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Morphological and molecular analyses unveil phenotypic polymorphism in hairy maggots of the genus Chrysomya. 形态学和分子分析揭示了毛蛆属的表型多态性。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70050
Natasha Azmi Nur-Aliah, Van Lun Low, Anabel Martínez-Sánchez, Tania Ivorra, Chong Chin Heo

Some species of the genus Chrysomya, known as hairy maggot blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), are medically and forensically important insects worldwide. However, identifying these species can be challenging due to morphological characteristics overlapping. In this study, we investigated morphological and molecular differences among three hairy maggot blowflies: Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart, 1843, Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), which are widely distributed throughout the Old World, respectively; and Chrysomya villeneuvi Patton, 1922, which is restricted to Asia. Morphological analysis revealed overlapping characters in larval and adult stages of C. rufifacies and C. albiceps based on traditional diagnostic characters, confirming phenotypic polymorphism in both species. Due to the global spread of these species, likely by human activity and climate change, a morphological and phylogenetic investigation was underway. A revision of the established morphological keys was proposed, and the phylogenetic analysis supported a sister relationship among the three species, with C. rufifacies more closely related to C. albiceps (genetic distances of 2.42%-3.13%) than to C. villeneuvi (3.49%-4.40%). Notably, C. albiceps differed from C. villeneuvi (3.31%-3.48%), suggesting that C. albiceps, occupies an intermediate evolutionary position between C. rufifacies and C. villeneuvi.

毛蝇属的一些种类,被称为毛蛆苍蝇(双翅目:毛蛆苍蝇科),是世界范围内医学和法医上重要的昆虫。然而,由于形态特征重叠,识别这些物种可能具有挑战性。在本研究中,我们研究了三种毛蛆蝇的形态和分子差异:分别广泛分布于旧大陆的金蝇(Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart, 1843)、金蝇(Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819);以及1922年产于亚洲的金蝇(Chrysomya villeneuvi Patton)。形态学分析显示,在传统诊断特征的基础上,红相和白鳍棘鱼幼虫期和成虫期特征重叠,证实了两种棘鱼的表型多态性。由于这些物种可能受到人类活动和气候变化的影响而在全球传播,因此正在进行形态学和系统发育研究。对已建立的形态键进行了修正,系统发育分析支持三个物种之间的姐妹关系,其中C. rufifacies与C. albiceps(遗传距离为2.42% ~ 3.13%)的亲缘关系比C. villeneuvi(遗传距离为3.49% ~ 4.40%)的亲缘关系更近。值得注意的是,C. albiceps与C. villeneuvi的差异(3.31% ~ 3.48%)表明,C. albiceps处于C. rufi相和C. villeneuvi之间的中间演化位置。
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引用次数: 0
Full-length coding sequence analysis of the voltage-gated sodium channel and acetylcholinesterase genes reveals target-site mutations and acetylcholinesterase gene duplication in housefly (Musca domestica) populations in Japanese livestock barns. 电压门控钠通道和乙酰胆碱酯酶基因的全长编码序列分析揭示了日本畜棚家蝇种群中靶位突变和乙酰胆碱酯酶基因重复。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70048
Mikie Nakagawa, Kentaro Itokawa, Nozomi Uemura, Yasuhiro Tomioka, Tsutomu Tanikawa, Kyo Itoyama, Shinji Kasai, Osamu Komagata

Houseflies (Musca domestica L.), a widespread pest in livestock facilities, have developed resistance to commonly utilized insecticides, including pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates. However, the genetic status of insecticide resistance in Japanese housefly populations remains largely elusive. We used hybridization probe capture and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to examine the mutations across the entire coding sequence of two insecticide target genes, voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), from 240 individual M. domestica collected from 14 livestock facilities in Japan between 2013 and 2024. This study is the first to utilize these molecular methods to examine insecticide resistance in houseflies collected from the field. Resistance-related mutations in VGSC (e.g., super-kdr [M918T + L1014F], kdr-His [L1014H] and L1014F) were detected in most wild populations, with differing allele frequencies. Notably, super-kdr was widespread (12/15 populations) with frequencies ranging from 0.06 to 1.00, whereas kdr-His was observed in 8/15 populations with 0.03-0.70 frequencies. For AChE, three known resistance mutations (V260L, G342A/V and F407Y) were observed in all populations, with at least one resistance allele present at 0.65-1.00 frequencies. An elevation in NGS read counts for AChE was noted in several populations, along with the presence of three distinct alleles at amino acid position 342, suggesting AChE gene duplication. These duplications may help in mitigating the fitness costs linked to AChE resistance. Our results show the widespread presence and complexity of insecticide resistance mutations in Japanese M. domestica populations and underscore the use of NGS-based probe capture techniques for monitoring the evolution of resistance.

