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Factors Affecting Trust in Chinese Digital Journalism: Approach Based on Folk Theories 影响中国数字新闻信任的因素:基于民间理论的分析
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i4.7169
Shaoqiang Liu, Jinghong Xu, Zi’an Zhao, Xiaojun Li
Trust in online digital news has become a significant concern affecting social cohesion in China. Under the framework of folk theories, we interviewed urban and rural residents’ perceptions and imaginations of digital news credibility in China’s digital journalism environment. The study finds that digital media giants in China are utilised by both urban and rural residents. Regarding the behaviour of news avoidance, scepticism of digital news accounts for only a tiny fraction of the reasons held by news avoiders. Chinese urban and rural residents have similar perceptions about the impact of news forms, quality of information, and individual stances on digital news, while rural residents show uncertainty about the transparency of news production, which may be related to their education level and media literacy. The relationship between recommendation algorithms and news trust is overlooked by respondents. In addition, news seekers are more likely to display herd behaviours, which may mislead their judgment of news credibility. News avoiders may refuse to consume news because of their distaste for China’s digital news atmosphere, such as the ubiquity of unpleasant emotions, preconceived opinions, and attention-grabbing clickbait headlines.
对网络数字新闻的信任已经成为影响中国社会凝聚力的一个重要问题。在民间理论的框架下,我们采访了中国数字新闻环境下城乡居民对数字新闻可信度的感知和想象。研究发现,中国的城市和农村居民都在使用数字媒体巨头。关于新闻回避行为,对数字新闻的怀疑只占新闻回避者持有的原因的一小部分。中国城市和农村居民对新闻形式、信息质量和个人立场对数字新闻的影响有着相似的看法,而农村居民对新闻生产的透明度表现出不确定性,这可能与他们的教育水平和媒介素养有关。被调查者忽略了推荐算法与新闻信任之间的关系。此外,新闻寻求者更容易表现出从众行为,这可能会误导他们对新闻可信度的判断。新闻回避者可能会拒绝消费新闻,因为他们厌恶中国的数字新闻氛围,比如无处不在的不愉快情绪、先入为主的观点和吸引眼球的标题党标题。
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引用次数: 0
Conceptualising Liveness and Visibility in the News Repertoires of Adolescents in a Polymedia Environment 多媒体环境下青少年新闻曲目的概念化、活动性和可视性
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i4.7076
Dejan Jontes, Tanja Oblak Črnič, Breda Luthar
Based on the assumptions that digital media are used as integrated structures or “polymedia repertoires” and that media practices cannot be treated as unrelated practices performed on distinct platforms, the present study examined the digital sociability of young people and their media prosumption in a polymedia environment. Data were collected from group interviews of 67 12- to 19-year-olds and 59 personal visualised media sketches. The study focused on teenage engagement with news as part of their media repertoires and their understanding of what news is in the context of general platform sociability conditions, including a state of permanent connectedness and constant anticipation of something new. Their sociability based on permanent activity and affective engagement was enabled and framed by the algorithmically produced regime of visibility and the promise of liveness. The findings indicated that an important consequence of the increased fragmentation of activities is the naturalisation of the performance of multiple media practices at the same time. Although the complexity of such performance, even among teenagers, revealed socially distinctive categories, clear hierarchies between types of practices—such as watching news or pop culture, online shopping and doing homework—and the cultural differentiation of the dominant contexts for these practices—such as school and leisure—were eroded. The contexts of school, home, and leisure thus collapse, and the definition of important news journalism becomes highly unstable, with the distinction between pop and politics generally disintegrating.
