析表明,小国寡民会以不同方式影响研究能力,对媒体和新闻研究有利有弊。较少的国家资源可以促进国际化,但同时也会减少对国家具体问题的关注。在媒体与新闻研究日益专业化的情况下,小国可能不太有能力为知识交流提供足够的基础设施。本文以 H2020 项目 Mediadelcom 框架内的研究为基础。
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引用次数: 0
“It’s New to Us”: Exploring Authentic Innovation in Local News Settings "这对我们来说很新鲜":探索地方新闻环境中的真正创新
IF 3.1 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.17645/mac.7444
Ragnhild Kr. Olsen, Kristy Hess
Many local newsrooms across the globe have been forced to re-assess (and re-assert) their value and function during a period of intense digital disruption. “Innovate or die” has become an accepted mantra as governments, policymakers, and academics focus on shifting, for example, traditional newspapers into the digital era to maintain their perceived relevance. This article argues the need to understand and learn from the experiences of traditional commercial local news providers who have been encouraged to consider innovative solutions for their businesses. The article adopts a pooled case comparison approach, drawing on data from two separate studies examining media innovation in Norway and Australia. We outline three specific themes that appear to shape localized innovation practices: there is ambivalence or challenge to innovation discourse; introduced innovations are done so incrementally and re-contextualised to adapt to a local setting; and there is an authentic approach to innovation that prioritizes change aligning with local journalism’s social and community values.
在激烈的数字颠覆时期,全球许多地方新闻编辑室被迫重新评估(并重新确立)自身的价值和功能。"创新或死亡 "已成为一个公认的口号,因为政府、决策者和学术界都在关注如何将传统报纸等转变为数字时代的报纸,以保持其被认为的相关性。本文认为,有必要了解和借鉴传统商业地方新闻提供商的经验,鼓励他们考虑创新的业务解决方案。文章采用集合案例比较法,从挪威和澳大利亚的两项媒体创新研究中汲取数据。我们概述了形成本地化创新实践的三个具体主题:对创新话语存在矛盾或挑战;引入的创新是渐进式的,并经过重新语境化以适应本地环境;有一种真实的创新方法,优先考虑与本地新闻业的社会和社区价值相一致的变革。
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引用次数: 0
Transforming Crises Into Opportunities: Self-Managed Media in Argentina 化危机为机遇:阿根廷的自我管理媒体
IF 3.1 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.17645/mac.7455
Carolina Escudero
The current situation for journalism in Argentina represents a great challenge due to the continuous economic changes linked to inflation and labour precariousness. Faced with this, a phenomenon known as self-managed media has grown over the recent years, also connected to recovered media that promotes innovation, providing material for use in newsrooms to produce novel content and connect with audiences. For this explorative study, based on journalists’ roles and innovation, we conducted a mixed-methods design to analyse self-managed media composed of recovered, cooperatives, community, popular, and alternative media. First, a focus group was held with 10 communicators to understand their current situation; second, 60 journalists were consulted about their roles and innovations; finally, in-depth interviews were conducted with three communicators who work on self-managed media at the Community and Cooperative Media Confederation. The findings reveal the presence of innovative actions, reported by 90% of respondents, and confirm that 70% of the consulted journalists had assumed new roles in management and administration. In addition, 80% of the journalists praised community work as fostering a sense of belonging and its associated benefits regarding motivation and freedom. These sentiments were further validated by the insights shared by the three interviewees. This sense of belonging could be included in the fifth area of innovation in journalism, which centres on the social dimension.