家蝇(Musca domestica L.)是牲畜设施中广泛存在的害虫,已对常用杀虫剂产生抗药性,包括拟除虫菊酯、有机磷酸酯和氨基甲酸酯。然而,日本家蝇种群中杀虫剂抗性的遗传状况在很大程度上仍然难以捉摸。采用杂交探针捕获和新一代测序(NGS)技术,对2013年至2024年在日本14个牲畜设施采集的240只家蝇的两个杀虫剂靶基因——电压门控钠通道(VGSC)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的整个编码序列进行了突变检测。本研究首次利用这些分子方法检测田间家蝇对杀虫剂的抗性。在大多数野生种群中检测到VGSC耐药相关突变(如super-kdr [M918T + L1014F]、kdr-His [L1014H]和L1014F),但等位基因频率不同。值得注意的是,超级kdr分布广泛(12/15个种群),频率范围为0.06 ~ 1.00,而kdr-His分布于8/15个种群,频率范围为0.03 ~ 0.70。对于AChE,在所有人群中观察到三个已知的抗性突变(V260L, G342A/V和F407Y),至少存在一个抗性等位基因,频率为0.65-1.00。在一些人群中,AChE的NGS读数计数升高,同时在342氨基酸位置存在三个不同的等位基因,表明AChE基因重复。这些重复可能有助于减轻与乙酰胆碱酯抗性相关的适应性成本。我们的研究结果显示了日本家蝇种群中杀虫剂抗性突变的广泛存在和复杂性,并强调了基于ngs的探针捕获技术在监测抗性演变中的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Detection of arsenic, mercury, cadmium and lead compounds in Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae and their potential impact on larval development. 田蚕(双翅目:田蚕科)幼虫体内砷、汞、镉和铅化合物的检测及其对幼虫发育的潜在影响
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70047
Ana Catarina Fialho, Vasco Branco, Edite Oliveira-Torres, Cristina Carvalho, Alexandre Quintas, Carlos Família, Paulo Mascarenhas

Heavy metal exposure represents a substantial health risk to humans and other animals, in some cases leading to death. However, detecting these metals in decaying corpses can pose a considerable challenge. In such situations, the eventual presence of necrophagous insects feeding on the remains may serve as a valuable tool for detecting and measuring these toxic substances. Nonetheless, heavy metals might affect insect development and survival rates. This study explored the effects of increasing concentrations of arsenic, mercury, cadmium and lead compounds on the survival and development rate of Calliphora vicina (Robineau Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae. Additionally, the research investigated the possibility of tracing these metals in the developed larvae and whether bioaccumulation occurred. The larvae were reared in a dog food matrix infused with varying concentrations of these heavy metal compounds, ranging from 0.0 (control) to 60 mg/kg. The results showed that all tested metals increased mortality rates in a non-linear dose-dependent manner. Higher concentrations of each metal limited larval growth, as evidenced by lower length and weight than the control group. This growth inhibition could lead to inaccurate post-mortem estimations based on entomological evidence collected in heavily contaminated substrates. All metals were successfully detected in the larvae; however, bioaccumulation was only confirmed for cadmium at low concentrations. Therefore, C. vicina larvae can serve as a valuable toxicological indicator for these elements, especially when larvae are found in the corpses of individuals chronically exposed to the assessed heavy metals.