基于数字媒体被用作集成结构或“多媒体库”的假设,以及媒体实践不能被视为在不同平台上进行的不相关实践,本研究考察了年轻人的数字社交能力及其在多媒体环境中的媒体消费。数据收集自67名12至19岁青少年的小组访谈和59名个人可视化媒体草图。这项研究的重点是青少年对新闻的参与,这是他们媒体曲目的一部分,以及他们在一般平台社交条件下对新闻的理解,包括永久连接的状态和对新事物的持续期待。他们基于永久活动和情感参与的社交能力是由算法产生的可见性和活力承诺机制实现和框架的。研究结果表明,活动碎片化增加的一个重要后果是同时进行多种媒体实践的自然化。尽管这种表现的复杂性,甚至在青少年中,揭示了社会上独特的类别,不同类型的实践之间明确的等级制度-例如看新闻或流行文化,网上购物和做作业-以及这些实践的主要背景的文化差异-例如学校和休闲-被侵蚀了。因此,学校、家庭和休闲的环境崩溃了,重要新闻的定义变得非常不稳定,流行和政治之间的区别普遍消失了。
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引用次数: 1
Adolescents’ Augmented Reality Filter Usage on Social Media, Developmental Process, and Well-Being 青少年增强现实过滤器在社交媒体上的使用、发展过程与幸福感
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i4.7016
Julia Szambolics, Sonia Malos, Delia Cristina Balaban
Social media platforms are relevant for the media diet of adolescents. Augmented reality (AR) filters on social media are prevalent within the media consumption of this age group. Recent studies have unveiled the negative impact of beautifying AR filters and digitally enhanced pictures on adolescents’ well-being. However, there is a need for an in-depth understanding of how adolescents use AR filters beyond aesthetic reasons. Therefore, the present study aims to contribute to the existing scholarship by focusing on various AR filters and their relation to adolescents’ well-being. We investigate different ways of using AR filters (e.g., public posts versus ephemeral settings or direct messages to online friends) inspired by peers and social media influencers. Thus, we conducted four focus groups with N = 40 adolescent participants aged 14 to 18 from a European country. Our findings align with previous research on adults, showing that adolescents use AR filters for fun, entertainment, creativity, interaction, and self-expression. Besides, adolescents’ well-being determined using AR filters can be tied to crucial elements of the developmental process, such as connections, identity, learning, and emotions. Results showed that using AR filters on social media can facilitate socializing and increase self-esteem. Conversely, their use is time-consuming and can cause adolescents frustration and enhance social pressure. This study provides new insights into adolescents’ AR-filter-related interactions. Furthermore, it contributes to the literature on AR filter usage, well-being, and the developmental process of adolescents.
社交媒体平台与青少年的媒体饮食有关。社交媒体上的增强现实(AR)过滤器在这个年龄段的媒体消费中很普遍。最近的研究揭示了美化AR滤镜和数字增强图片对青少年健康的负面影响。然而,除了审美原因之外,还需要深入了解青少年如何使用AR过滤器。因此,本研究旨在通过关注各种AR过滤器及其与青少年幸福感的关系,为现有的学术研究做出贡献。我们调查了使用AR过滤器的不同方式(例如,公开帖子与短暂设置或直接向在线朋友发送消息),这些方式受到同行和社交媒体影响者的启发。因此,我们与来自欧洲国家的40名年龄在14至18岁之间的青少年进行了四个焦点小组的研究。我们的发现与之前对成年人的研究一致,表明青少年使用AR滤镜来娱乐、娱乐、创造、互动和自我表达。此外,使用AR过滤器确定的青少年幸福感可以与发展过程的关键要素联系起来,如联系、身份、学习和情感。结果表明,在社交媒体上使用AR滤镜可以促进社交,增强自尊。相反,它们的使用既费时又会给青少年带来挫败感并增加社会压力。本研究为青少年ar过滤器相关互动提供了新的见解。此外,它有助于文献AR过滤器的使用,幸福感和青少年的发展过程。
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引用次数: 1
Can an Awareness Campaign Boost the Effectiveness of Influencer Marketing Disclosures in YouTube Videos? 意识活动可以提高YouTube视频中影响者营销披露的有效性吗?