由于通货膨胀和劳动力不稳定造成的持续经济变化,阿根廷新闻业的现状面临着巨大挑战。面对这种情况,一种被称为 "自营媒体 "的现象在最近几年得到了发展,这种现象也与促进创新的恢复性媒体有关,它为新闻编辑室提供素材,以制作新颖的内容并与受众建立联系。在这项探索性研究中,我们以记者的角色和创新为基础,采用混合方法分析了由恢复媒体、合作媒体、社区媒体、大众媒体和另类媒体组成的自媒体。首先,我们与 10 名传播者进行了焦点小组讨论,以了解他们的现状;其次,我们向 60 名记者咨询了他们的角色和创新情况;最后,我们对社区与合作媒体联合会中从事自营媒体工作的三名传播者进行了深入访谈。调查结果显示,90% 的受访者表示采取了创新行动,并确认 70% 的受访记者在管理和行政方面承担了新角色。此外,80% 的记者称赞社区工作培养了他们的归属感,并带来了激励和自由方面的好处。三位受访者分享的见解进一步证实了这些观点。这种归属感可以纳入新闻业创新的第五个领域,即社会层面。
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引用次数: 0
The Value of News: Aligning Economic and Social Value From an Institutional Perspective 新闻的价值:从制度角度看经济价值与社会价值的统一
IF 3.1 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.17645/mac.7462
T. Flew, Agata Stepnik
Journalism is considered essential to a functioning democracy. However, the continued viability of commercial news production is uncertain. News producers continue to lose advertising revenue to platform businesses dominating digital advertising markets, and alternate consumer direct revenue streams are not yet meeting the financial shortfall. This has led to questions of who should pay for news, the role of governments in maintaining news production viability, and whether digital platforms have social or economic responsibilities to pay news publishers. In this article, we seek to make explicit what is often implicit in such debates, which is the value of news. This is hard to know in advance as news is an experience good whose value and quality are only known after consuming it, and a credence good, whose perceived qualities may not be observable even after it is consumed. As such, preparedness to pay for news can be hard to ascertain, accentuated by the large amount of free news available online. This article seeks to use a value perspective to consider the relationship between individual consumer choices and questions of news’s value to society. Applying a new institutional economic perspective, it is observed that the value of news as a consumer product needs to be examined in relation to its value as a social good in democratic societies as both a media product and part of the institutional environment in which other social actors operate. We consider news’s social and economic value within a context of platformed news distribution and declining advertising revenues that appear to be structural and not cyclical.
新闻业被认为是民主运作的关键。然而,商业新闻制作的持续生存能力并不确定。新闻生产商的广告收入不断被主导数字广告市场的平台企业夺走,而其他直接面向消费者的收入来源尚未弥补资金短缺。这就引发了以下问题:谁应该为新闻付费,政府在维持新闻生产活力方面的作用,以及数字平台是否有向新闻出版商付费的社会或经济责任。在这篇文章中,我们试图阐明此类辩论中经常隐含的问题,即新闻的价值。由于新闻是一种体验品,其价值和质量只有在消费后才能知晓,而新闻又是一种信用品,其感知质量即使在消费后也可能无法观察到,因此很难事先知晓。因此,为新闻付费的意愿可能很难确定,而网上大量的免费新闻更加剧了这一点。本文试图用价值视角来思考个人消费选择与新闻的社会价值问题之间的关系。通过运用新的制度经济学视角,我们发现,新闻作为一种消费品,其价值需要结合其在民主社会中作为一种社会商品的价值来考察,因为新闻既是一种媒体产品,也是其他社会参与者所处的制度环境的一部分。我们在新闻传播平台化和广告收入下降的背景下考虑新闻的社会和经济价值,这似乎是结构性的,而非周期性的。
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引用次数: 0
Digital Media and Younger Audiences 数字媒体与年轻受众
IF 3.1 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i4.7647
Olga Kolotouchkina, Celia Rangel, Patricia Núñez Gómez
The active digital engagement of children and teens from a very early age makes them the most prolific digital users and online content creators. Simultaneously, this high level of digital exposure enhances their vulnerability to online risks and the potential for them to encounter harmful online content. This dynamic has profound implications for all dimensions and stakeholders within the digital ecosystem. This thematic issue presents a comprehensive review of the significant advantages, critical risks, and challenges arising from the extensive online engagement of children and adolescents. This body of research provides valuable insights and identifies future research avenues related to emotional well-being, identity development, perceptions of social success and self-esteem, as well as examining the critical aspects concerning digital literacy and the regulatory frameworks governing digital content providers.