重金属接触对人类和其他动物的健康构成重大风险,在某些情况下会导致死亡。然而,在腐烂的尸体中检测这些金属可能会带来相当大的挑战。在这种情况下,最终出现的以尸体为食的食尸昆虫可能会成为检测和测量这些有毒物质的宝贵工具。尽管如此,重金属可能会影响昆虫的发育和存活率。本研究探讨了砷、汞、镉和铅等化合物浓度的增加对绿茧蜂(Calliphora vicina, Robineau Desvoidy, 1830)(双翅目:绿茧蜂科)幼虫存活和发育的影响。此外,本研究还探讨了这些金属在发育的幼虫中追踪的可能性以及是否发生生物积累。幼虫饲养在注入不同浓度的这些重金属化合物的狗粮基质中,浓度从0.0(对照)到60 mg/kg不等。结果表明,所有测试的金属都以非线性剂量依赖的方式增加死亡率。较高的金属浓度限制了幼虫的生长,表现为长度和重量低于对照组。这种生长抑制可能导致基于在严重污染的基质中收集的昆虫学证据的不准确的死后估计。所有金属均成功检出幼虫;然而,只有在低浓度时才证实镉的生物积累。因此,当长期暴露于所评估的重金属的个体的尸体中发现弓形虫幼虫时,弓形虫幼虫可以作为这些元素的有价值的毒理学指标。
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引用次数: 0
From host to host, and continent to continent: Two phoresy-enabled Guimaraesiella hitchhiker louse species revealed by integrative taxonomy (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera). 从宿主到宿主,从大陆到大陆:综合分类揭示的两种具有寄主功能的吉玛拉氏鼠虱(翅目:蝇总目)。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70045
Daniel R Gustafsson, Leshon Lee, Alexandra A Grossi, Fasheng Zou, David J X Tan, Hwang Wei Song, Rudolf Meier

The 'core Guimaraesiella' comprise a morphologically rather homogeneous group of avian chewing lice (Phthiraptera), most of which remain undescribed. Based on an integrative approach combining morphological characters and analyses of COI barcoding sequences, we here describe two new species within this group: Guimaraesiella impiger new species and Guimaraesiella stellana new species. Both species were collected from hippoboscid flies in Singapore, suggesting that they are capable of moving phoretically between hosts. In at least G. impiger, this was confirmed as louse specimens from another 30 host species that were found to be conspecific with the holotype of G. impiger in our mOTU analysis. This, together with limited morphological variability between species, highlights the need to combine genetic and morphological data when identifying 'core Guimaraesiella' species from southeast Asia. Moreover, both louse species appear to be able to cross vast geographical distances. Guimaraesiella impiger is known from across southeast Asia as well as in Malawi, despite none of the known hosts occurring in both Asia and Africa. Guimaraesiella stellana is known from two host species, one in Singapore and one in Australia, separated by several known biogeographical barriers, which seem to have limited the range of all known closely related species to the Australo-Papuan region; how G. stellana arrived in Singapore on a nonmigratory host is presently unknown. These cases highlight that comparisons with only locally occurring louse species may not be a valid identification method for this group. As both species described here are morphologically similar, identification of cryptic species of lice in this group within Guimaraesiella may need to rely on COI barcodes or other molecular markers.

“核心Guimaraesiella”包括形态学上相当同质的鸟类咀嚼虱(Phthiraptera)群,其中大部分仍未被描述。基于形态学特征和COI条形码序列分析相结合的综合方法,本文描述了该类群中的两个新种:imiger新种和stellana新种。这两个物种都是从新加坡的海马体蝇中采集的,这表明它们能够在宿主之间移动。在我们的mOTU分析中,至少在G. impiger中,这被证实是来自另外30种宿主物种的虱子标本,这些宿主物种被发现与G. impiger的全型相同。这一点,再加上物种之间有限的形态差异,突出了在鉴定东南亚“核心Guimaraesiella”物种时,需要将遗传和形态数据结合起来。此外,这两种虱子似乎都能跨越遥远的地理距离。尽管在亚洲和非洲都没有发现已知的宿主,但在东南亚和马拉维都发现了igimaraesiella impiger。Guimaraesiella stellana已知来自两个寄主物种,一个在新加坡,一个在澳大利亚,被几个已知的生物地理屏障隔开,这些屏障似乎将所有已知的密切相关物种的范围限制在澳大利亚-巴布亚地区;G. stellana是如何通过非迁徙宿主到达新加坡的目前尚不清楚。这些病例强调,仅与当地发生的虱子物种进行比较可能不是该群体的有效识别方法。由于这里描述的两个物种在形态上相似,因此在Guimaraesiella中鉴定这一群体中的隐种虱子可能需要依赖COI条形码或其他分子标记。
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引用次数: 0
Walking locomotion in Triatoma infestans: An approach that explores the relationships between leg morphometry and locomotor activity. 人畜三角瘤的步行运动:一种探索腿形态测量和运动活动之间关系的方法。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70046
Juan José Gilardoni, Julieta Nattero, María Laura Hernández, Gastón Mougabure-Cueto

