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Aedes albopictus colonies from different geographic origins differ in their sleep and activity levels but not in the time of peak activity 来自不同地域的白纹伊蚊群落在睡眠和活动水平上存在差异,但在活动高峰时间上没有差异。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12765
Nicole E. Wynne, Emilie Applebach, Karthikeyan Chandrasegaran, Oluwaseun M. Ajayi, Souvik Chakraborty, Mariangela Bonizzoni, Chloé Lahondère, Joshua B. Benoit, Clément Vinauger

Mosquitoes occupy a wide range of habitats where they experience various environmental conditions. The ability of some species, such as the tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, to adapt to local conditions certainly contributes to their invasive success. Among traits that remain to be examined, mosquitoes' ability to time their activity with that of the local host population has been suggested to be of significant epidemiological importance. However, whether different populations display heritable differences in their chronotype has not been examined. Here, we compared laboratory strains originating from eight populations from three continents, monitored their spontaneous locomotor activity patterns and analysed their sleep-like states. Overall, all strains showed conserved diurnal activity concentrated in the hours preceding the crepuscule. Similarly, they all showed increased sleep levels during the morning and night hours. However, we observed strain-specific differences in the activity levels at each phase of the day. We also observed differences in the fraction of time that each strain spends in a sleep-like state, explained by variations in the sleep architecture across strains. Human population density and the latitude of the site of the geographic origin of the tested strain showed significant effects on sleep and activity patterns. Altogether, these results suggest that Ae. albopictus mosquitoes adapt to local environmental conditions via heritable adaptations of their chronotype.

蚊子的栖息地范围很广,环境条件各不相同。一些物种,如白纹伊蚊,适应当地条件的能力肯定有助于其入侵的成功。在有待研究的特征中,蚊子根据当地宿主种群的活动时间进行活动的能力被认为具有重要的流行病学意义。然而,不同种群在其时间型方面是否表现出遗传性差异尚未得到研究。在这里,我们比较了来自三大洲八个种群的实验室菌株,监测了它们的自发运动活动模式,并分析了它们的睡眠状态。总体而言,所有品系的昼间活动都集中在嵴椎前的几个小时,这一点是一致的。同样,它们在早上和晚上的睡眠水平都有所提高。然而,我们观察到,各菌株在一天中每个阶段的活动水平都存在差异。我们还观察到每个品系在类似睡眠状态下所花费的时间比例存在差异,这是因为不同品系的睡眠结构存在差异。人类人口密度和受测菌株地理起源地的纬度对睡眠和活动模式有显著影响。总之,这些结果表明,白纹伊蚊通过对其时间型的遗传适应来适应当地的环境条件。
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引用次数: 0
Intra-species quantification reveals differences in activity and sleep levels in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti 种内定量分析揭示了黄热病蚊子埃及伊蚊活动和睡眠水平的差异。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12747
Oluwaseun M. Ajayi, Emily E. Susanto, Lyn Wang, Jasmine Kennedy, Arturo Ledezma, Angeli'c Harris, Evan S. Smith, Souvik Chakraborty, Nicole E. Wynne, Massamba Sylla, Jewelna Akorli, Sampson Otoo, Noah H. Rose, Clément Vinauger, Joshua B. Benoit

Aedes aegypti is an important mosquito vector of human disease with a wide distribution across the globe. Climatic conditions and ecological pressure drive differences in the biology of several populations of this mosquito species, including blood-feeding behaviour and vector competence. However, no study has compared activity and/or sleep among different populations/lineages of Ae. aegypti. Having recently established sleep-like states in three mosquito species with observable differences in timing and amount of sleep among species, we investigated differences in activity and sleep levels among 17 Ae. aegypti lines drawn from both its native range in Africa and its invasive range across the global tropics. Activity monitoring indicates that all the lines show consistent diurnal activity, but significant differences in activity level, sleep amount, number of sleep bouts and bout duration were observed among the lines. The variation in day activity was associated with differences in host preference and ancestry for the lineages collected in Africa. This study provides evidence that the diurnal sleep and activity profiles for Ae. aegypti are consistent, but there are significant population differences for Ae. aegypti sleep and activity levels and interactions with host species may significantly impact mosquito activity.