儿童和青少年从很小的时候就开始积极接触数字世界,这使他们成为最多产的数字用户和网络内容创造者。与此同时,这种高水平的数字接触增加了他们面对在线风险的脆弱性,也增加了他们接触有害在线内容的可能性。这种态势对数字生态系统的所有方面和利益相关者都有深远的影响。本专题全面回顾了儿童和青少年广泛参与在线活动所带来的重大优势、关键风险和挑战。这组研究提供了宝贵的见解,并确定了与情感幸福、身份发展、社会成功感和自尊有关的未来研究途径,以及审查了与数字扫盲和数字内容提供商监管框架有关的重要方面。
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引用次数: 0
Generation Alpha Media Consumption During Covid-19 and Teachers’ Standpoint 阿尔法一代在大学期间的媒体消费和教师的观点
IF 3.1 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i4.7158
Blandína Šramová, Jiří Pavelka
With the development of digital technologies that are part of everyday life, new cultural norms and patterns are developing with which children play, learn, communicate, and socialise in the digital age. Technologies are also fundamentally changing teachers’ attitudes to education. This study aims to determine the motivation of teachers of generation Alpha for using technology and mobile applications, what technologies were preferred by generation Alpha after the second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, and for what reason. The research sample included one segment of the Alpha generation, pupils of primary schools (N = 53) and their primary school teachers (N = 83). A qualitative research design was used. The data processed by thematic content analysis identified the themes associated with using digital tools by generation Alpha, according to the teachers. The results showed the teachers’ motivation for using digital technology with generation Alpha, such as meeting their physiological, safety, social, cognitive, aesthetic, and self-actualisation needs. Generation Alpha’s media applications saturated four needs: entertainment, information, education, and games. They were covered by 12 applications. The findings show that the digital communication activities of generation Alpha refer to the audience’s intentionality, selectivity, and involvement with the media. The presented research opens other possible research topics, such as how new communication and mobile apps influence the behaviours of Alpha generation, value orientation, and well-being, and how effectively to use mobile apps in education praxis.
随着数字技术的发展,数字技术已成为日常生活的一部分,数字时代儿童玩耍、学 习、交流和社交的新文化规范和模式正在形成。技术也从根本上改变了教师的教育态度。本研究旨在确定阿尔法一代教师使用技术和移动应用程序的动机,在第二波 Covid-19 大流行之后,阿尔法一代教师更喜欢哪些技术,原因是什么。研究样本包括阿尔法一代中的一部分,即小学生(53 人)和他们的小学教师(83 人)。研究采用了定性研究设计。通过主题内容分析法处理的数据,确定了教师认为与阿尔法一代使用数字工具相关的主题。研究结果显示了教师使用数字技术的动机,如满足他们的生理、安全、社交、认知、审美和自我实现需求。阿尔法一代的媒体应用满足了四种需求:娱乐、信息、教育和游戏。其中有 12 种应用软件涵盖了这些需求。研究结果表明,"阿尔法一代 "的数字通信活动与受众对媒体的意向性、选择性和参与性有关。本研究还开辟了其他可能的研究课题,如新通信和移动应用程序如何影响阿尔法一代的行为、价值取向和幸福感,以及如何在教育实践中有效使用移动应用程序。
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引用次数: 0
News Media Monitoring Capabilities in 14 European Countries: Problems and Best Practices 14 个欧洲国家的新闻媒体监测能力:问题与最佳做法
IF 3.1 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.17645/mac.7199
H. Harro-Loit, Tobias Eberwein
Social acceleration has been a catalyst for rapid changes concerning the mediascapes of European societies. Democratic societies need deliberation, but what kinds of journalism and communication cultures are supported by different stakeholders and structural possibilities? The aim of this article is to conceptualise and analyse the risks and opportunities concerning the monitoring capabilities in key domains of the media field. This includes the performance and normative regulation of news media (journalism) as well as media usage patterns and competencies of different actors, all of which influence the quality of deliberative communication across cultures. The monitoring potential is related to various stakeholders who gather data and information on media and media usage, transform the information into knowledge, and use this knowledge to create evidence-based media policy. What interests and values are served by which stakeholders and how does this actual monitoring serve the media policy in different European countries? What is the role and resources of media researchers? These questions are answered with the help of an extensive literature review and a synoptic analysis of the monitoring capabilities of 14 European countries, based on original case studies. The article will, thus, broaden the conceptual understanding of risks and opportunities for deliberative communication in democratic societies—and at the same time offer an initial inventory of typical problems and best practices for monitoring deliberative communication across Europe.