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i4.7050
Sophie C. Boerman, Eva A. Van Reijmersdal, Esther Rozendaal
Answering the strong need for insights into how minors can effectively be informed about advertising (e.g., influencer marketing) in online content, we ran an online experiment (N = 623 minors between 8 and 18 years old) testing the effects of two pictograms that were designed in co-creation with minors and the potential of an awareness campaign to boost the pictogram’s effectiveness. Our findings provide three important insights that have implications for theory, practice and regulations. First, we find that minors are able to distinguish between sponsored and non-sponsored videos, indicating that they have developed some level of advertising literacy in this context. Second, our study shows that the two pictograms informing minors about advertising in online videos went unnoticed by most viewers and did not enhance conceptual or attitudinal advertising literacy. Third, the awareness campaign did not lead to higher recognition of the pictograms nor enhanced advertising literacy. The campaign did increase minors’ understanding of the meaning of the pictograms. However, the majority of minors also understood the pictograms without the campaign. Based upon our findings, we argue that current disclosures (such as the tested pictograms) are not noticed by most minors and are ineffective in enhancing minors’ advertising literacy. Although an awareness campaign can make minors more familiar with the pictograms and their implementation in online videos, it does not seem to boost the pictogram effects on advertising literacy.
为了深入了解未成年人如何有效地了解在线内容中的广告(例如网红营销),我们进行了一项在线实验(<em>N</em>(623名8至18岁的未成年人)测试了与未成年人共同创作的两个象形图的效果,以及提高象形图效果的宣传活动的潜力。我们的研究结果为理论、实践和法规提供了三个重要的见解。首先,我们发现未成年人能够区分赞助和非赞助视频,这表明他们已经在这种背景下发展了一定程度的广告素养。其次,我们的研究表明,告知未成年人在线视频广告的两个象形文字没有被大多数观众注意到,并且没有提高概念或态度上的广告素养。第三,宣传活动并没有提高人们对象形文字的认知度,也没有提高广告素养。这项运动确实增加了未成年人对象形文字含义的理解。然而,大多数未成年人在没有宣传的情况下也能理解这些象形文字。基于我们的研究结果,我们认为目前的披露(如测试的象形图)没有被大多数未成年人注意到,并且在提高未成年人的广告素养方面是无效的。虽然宣传活动可以使未成年人更熟悉象形文字及其在网络视频中的应用,但它似乎并没有提高象形文字对广告素养的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Watching the Watchdogs: Using Transparency Cues to Help News Audiences Assess Information Quality 观察监督机构:利用透明度线索帮助新闻受众评估信息质量
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i4.7018
Brian Keith Norambuena, Katharina Reis Farina, Michael Horning, Tanu Mitra
The myriad of information sources available online can make it hard for the average reader to know whether a piece of content is credible or not. This research aims to understand if the public’s assessment of the credibility of information could be more accurate with the help of transparency features that act as heuristic cues under the elaboration likelihood model and the heuristic-systematic model, and if the cues increase cognitive absorption. Two between-subjects studies were performed, one with a young demographic (N = 68) and another with a representative sample of the adult population (N = 325). The stimuli contained information boxes designed to indicate that the story was not written in a traditional journalistic style (message cues) and missing background information on the author (source cues). Results show significant effects of the cues on credibility assessment and cognitive absorption.
网络上海量的信息来源让普通读者很难判断一篇文章的可信度。本研究旨在了解在精细似然模型和启发式-系统模型下,透明度特征作为启发式线索是否能提高公众对信息可信度的评估准确性,以及这些线索是否能增加认知吸收。进行了两项受试者间研究,其中一项是针对年轻人(<em>N</em>= 68),另一个是成年人的代表性样本(<em>N</em>= 325)。这些刺激物包含信息框,旨在表明这篇文章不是以传统的新闻风格写成的(信息线索),并且缺少作者的背景信息(来源线索)。结果表明,线索对可信度评估和认知吸收有显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
Delayed Reflections: Media and Journalism Data Deserts in the Post-Socialist Czech Republic 延迟的反思:后社会主义捷克共和国的媒体和新闻数据沙漠
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.17645/mac.7198
Lenka Waschková Císařová, Iveta Jansová, Jan Motal
One of the key obstacles to the normative development of post-socialist media systems, in general, and the Czech Republic in particular, is the deferral of the thoughtful reflection and critical examination of the evolution of the media industry by academics and professionals. In the early years of post-socialist development, there was a lack of collected data and relevant analysis of the state of the media and journalism. It was foreign researchers who provided the first studies of the post-socialist media systems. Plus, the commercial industry, which systematically collected data, but made it inaccessible and/or expensive. This lack of domestic contemplation and transparency led to the existence of data deserts, which made it difficult to effectively reflect upon the development of the media and its role in the transition society. This article is based on a comprehensive literature review and expert interviews with witnesses of the media industry development. These sources—academia, industry, and NGOs—make it possible to highlight specific areas that were overlooked and to propose reasons that data deserts are created in post-socialist media systems. Analysing the data through the lenses of availability, continuity, accessibility, and topicality, we delimit three eras for the general reflection of the development of the media environment, setting a distinguishable timeframe for the post-socialist media data reflection’s evolution.