埃及伊蚊是人类疾病的重要蚊媒,广泛分布于全球各地。气候条件和生态压力导致这种蚊子的几个种群在生物学方面存在差异,包括吸血行为和病媒能力。然而,还没有研究比较过埃及姬蚊不同种群/品系之间的活动和/或睡眠。最近,我们在三个蚊子物种中确定了类似睡眠的状态,并观察到不同物种的睡眠时间和数量存在差异。我们调查了埃及伊蚊 17 个品系的活动和睡眠水平差异,这些品系来自非洲的原生地和全球热带地区的入侵地。活动监测表明,所有品系的昼间活动都是一致的,但在活动水平、睡眠量、睡眠次数和睡眠持续时间方面,各品系之间存在显著差异。日间活动的差异与非洲收集到的品系对宿主的偏好和祖先的差异有关。这项研究提供的证据表明,埃及姬蚊的昼夜睡眠和活动特征是一致的,但埃及姬蚊的睡眠和活动水平存在显著的种群差异,与宿主物种的相互作用可能会显著影响蚊子的活动。
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引用次数: 0
Activity pattern of Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in an urban area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Tityus serrulatus(蝎子科:Buthidae)在巴西圣保罗州城市地区的活动模式。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12762
José Brites-Neto,Julian Nicholas Garcia Willmer,Ana Cláudia Delciellos
Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello (Scorpiones: Buthidae) is a scorpion endemic to Brazil adapted to synanthropic life, colonising and proliferating in the most populous urban areas in the country. Here, we evaluated its activity pattern in an urban cemetery in the municipality of Americana, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, we tested the effects of species reproduction and climatic seasons on the activity pattern. The Saudade Municipal Cemetery was sampled between 17:00 and 22:00 h during 455 nights from April 2006 to December 2013. The circular mean and the peak of activity were quantified for the total number of specimens, and for specimens with and without broods. Activity patterns were inferred using a rosette diagram. Circular analysis of variance was used to investigate if activity patterns changed across climatic seasons (wet and dry seasons). A total of 25,969 records (467 specimens with broods) were obtained in the field. The circular mean varied between 19:44 and 19:48 h, and the peak of activity occurred between 18:00 and 20:00 h for all groups. Peaks of activity differed from that recorded under laboratory conditions (between 21:00 and 23:00 h). Activity patterns did not differ for specimens with broods, suggesting that the reproductive condition does not alter the species activity pattern. The activity pattern differed between wet and dry seasons for all specimens and specimens without broods, but differences were small and probably biologically irrelevant, probably because the species tolerates a wide variation in abiotic conditions. Deepening the knowledge of the behaviour activity of T. serrulatus can have practical applications for health surveillance agencies, aiming to increase the effectiveness of scorpion control in urban areas.
Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello(蝎科:Buthidae)是巴西特有的一种蝎子,适应同类生活,在巴西人口最多的城市地区定居和繁殖。在这里,我们评估了它在巴西圣保罗州美洲市一个城市墓地的活动模式。此外,我们还测试了物种繁殖和气候季节对活动模式的影响。从 2006 年 4 月到 2013 年 12 月的 455 个夜晚,我们在 17:00 到 22:00 之间对 Saudade 市公墓进行了采样。对标本总数、有雏和无雏标本的活动圆平均值和高峰值进行了量化。使用莲座图推断活动模式。圆方差分析用于研究不同气候季节(雨季和旱季)的活动模式是否发生变化。野外共获得 25 969 条记录(467 个带雏标本)。圆周平均值在19:44至19:48 h之间变化,所有群体的活动高峰出现在18:00至20:00 h之间。活动高峰与实验室条件下的活动高峰(21:00 至 23:00)有所不同。有雏鸟的标本的活动模式没有差异,这表明繁殖条件不会改变物种的活动模式。所有标本和没有育雏的标本在雨季和旱季的活动模式都有所不同,但差异很小,可能与生物学无关,这可能是因为该物种对非生物条件的耐受性差异很大。加深对T. serrulatus行为活动的了解可以为卫生监督机构提供实际应用,从而提高城市地区蝎子控制的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
A severe head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation: Timeline, pathogen detection, kdr-gene screening and morphological anomalies of lice. 严重的头虱(Pediculus humanus capitis)感染:时间轴、病原体检测、kdr 基因筛查和虱子形态异常。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12763
Marina E Eremeeva,Lance A Durden,Jonathan Eisenstat,Brian C Hargrove,Edward B Mondor
Lice are assuming an increasing importance in forensic investigations, given their capacity to provide information about an individual's care. Head louse pediculosis is a frequent condition in school-age children and can be properly controlled using topical treatments combined with good personal hygiene. Prolonged and chronic infestations may result in more serious outcomes including severe iron deficiency anaemia. We conducted entomological and laboratory investigations of a head louse infestation in a 12-year-old girl who experienced severe anaemia and subsequent death. Numerous lice were found postmortem on the head, face and neck of the patient, as well as on bedding and clothing. Analysis of nits on individual hairs determined that the louse infestation had been present for at least 166 days. The lice had some morphological traits characteristic of body lice: the third antennal segment in some specimens was distinctly longer than wide, and the apices of some paratergal plates did not extend into intersegmental membranes, while other morphological features were characteristic of head or body lice. All lice were heterozygous for the T917I kdr genotype, a marker of permethrin resistance. Nineteen (79.2%, 95%CI 59.5%-90.8%) louse DNA samples tested TaqMan positive for Acinetobacter (Moraxellales; Moraxellaceae) sp. Available information and laboratory findings are further discussed regarding their possible contribution to the negative outcome of this case. We stress the impact head louse pediculosis can have on children with limited parental attention, and how severe head louse infestation may serve as warning sign of neglect, and other high-risk situations.