The active dispersal of triatomines has great epidemiological importance as it constitutes the main mechanism of colonization and reinfestation. Walking dispersal and its locomotor system have been little studied in triatomines. The aim of this study was to characterize the locomotor activity of fifth-instar nymphs of T. infestans and link it to morphometric characteristics of the body, legs and their articles. For locomotor activity, each insect was placed on a circular arena and was filmed while walking freely for 10 min. The variables analysed were distance travelled (TD), movement time (TM) and effective speed (ES). Photographs were then taken of the body, the right legs and their articles, and morphometric tools were used to obtain linear, size and shape metrics. On average, a nymph walked 470 cm and moved for 5 min at an ES of 98 cm/min. Positive correlations were observed for TD-TM and TD-ES. Body and leg lengths correlated mainly with ES. Linear measurements showed the same pattern for each leg: TD correlated with femur and tibia length, and coxa width; TM did not show correlation; and ES correlated with femur and meron length, and coxa width. Size variables showed different associations for each leg. Shape variables revealed the associations of the meron with TD for foreleg and of the femur with TD for mid and hind leg. The locomotor activity of fifth-instar nymphs of T. infestans was highly variable in time and distance, with a relatively constant speed. The results suggest that linear dimensions are not linked to the function of each leg, but rather the size and shape of the articles. Thus, the specific function of the foreleg during walking would be linked to the size and shape of its proximal part, while that of the hind leg would be linked to the size and shape of its distal part. Our results provide a solid understanding of how the form of the locomotor structures is linked to walking performance.

三尖蝽的主动扩散是其定植和再植的主要机制,具有重要的流行病学意义。三足鼠的行走分散及其运动系统研究甚少。本研究的目的是表征五龄若虫的运动活动,并将其与身体、腿部及其物品的形态特征联系起来。对于运动活动,每只昆虫被放置在一个圆形的舞台上,在自由行走的情况下拍摄10分钟。分析的变量为移动距离(TD)、移动时间(TM)和有效速度(ES)。然后拍摄身体,右腿及其物品的照片,并使用形态测量工具获得线性,尺寸和形状度量。每只若虫平均行走470厘米,以98厘米/分钟的速度移动5分钟。TD-TM与TD-ES呈显著正相关。体长和腿长主要与ES相关。线性测量显示每条腿的模式相同:TD与股骨、胫骨长度和髋宽度相关;TM无相关性;ES与股骨、子骨长度和髋宽度相关。每条腿的大小变量显示出不同的关联。形状变量揭示了头部与前腿TD的关系,股骨与中、后腿TD的关系。五龄若虫的运动活动在时间和距离上有很大的变化,速度相对恒定。结果表明,线性尺寸与每条腿的功能无关,而与物品的大小和形状有关。因此,在行走过程中,前腿的特定功能与其近端部分的大小和形状有关,而后腿的特定功能则与其远端部分的大小和形状有关。我们的研究结果为运动结构的形式如何与行走性能联系提供了坚实的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Transposable elements in the transcriptome of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). 埃及伊蚊转录组中的转座因子(Linnaeus, 1762)。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70040
Larissa Forim Pezenti, Jaqueline Fernanda Dionisio, Thayná Bisson Ferraz Lopes, Rogério Fernandes de Souza, Angela Maria Palacio-Cortés, Mario Antonio Navarro da Silva, João Antonio Cyrino Zequi, Renata da Rosa

The Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquito is the main vector of arboviruses such as dengue, urban yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika. The extensive use of insecticides to control this vector has led to the selection of resistant populations, compromising the effectiveness of control programmes. Insecticide resistance is often related to the integration of transposable elements (TEs) in specific genes. TEs can also contribute to the regulation of gene expression in response to insecticides. In this paper, we performed transcriptome analysis of the mosquito Ae. aegypti using bioinformatics tools to identify and characterize TEs. We also evaluated the relative expression of these mobile elements in susceptible strains and resistant strains exposed to the organophosphate insecticide malathion. In total, 6915 transcripts showed significant similarity with TEs and/or characteristic domains. Retrotransposons (Class I) accounted for 67% (4604 sequences) of the elements identified, while DNA transposons (Class II) were less abundant, with 2311 annotations (33%). TEs were classified into 39 superfamilies, with Gypsy and MITEs being the most abundant. Expression data of mobile elements showed both up- and downregulated elements in resistant strains challenged with the organophosphate insecticide malathion compared to susceptible strains. Mobile element expression data showed both upregulated and downregulated elements in resistant strains challenged with the insecticide compared with susceptible strains. These data contribute significantly to knowledge about the expression of some groups of mobile elements present in the genome of this species. Therefore, TE insertions may have a potential role in the resistance observed in this species, and suggest the role of stress on their expression. Such results provide insights into understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms that can be used in strategies to control mosquitoes.