一般来说,后社会主义媒体系统规范发展的主要障碍之一,特别是捷克共和国,是学术界和专业人士对媒体行业演变的深思熟虑的反思和批判性审查的推迟。在后社会主义发展的最初几年,缺乏对媒体和新闻业状况的收集数据和相关分析。是外国研究者首次提供了对后社会主义媒体系统的研究。此外,商业行业系统地收集数据,但使其无法访问和/或昂贵。这种国内思考和透明度的缺乏导致了数据沙漠的存在,使得人们难以有效地反思媒体的发展及其在转型社会中的作用。本文基于全面的文献综述和对传媒业发展见证者的专家访谈。这些来源——学术界、工业界和非政府组织——使人们有可能突出被忽视的特定领域,并提出数据沙漠在后社会主义媒体系统中产生的原因。我们从可得性、连续性、可及性、话题性四个角度对数据进行分析,将媒介环境发展的总体反映划分为三个时代,为后社会主义媒体数据反映的演变设定了清晰的时间框架。
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引用次数: 0
Advertising on Video-Sharing Platforms in the Toy and Food Categories in Spain 西班牙玩具和食品类视频分享平台上的广告
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i4.7141
Miguel Ángel Nicolás-Ojeda, Esther Martínez-Pastor
This article reviews the advertising content on the YouTube channels featuring kid influencers with the highest number of subscribers in Spain. The goal is to observe the evolution of the elements that define this type of content as advertising content, even though the vast majority of the advertising content is not labelled as such. An analysis was conducted of all the videos posted during the 2022 Christmas period on the 15 YouTube channels with the largest audiences, which produced a sample of 61 videos that possessed the pertinent characteristics. Content analysis was applied and the degree to which the content complied with food and toy advertising regulations was examined.
这篇文章回顾了YouTube频道上的广告内容,这些频道以西班牙订阅者数量最多的儿童影响者为特色。目标是观察将这类内容定义为广告内容的元素的演变,尽管绝大多数广告内容并没有被标记为广告内容。对2022年圣诞节期间在YouTube上观众最多的15个频道上传的所有视频进行了分析,选出了61个具有相关特征的视频样本。应用了内容分析,并审查了内容符合食品和玩具广告法规的程度。
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引用次数: 1
Local Journalism With State Support 有国家支持的地方新闻
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i3.7503
Gunnar Nygren
In Sweden, the system of press subsidies was expanded in 2019 to give special support for “weakly covered areas.” This new support has had positive effects, but changes in the system also introduced new demands on the content concerning democratic values etc. If state support should be used for saving local journalism, how far can state influence on the content be acceptable for independent local media? The commentary describes the system of support and discusses this crucial question.