由于虱子能够提供有关个人护理的信息,因此在法医调查中的重要性与日俱增。头虱足癣是学龄儿童的常见病,可以通过局部治疗结合良好的个人卫生得到适当控制。长期慢性感染可能会导致更严重的后果,包括严重缺铁性贫血。我们对一名 12 岁女孩的头虱病进行了昆虫学和实验室调查,该女孩出现严重贫血,随后死亡。患者死后在头部、面部和颈部以及床上用品和衣物上发现了大量虱子。对单个毛发上的虱卵进行分析后发现,虱患至少已经存在了 166 天。这些虱子具有体虱的一些形态特征:一些标本的第三触角明显长于宽,一些副鳞片的顶端没有伸入节间膜,而其他形态特征则具有头虱或体虱的特征。所有虱子都是T917I kdr基因型的杂合子,这是菊酯抗性的标记。19份(79.2%,95%CI 59.5%-90.8%)虱子 DNA 样本经 TaqMan 检测对醋杆菌(Moraxellales; Moraxellaceae)呈阳性。 我们还进一步讨论了现有信息和实验室结果对该病例不良结果的可能影响。我们强调了头虱足癣对父母关注有限的儿童的影响,以及严重的头虱感染如何成为忽视和其他高风险情况的警示信号。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the effects of three anthropogenic activities on the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.l. species composition and pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in Abidjan city, Côte d'Ivoire. 评估三种人为活动对科特迪瓦阿比让市冈比亚按蚊物种组成和除虫菊酯抗药性机制的影响。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12759
Alain K Y Kacou, Constant Edi, Behi K Fodjo, Firmain N Yokoly, Julien B Z Zahouli, Ives J K Kouamé, David Malone, Benjamin G Koudou

Pyrethroid resistance and mechanisms for resistance for Anopheles gambiae sensus lato (s.l.) (Diptera: Culicidae) Giles, were assessed in three urban areas (vegetable farming, industrial and residential) of Abidjan. Susceptibility to pyrethroids (deltamethrin, permethrin and alphacypermethrin), with and without piperonyl butoxide (PBO) pre-exposure was evaluated. Anopheles gambiae complex members were identified using Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements PCR (SINE PCR), and resistance mechanisms (kdr-west, kdr-east and ace-1) and metabolic gene expression (CYP6P5, CYP6M2, CYP6P3, CYP6P4) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). High resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin and alphacypermethrin was observed in Port-Bouet (vegetable farming) and Treichville (industrial site), whereas moderate resistance to deltamethrin and high resistance to alphacypermethrin and permethrin were found in Abobo (residential site). Pre-exposure to PBO with pyrethroid increased mortalities in all sites. In Treichville, pre-exposure to PBO restored susceptibility to deltamethrin, but not in Port-Bouet or Abobo. In Treichville, An. gambiae Giles sensu stricto (s.s.) was predominant (92.9%), whereas in Abobo and Port-Bouet, An. coluzzii Giles was predominant (73.6% and 66.4%, respectively). The highest kdr-west mutation frequency was in An. gambiae s.s. (42.8%) from Abobo, followed by An. gambiae s.s. (40%) from Port-Bouet and An. gambiae s.s. (35.6%) from Treichville. In An. coluzzii, the highest kdr-west mutation frequency was in Port-Bouet (48.2%), followed by Abobo (28.00%) and Treichville (21.4%). Mutation frequencies of kdr-east were lower in An. gambiae s.s. from Treichville (4.1%) and Port-Bouet (2.1%) and absent in An. gambiae from Abobo. In industrial and vegetable farming areas, CYP6P3 and CYP6M2 were overexpressed compared with Kisumu. The study suggests An. gambiae s.l. distribution and pyrethroid resistance are influenced by human activities. Treichville's industrial area favoured An. gambiae s.s., whereas Abobo's residential and Port-Bouet's vegetable farming areas were dominated by An. coluzzii. Resistance in Treichville and Port-Bouet was associated with kdr (west and east) genes and metabolic genes, whereas in residential areas, only kdr-west genes were observed. These data suggest that PBO + deltamethrin impregnated nets could aid malaria control, benefiting industrial areas of Côte d'Ivoire and other African cities.