埃及伊蚊是登革热、城市黄热病、基孔肯雅热和寨卡病毒等虫媒病毒的主要传播媒介。为控制这一病媒而广泛使用杀虫剂导致了抗药性种群的选择,损害了控制规划的有效性。杀虫剂抗性通常与转座因子(te)在特定基因中的整合有关。TEs还可以调节基因表达对杀虫剂的反应。在本文中,我们对伊蚊进行了转录组分析。利用生物信息学工具鉴定和表征埃及伊蚊。我们还评估了这些流动因子在暴露于有机磷杀虫剂马拉硫磷的敏感菌株和抗性菌株中的相对表达。总共有6915个转录本与te和/或特征域具有显著的相似性。反转录转座子(I类)占鉴定元件的67%(4604条序列),而DNA转座子(II类)较少,有2311条注释(33%)。te分为39个超科,其中Gypsy和MITEs的数量最多。活性元件的表达数据显示,与易感菌株相比,马拉硫磷对抗性菌株有上调和下调的趋势。移动元件表达数据显示,与敏感品系相比,抗性品系在杀虫剂胁迫下表达上调和下调的元件。这些数据有助于了解该物种基因组中存在的一些可移动元件组的表达。因此,TE插入可能在该物种中观察到的抗性中发挥潜在作用,并提示应激对其表达的作用。这些结果为理解分子和细胞机制提供了见解,可用于控制蚊子的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Detection and response to Haemaphysalis longicornis and Theileria orientalis Ikeda on a cow-calf farm in Tennessee (USA). 美国田纳西州某牛场长角血蜱和池田东方滴虫的检测与防治
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70043
Katy V Smith, Jennifer G Chandler, Rebecca A Butler, Whitnie Smartt, Samantha Beaty, Rebecca T Trout Fryxell

Bovine theileriosis is a vector-borne disease poised to become one of the most economically significant diseases of cattle in the United States. The hemoparasite Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype causes bovine theileriosis (Piroplasmida: Theileriidae), which is primarily transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) (longhorned tick, Asian longhorned tick). Since its initial detection in New Jersey in 2017, H. longicornis has rapidly spread to 24 states and Washington, DC, as of July 2025. Given the exotic and invasive nature of this vector and its unique biological characteristics, cattle producers face a lack of effective management guidelines. This study documents our first response to a T. orientalis Ikeda-positive herd in Maury County, Tennessee (USA). Before our arrival and detection of H. longicornis on the property, we advised the producer to maintain a closed herd, use on-animal chemical control, and reduce overgrown vegetation. Upon arrival, we identified sampling areas where cattle primarily resided or previously had been and targeted these areas using timed tick dragging methods, checking the drag for ticks every 10 meters for a mean of 352 min per visit (~6 h). Collections occurred once in July 2022 and every other week in 2023 (June-November). In total, 166 H. longicornis larvae and 45 nymphs were collected. Nymphs were screened for T. orientalis, and 4.5% (2/44) were positive for T. orientalis Ikeda a year after the herd was initially confirmed positive. This study contributes to the long-term goal of developing first response plans for farms facing H. longicornis infestations and bovine theileriosis infections, thereby limiting the spread of this tick and pathogen.