在瑞典,2019年扩大了新闻补贴制度,为“覆盖薄弱的地区”提供特别支持。这种新的支持产生了积极的影响,但制度的变化也对民主价值等内容提出了新的要求。如果应该使用国家支持来拯救地方新闻,那么国家对内容的影响在多大程度上可以被独立的地方媒体所接受?评注描述了支持系统,并讨论了这个关键问题。
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引用次数: 1
Places and Spaces Without News: The Contested Phenomenon of News Deserts 没有新闻的地方和空间:新闻沙漠的争议现象
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i3.7612
Agnes Gulyas, Joy Jenkins, Annika Bergström
News deserts have gained prominence both in academic literature and policy discussions about local news in recent years. Although there is no agreed definition of the term, it usually refers to the lack of or diminishing availability, access, or use of local news or media in a community. It is seen as a significant phenomenon that highlights inequalities in local news provisions, challenges of local media operations in the digital environment, and issues around the quality of local journalism and the critical information needs of communities. This thematic issue aims to contribute to the field by bringing together different approaches to the topic, considering varied empirical studies and methodological designs, and providing perspectives from countries around the world with different media systems and cultures. The articles in the thematic issue address three broad issues: approaches to studying news deserts, local news production and news deserts, and the impact of news deserts on communities. Overall, the contributions reveal that the presence of a news desert is not a simple question of a locality having or not having a local media outlet. The concept is better understood as processes affecting access and quality of local news involving places, news media outlets and production, communities, and audiences. We end the editorial highlighting areas for further research, including the need for more holistic, conceptual, and comparative work on the topic.
近年来,新闻沙漠在有关地方新闻的学术文献和政策讨论中都得到了突出的表现。虽然对该术语没有一致的定义,但它通常指的是社区中缺乏或减少可用性、访问或使用当地新闻或媒体。它被视为一个重要的现象,突出了地方新闻提供的不平等,地方媒体在数字环境下运营的挑战,以及围绕地方新闻质量和社区关键信息需求的问题。本期专题旨在通过汇集研究这一主题的不同方法,考虑不同的实证研究和方法设计,并提供世界上具有不同媒体系统和文化的国家的观点,为这一领域做出贡献。专题刊的文章涉及三个主要问题:研究新闻沙漠的方法、地方新闻生产和新闻沙漠,以及新闻沙漠对社区的影响。总的来说,这些贡献表明,新闻沙漠的存在不是一个简单的地方是否有当地媒体出口的问题。这个概念最好理解为影响当地新闻的获取和质量的过程,涉及地点、新闻媒体和生产、社区和受众。我们在社论的最后强调了需要进一步研究的领域,包括需要对该主题进行更全面、概念性和比较性的工作。
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引用次数: 0
Co-Creating News Oases in Media Deserts 在媒体沙漠中共同创造新闻绿洲
2区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v11i3.6869
Michelle Barrett Ferrier
The Media Deserts Project is a research effort to map and model the changing media landscape in the United States. Media deserts are defined as geographies lacking fresh, daily news and information. Using circulation data of US print newspapers, emerging hyperlocal online news sites in digital networks, and broadband access data from the Federal Communication Commission, the Media Deserts Project maps these changes using geographic information systems down to the zip code level, making visible local communication systems and gaps. To develop community-centered news and information solutions, this research team used community-based research practices, where students engaged with residents, local business leaders, health, education, and other administrators to examine the communication needs of three specific communities in Southeast Ohio. We centered our efforts on building relationships with community members and designing localized media tools. We learned key insights that we believe may travel well into other projects using community-based engagement, participatory design, and co-creation practices.
媒体沙漠计划是一项研究工作,旨在绘制和模拟美国不断变化的媒体景观。媒体沙漠被定义为缺乏新鲜、每日新闻和信息的地区。媒体沙漠项目利用美国印刷报纸的发行量数据、数字网络中新兴的超本地在线新闻网站以及联邦通信委员会的宽带接入数据,利用地理信息系统将这些变化绘制到邮政编码级别,使当地通信系统和差距可见。为了开发以社区为中心的新闻和信息解决方案,该研究小组采用基于社区的研究实践,让学生与居民、当地商业领袖、卫生、教育和其他管理人员一起研究俄亥俄州东南部三个特定社区的通信需求。我们集中精力与社区成员建立关系,并设计本地化的媒体工具。我们从中获得了一些关键的见解,我们相信这些见解可以很好地应用于其他基于社区的参与、参与式设计和共同创造实践的项目中。
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引用次数: 1
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Media and Communication
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