在阿比让的三个城区(蔬菜种植区、工业区和居民区)评估了冈比亚按蚊(双翅目:疟原虫)对拟除虫菊酯的抗药性和抗药性机制。在预先接触或未预先接触胡椒基丁醚(PBO)的情况下,评估了对拟除虫菊酯(溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和阿尔法氯菊酯)的敏感性。使用短穿插核元素聚合酶链式反应(SINE PCR)鉴定了冈比亚按蚊复合体成员,并通过实时聚合酶链式反应(PCR)确定了抗药性机制(kdr-west、kdr-east 和 ace-1)和代谢基因表达(CYP6P5、CYP6M2、CYP6P3、CYP6P4)。在布埃港(蔬菜种植区)和 Treichville(工业区)观察到对溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和甲氰菊酯的高抗性,而在阿波波(住宅区)发现对溴氰菊酯的中等抗性和对甲氰菊酯和氯菊酯的高抗性。在所有地点,预先接触 PBO 和拟除虫菊酯都会增加死亡率。在 Treichville,预先接触 PBO 可恢复对溴氰菊酯的敏感性,但在 Port-Bouet 和 Abobo 则不然。在特雷奇维尔,严格意义上的冈比亚蚁 Giles(s.s.)占主导地位(92.9%),而在阿波波和布埃港,冈比亚蚁 coluzzii Giles 占主导地位(分别为 73.6% 和 66.4%)。kdr-west变异频率最高的是阿波波的冈比亚鳗(42.8%),其次是布埃港的冈比亚鳗(40%)和特雷什维尔的冈比亚鳗(35.6%)。在 Coluzzii 中,kdr-West 变异频率最高的是布埃港(48.2%),其次是阿波波(28.00%)和特雷什维尔(21.4%)。在特雷奇维尔(4.1%)和布埃港(2.1%)的冈比亚鳗中,kdr-东部的突变频率较低,而在阿波波的冈比亚鳗中则没有突变频率。与基苏木相比,工业区和蔬菜种植区的 CYP6P3 和 CYP6M2 表达过高。这项研究表明,冈比亚虫的分布和对除虫菊酯的抗性受到人类活动的影响。特雷奇维尔的工业区有利于冈比亚疟原虫的繁殖,而阿波波的居民区和布埃港的蔬菜种植区则以科鲁兹疟原虫为主。特雷奇维尔和布埃港的抗药性与 kdr(西部和东部)基因和代谢基因有关,而在居民区,只观察到 kdr 西部基因。这些数据表明,PBO+溴氰菊酯浸渍蚊帐可以帮助控制疟疾,使科特迪瓦和其他非洲城市的工业区受益。
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引用次数: 0
Development of a rapid and reliable surveillance method for Ornithodoros turicata americanus in gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows in the southeastern United States 在美国东南部地鼠龟(Gopherus polyphemus)洞穴中开发一种快速可靠的美国地鼠龟(Ornithodoros turicata americanus)监测方法
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12764
Nicholas Canino, Carson Torhorst, Sebastian Botero‐Cañola, Lorenza Beati, Kathleen C. O'Hara, Angela James, Samantha M. Wisely
The soft tick Ornithodoros turicata Duges (Acari: Argasidae) is a potential vector of African swine fever virus (ASFV). We evaluated the efficacy of two methods to collect soft ticks rapidly and efficiently from gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows, which are ubiquitous throughout large regions of the southeastern United States and their burrows are a known microhabitat of O. turicata. Burrow vacuuming was an effective and efficient tick collection method; no tick was captured employing CO2 trapping. Using an occupancy modelling framework, we estimated that the probability of detecting ticks from an infested burrow each time a sample was taken with this method was 58% and increased with the average relative humidity. With the occupancy model, we estimated that 70% of the burrows in the study area were infested with O. turicata. Manual sifting of the burrow material yielded more ticks (6.6 individuals/sample) than using a set of three sieves (2.9 individuals/sample), yet the probability of detecting the species was not different between the two methods (Pval = 0.7). These methods can inform the development of ASF vector surveillance and outbreak response plans in areas of high risk for ASFV introduction in the region.