牛肠杆菌病是一种媒介传播的疾病,即将成为美国最具经济意义的牛疾病之一。东方血蜱Ikeda基因型引起牛蛲虫病(梨质虫:蛲虫科),主要由长角血蜱(蜱螨螨科)(长角蜱,亚洲长角蜱)传播。自2017年在新泽西州首次发现以来,截至2025年7月,长角蜱已迅速蔓延到24个州和华盛顿特区。鉴于该病媒的外来和侵入性及其独特的生物学特性,牛生产者面临缺乏有效管理指南的问题。本研究记录了我们对美国田纳西州莫里县一个池田阳性东方绦虫群的首次反应。在我们到达农场并检测到长角蜱虫之前,我们建议生产者保持封闭畜群,使用对动物的化学控制,并减少过度生长的植被。到达后,我们确定了牛主要居住或以前曾经居住过的采样区域,并使用定时蜱虫拖拽方法定位这些区域,每10米检查一次蜱虫拖拽,平均每次访问352分钟(~6小时)。2022年7月收集一次,2023年(6月至11月)每隔一周收集一次。共采集长角夜蛾幼虫166只,若虫45只。对若虫进行东方绦虫筛查,发现池田东方绦虫1年后阳性率为4.5%(2/44)。该研究有助于为面临长角蜱虫感染和牛肠杆菌病感染的农场制定第一反应计划的长期目标,从而限制这种蜱和病原体的传播。
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引用次数: 0
Chronology of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and pyrethroid resistance and the associated mutations in Anopheles stephensi: Insights from areas where the vector is native and invasive. 斯氏按蚊对二氯二苯三氯乙烷和拟除虫菊酯的抗性年表及其相关突变:来自媒介原生和入侵地区的见解。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70042
Daniel N Munywoki, Joseph M Mwangangi, Imelda K Moise, Elizabeth D Kokwaro, Joel O Odero, Ephantus J Muturi

Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae), a primary malaria vector native to south Asia and the Arabian peninsula, has recently spread to Sri Lanka and the Horn of Africa (HOA). Its arrival poses a serious challenge to malaria control initiatives, particularly in the rapidly urbanized African settings because it can transmit both Plasmodium falciparum (Haemosporida: Plasmodidae) and Plasmodium vivax (Haemosporida: Plasmodidae). This threat is compounded by the vector's growing resistance to insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, the backbone of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). The use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), which exhibits a comparable mode of action to pyrethroids, significantly increases the likelihood of cross-resistance development. This review presents the first regionally integrated synthesis of An. stephensi susceptibility to pyrethroids and DDT. The analysis encompasses phenotypic resistance and underlying molecular mechanisms across the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region, the Indian subcontinent and the HOA regions where the species is either native or invasive. Twenty-one studies published over the past two decades were identified through searches in five electronic databases. The findings revealed confirmed resistance to multiple pyrethroid compounds such as permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, alpha-cypermethrin, and cyfluthrin, as well as DDT, while susceptibility to etofenprox varied by location. Geographic variability was observed in intensity of resistance and allele distribution across Iranian sites. Mechanistically, resistance was linked to both target-site knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations (L1014F and L1014S) and metabolic detoxification pathways involving cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and esterases. These findings underscore the escalating menace that insecticide resistance poses to malaria vector control, particularly in newly invaded regions characterized by inadequate surveillance infrastructure and pronounced reliance on pyrethroid-based interventions. This review advocates for the establishment of comprehensive global monitoring frameworks and the formulation of evidence-based resistance management strategies tailored to local vector ecologies and resistance mechanisms.