社会加速已成为欧洲社会媒体景观快速变化的催化剂。民主社会需要讨论,但不同的利益相关者和结构可能性支持什么样的新闻和传播文化?本文旨在从概念上分析媒体领域关键领域监督能力的风险和机遇。这包括新闻媒体(新闻业)的表现和规范性监管,以及媒体使用模式和不同参与者的能力,所有这些都会影响不同文化间协商沟通的质量。监测潜力与各种利益相关者有关,他们收集有关媒体和媒体使用的数据和信息,将信息转化为知识,并利用这些知识制定以证据为基础的媒体政策。哪些利益相关者服务于哪些利益和价值,这种实际监督如何服务于不同欧洲国家的媒体政策?媒体研究人员的作用和资源是什么?本文通过广泛的文献综述和基于原创案例研究对 14 个欧洲国家的监测能力进行的综合分析,回答了这些问题。因此,这篇文章将拓宽人们对民主社会中协商性传播的风险和机遇的概念性理解,同时也将为监测欧洲协商性传播的典型问题和最佳实践提供一份初步清单。
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引用次数: 0
Organizations as Innovations: Examining Changes in Journalism Through the Lens of Newly-Emerging Organizations 作为创新的组织:通过新兴组织的镜头审视新闻业的变化
2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.17645/mac.7399
Christopher Buschow, Maike Suhr
This article argues that the growing variety of new journalistic organizations and their diversification beyond the traditional newsroom may offer a deeper and broader understanding of change and innovation within journalism. Newly emerging organizations play a multifaceted role in journalism: They are both drivers and results of change; they serve as indicators of the ways in which the structures of journalism and its production processes are evolving; they reveal industry trends early on and enable longitudinal research. Despite the emergence of non-traditional organizations in journalism, existing studies on these new entities remain fragmented and have yet to coalesce into a sustained research program. Against this background, this conceptual article aims to contribute to the ongoing theoretical progress in journalism studies in three ways. First, it identifies key factors of why organizational innovations happen. Second, it systemizes recent studies exemplifying the plurality of new organizations in journalism according to different levels from organization studies, including the field level, the level of organizational populations, and the level of the single organization. Finally, the article proposes a research agenda for establishing “organizations as innovations” as a novel conceptual lens for understanding change and innovation in journalism studies.
本文认为,越来越多的新新闻机构及其在传统新闻编辑室之外的多样化,可能会对新闻业的变革和创新提供更深入、更广泛的理解。新兴组织在新闻业中扮演着多方面的角色:它们既是变革的推动者,也是变革的结果;它们是新闻结构及其生产过程演变方式的指标;它们能及早揭示行业趋势,并使纵向研究成为可能。尽管新闻业出现了非传统组织,但对这些新实体的现有研究仍然支离破碎,尚未整合成一个持续的研究项目。在此背景下,这篇概念性文章旨在从三个方面对新闻研究的理论进展做出贡献。首先,它确定了组织创新发生的关键因素。其次,从组织研究的不同层面,包括领域层面、组织群体层面和单一组织层面,对近年来体现新闻新组织多元性的研究进行了系统化梳理。最后,本文提出了将“组织作为创新”作为理解新闻学变革与创新的新概念视角的研究议程。
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引用次数: 0
Researching Media and Democracy Researchers: Monitoring Capabilities in Poland 研究媒体与民主研究者:波兰的监控能力
2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.17645/mac.7239
Michał Głowacki, Jacek Mikucki, Katarzyna Gajlewicz-Korab, Łukasz Szurmiński, Maria Łoszewska-Ołowska
In this article, we look at the conditions of media and democracy discourses in Poland via the lenses of monitoring time-related capabilities. We are interested in how media–societal change in 2000–2020 has influenced the Polish researchers’ responses to deliver applied research and further foster hyper-knowledge sharing between policymakers, media industries, and academia. Through an in-depth investigation of Poland’s media researchers’ publications database (N = 1,000), we aim to examine the crucial interest areas considering the critical cultural junctures in three highly related areas: technology, politics, and society. The critical junctures theory review follows the mapping of changes in related scholarly analyses to uncover three sides of Polish scholarship monitoring capabilities alongside cultural conditions of researchers’ impact on democracy and the media. The overall hypothesis is that examining media and democracy in Poland reflects technological and political change, with the cultural research path dependencies in analyzing broader social context (see, for instance, a young democracy, illiberal turns and social polarization conditions, and so on). This corresponds to related tensions between the Western media’s theories and practices concerning democracy.
在本文中,我们透过监控与时间相关的能力,来检视波兰媒体与民主话语的状况。我们感兴趣的是2000-2020年媒体社会变化如何影响波兰研究人员提供应用研究的反应,并进一步促进决策者、媒体行业和学术界之间的超知识共享。通过深入调查波兰媒体研究人员的出版物数据库(<em>N</em>= 1,000),我们的目标是研究关键的兴趣领域,考虑到三个高度相关领域的关键文化节点:技术,政治和社会。关键时刻理论回顾遵循了相关学术分析的变化映射,揭示了波兰奖学金监测能力的三个方面,以及研究人员对民主和媒体影响的文化条件。总体假设是,研究波兰的媒体和民主反映了技术和政治变革,在分析更广泛的社会背景时,文化研究路径依赖(例如,参见年轻的民主、不自由的转向和社会两极分化条件等)。这对应了西方媒体关于民主的理论与实践之间的相关紧张关系。
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引用次数: 0
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Media and Communication
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