斯氏按蚊(双翅目:库蚊科)是原产于南亚和阿拉伯半岛的一种主要疟疾媒介,最近已蔓延到斯里兰卡和非洲之角。它的到来对疟疾控制行动构成了严重挑战,特别是在快速城市化的非洲环境中,因为它既可以传播恶性疟原虫(血孢子虫:疟原虫科),也可以传播间日疟原虫(血孢子虫:疟原虫科)。这一威胁因病媒对杀虫剂,特别是拟除虫菊酯(室内残留喷洒和驱虫蚊帐的主要手段)的抗药性日益增强而更加严重。二氯二苯三氯乙烷(滴滴涕)的作用方式与拟除虫菊酯相当,使用滴滴涕大大增加了产生交叉抗药性的可能性。本文首次报道了安属植物的区域综合合成。拟除虫菊酯和滴滴涕的敏感性。该分析包括世界卫生组织(世卫组织)东地中海区域、印度次大陆和HOA区域的表型抗性和潜在的分子机制,这些区域的物种要么是本地的,要么是入侵的。通过在五个电子数据库中检索,确定了过去20年发表的21项研究。调查结果显示,已证实的对氯菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和氟氯菊酯等多种拟除虫菊酯化合物以及滴滴涕具有抗性,而对乙醚菊酯的敏感性因地点而异。在伊朗不同地点观察到抗性强度和等位基因分布的地理差异。从机制上讲,耐药与靶位低击倒抗性(kdr)突变(L1014F和L1014S)和代谢解毒途径(涉及细胞色素p450、谷胱甘肽s转移酶(GSTs)和酯酶)有关。这些发现强调了杀虫剂抗药性对疟疾病媒控制构成的日益严重的威胁,特别是在监测基础设施不足和明显依赖基于拟除虫菊酯的干预措施的新入侵地区。本综述主张建立全面的全球监测框架,并制定适合当地病媒生态和耐药性机制的循证耐药性管理战略。
{"title":"Chronology of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and pyrethroid resistance and the associated mutations in Anopheles stephensi: Insights from areas where the vector is native and invasive.","authors":"Daniel N Munywoki, Joseph M Mwangangi, Imelda K Moise, Elizabeth D Kokwaro, Joel O Odero, Ephantus J Muturi","doi":"10.1111/mve.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae), a primary malaria vector native to south Asia and the Arabian peninsula, has recently spread to Sri Lanka and the Horn of Africa (HOA). Its arrival poses a serious challenge to malaria control initiatives, particularly in the rapidly urbanized African settings because it can transmit both Plasmodium falciparum (Haemosporida: Plasmodidae) and Plasmodium vivax (Haemosporida: Plasmodidae). This threat is compounded by the vector's growing resistance to insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, the backbone of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). The use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), which exhibits a comparable mode of action to pyrethroids, significantly increases the likelihood of cross-resistance development. This review presents the first regionally integrated synthesis of An. stephensi susceptibility to pyrethroids and DDT. The analysis encompasses phenotypic resistance and underlying molecular mechanisms across the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region, the Indian subcontinent and the HOA regions where the species is either native or invasive. Twenty-one studies published over the past two decades were identified through searches in five electronic databases. The findings revealed confirmed resistance to multiple pyrethroid compounds such as permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, alpha-cypermethrin, and cyfluthrin, as well as DDT, while susceptibility to etofenprox varied by location. Geographic variability was observed in intensity of resistance and allele distribution across Iranian sites. Mechanistically, resistance was linked to both target-site knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations (L1014F and L1014S) and metabolic detoxification pathways involving cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and esterases. These findings underscore the escalating menace that insecticide resistance poses to malaria vector control, particularly in newly invaded regions characterized by inadequate surveillance infrastructure and pronounced reliance on pyrethroid-based interventions. This review advocates for the establishment of comprehensive global monitoring frameworks and the formulation of evidence-based resistance management strategies tailored to local vector ecologies and resistance mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145763255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unravelling the biochemical aspects of the interaction between ticks and Leishmania using a tick cell line. 利用蜱细胞系揭示蜱和利什曼原虫之间相互作用的生化方面。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70038
Beatriz Filgueiras Silvestre, Karoline Dos Anjos Lima, Fernanda de Paula Pepino, Daniela Cosentino-Gomes, Adivaldo Fonseca, Lesley Bell-Sakyi, Georgia Correa Atella, Lucia H Pinto-da-Silva

Leishmaniasis comprises a group of vector-borne neglected tropical diseases caused by species of the obligatory intracellular parasite Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of dipteran sand flies. Infected dogs serve as the primary domestic reservoir of Leishmania parasites and are often found in close association with various arthropods, such as fleas and ticks. There have been recent reports of Leishmania infections occurring in areas non-endemic for sand fly species, leading to reconsideration of the hypothesis that other arthropods, such as ticks, may also play a significant role in the natural history and epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Here, we used a tick cell line as a tool to study Leishmania infantum and tick interaction. The results showed that L. infantum can bind to and proliferate inside Ixodes scapularis IDE8 tick cells. The infection did reduce tick cell viability and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Lipid profile analysis showed that the presence of L. infantum increased oxysterol in tick cells and influenced tick cell lipid biosynthesis, since an increase in glycerolipids and esterified cholesterol was observed in infected cells at 48 h. Further experiments are necessary to elucidate whether Leishmania can overcome the various biochemical and tissue barriers within ticks and be transmitted to the host.

利什曼病包括一组被忽视的由媒介传播的热带病,由双翅目沙蝇叮咬的细胞内强制性寄生虫利什曼原虫引起。受感染的狗是利什曼原虫的主要家庭宿主,通常与各种节肢动物密切相关,如跳蚤和蜱虫。最近有报道称,利什曼原虫感染发生在非沙蝇物种流行的地区,这导致人们重新考虑其他节肢动物,如蜱,也可能在利什曼原虫的自然史和流行病学中发挥重要作用的假设。本研究以蜱细胞系为工具,研究幼年利什曼原虫与蜱的相互作用。结果表明,婴儿乳杆菌能与肩胛骨蜱IDE8细胞结合并在细胞内增殖。感染确实降低了蜱细胞活力并诱导活性氧(ROS)的产生。脂质分析显示,感染48 h后,在感染细胞中观察到甘油脂和酯化胆固醇的增加,利什曼原虫的存在增加了蜱细胞中的氧甾醇,并影响了蜱细胞脂质生物合成。需要进一步的实验来阐明利什曼原虫是否能够克服蜱体内的各种生化和组织障碍并传播给宿主。
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引用次数: 0
Identification and genetic diversity of ticks in local sheep in Samarra city, Northern of Baghdad, Iraq 伊拉克巴格达北部萨迈拉市当地绵羊蜱虫的鉴定和遗传多样性。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1111/mve.70039
Maulood M. Shather, Dalia Ahmed Kalef

This study reported hard tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) infestation in sheep of Samara city, north of Baghdad, from June to December 2023. A total of 480 ticks were manually pulled out from the sheep with an ethanol-soaked tissue and preserved in plastic containers containing 70% ethyl alcohol. All samples were counted and examined individually under a light microscope to identify the genus. Preliminary microscopic examination revealed that the majority of the collected ticks were Hyalomma, with 91.4%, followed by Rhipicephalus (6.8%) and Ixodes (1.8%). Furthermore, Hyalomma was dominant across all months, with a peak relative abundance in October (100%). The peak relative abundances for Rhipicephalus (16%) and Ixodes (4.3%) occurred in July. Under further microscopic evaluation, morphological features demonstrated three species, namely, Hyalomma detritum (Koch), Hy. anatolicum (Koch) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Latreille). To confirm genera and species, molecular diagnosis was performed, based on the COX1 gene, resulting in the identification of five species, namely, Hy. detritum, Hy. anatolicum, Hy. excavatum (Koch, 1844), Rh. sanguineus sensu lato and an unidentified Ixodes sp. While the Ixodes scapularis isolation unexpectedly revealed genetic resemblance to North American samples, indicating a wider geographical spread, the Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus isolates shared ancestry with other Middle Eastern strains, demonstrating regional genetic stability. These results showed the comprehensive diversity of tick species in sheep, including Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus and Ixodes, and also provided good epidemiological data to support the preventative procedures of tick-borne infections in Samarra city.

本研究报告了2023年6 - 12月巴格达北部萨马拉市绵羊中硬蜱(伊蚊科:伊蚊科)的侵害情况。用乙醇浸泡的组织从羊身上人工取出480只蜱虫,保存在含有70%乙醇的塑料容器中。所有样品在光镜下单独计数和检查,以确定属。镜检结果显示,蜱类以透明体蜱居多,占91.4%,其次为鼻头蜱(6.8%)和硬蜱(1.8%)。此外,透明瘤在所有月份均占主导地位,相对丰度在10月份达到峰值(100%)。棘头属(16%)和硬蚊(4.3%)的相对丰度在7月达到峰值。进一步显微镜观察,形态特征显示为3种,即Hyalomma detritum (Koch)、Hy. anatolicum (Koch)和Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Latreille)。为确定属种,基于COX1基因进行分子诊断,鉴定出5个种,分别为:hyh . detritum、hyh . anatolicum、hyh . excavatum (Koch, 1844)、hyh . detritum、hyh . anatolicum。尽管肩胛骨伊蚊的分离出人意料地揭示了与北美样本的遗传相似性,表明其具有更广泛的地理分布,但Hyalomma和Rhipicephalus分离物与其他中东菌株具有共同的祖先,显示了区域遗传稳定性。结果表明,绵羊中蜱虫种类较为丰富,包括透明蜱、鼻头蜱和硬蜱,为萨迈拉市蜱传感染的预防工作提供了良好的流行病学数据。
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引用次数: 0
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Medical and Veterinary Entomology
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