软蜱 Ornithodoros turicata Duges(Acari:Argasidae)是非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)的潜在病媒。我们评估了从地鼠龟(Gopherus polyphemus)洞穴中快速有效地收集软蜱的两种方法的有效性,地鼠龟在美国东南部大片地区无处不在,它们的洞穴是 O. turicata 的已知微生境。洞穴吸尘是一种有效且高效的蜱虫收集方法;二氧化碳诱捕法没有捕获到蜱虫。通过占用模型框架,我们估计每次使用这种方法取样时从出没的洞穴中检测到蜱虫的概率为 58%,并且随着平均相对湿度的增加而增加。根据占位模型,我们估计研究区域内 70% 的洞穴都受到了 O. turicata 的侵扰。人工筛选洞穴材料比使用一组三个筛子(2.9 个个体/样本)得到更多的蜱(6.6 个个体/样本),但两种方法检测到该物种的概率没有差异(Pval = 0.7)。这些方法可为该地区 ASFV 传入高风险地区制定 ASF 病媒监测和疫情应对计划提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
A cross-sectional study on phlebotomine sand flies in relation to disease transmission in the Republic of Kosovo 关于科索沃共和国沙蝇与疾病传播关系的横断面研究
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12758
Betim Xhekaj, Ina Hoxha, Katharina Platzgummer, Jovana Stefanovska, Vít Dvořák, Markus Milchram, Adelheid G. Obwaller, Wolfgang Poeppl, Nesade Muja-Bajraktari, Julia Walochnik, Attila J. Trájer, Kurtesh Sherifi, Aleksandar Cvetkovikj, Edwin Kniha

Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are blood-feeding insects that transmit the protozoan parasites Leishmania spp. and various arboviruses. The Balkan region, including the Republic of Kosovo, harbours a diverse sand fly fauna. Vector species of Leishmania infantum as well as phleboviruses are endemic; however, recent data are scarce. We performed a cross-sectional study to update the current sand fly distribution in Kosovo and assess biological as well as environmental factors associated with sand fly presence. CDC light trapping was conducted at 46 locations in 2022 and 2023, specifically targeting understudied regions in Kosovo. Individual morphological species identification was supported by molecular barcoding. The occurrence data of sand flies was used to create distribution maps and perform environmental analyses, taking elevation, wind speed and climate-related factors into account. In addition, PCR-based blood meal analysis and pathogen screening were conducted. Overall, 303 specimens of six sand fly species were trapped, predominated by Phlebotomus neglectus (97%). Barcodes from eight of nine known endemic sand fly species were obtained. Combining our data with previous surveys, we mapped the currently known sand fly distribution based on more than 4000 specimens at 177 data points, identifying Ph. neglectus and Ph. perfiliewi as the predominant species. Environmental analyses depicted two geographical groups of sand flies in Kosovo, with notable differences between the species. In total, 223 blood meals of five sand fly species were analysed. Of seven identified host species, the predominant blood meal source was observed to be cattle, but the DNA of dogs and humans, among others, was also detected. This study assessed biological as well as ecological factors of sand fly occurrence, which should help better understand and evaluate potential hot spots of disease transmission in Kosovo.

沙蝇(双翅目:灵蝇科:Phlebotominae)是一种吸血昆虫,传播原生动物寄生虫利什曼原虫和各种虫媒病毒。包括科索沃共和国在内的巴尔干地区栖息着种类繁多的沙蝇。幼年利什曼原虫的传播媒介物种以及蚜虫病毒是当地的流行病;然而,近期的数据却很少。我们进行了一项横断面研究,以更新目前沙蝇在科索沃的分布情况,并评估与沙蝇存在相关的生物和环境因素。2022 年和 2023 年,我们在 46 个地点进行了 CDC 灯光诱捕,专门针对科索沃研究不足的地区。通过分子条形码对个体形态物种进行鉴定。沙蝇的出现数据被用于绘制分布图和进行环境分析,并将海拔、风速和气候相关因素考虑在内。此外,还进行了基于 PCR 的血粉分析和病原体筛选。总体而言,共捕获了六种沙蝇的 303 个标本,其中主要是被忽视的沙蝇(Phlebotomus neglectus,占 97%)。获得了九种已知地方性沙蝇中八种的条形码。将我们的数据与之前的调查相结合,我们根据 177 个数据点的 4000 多份标本绘制了目前已知的沙蝇分布图,确定沙蝇的主要种类是忽视蝇和全翅沙蝇。环境分析描绘了科索沃沙蝇的两个地理群组,不同物种之间存在明显差异。共分析了五种沙蝇的 223 次血餐。在已确定的七个宿主物种中,观察到最主要的血餐来源是牛,但也检测到狗和人等的 DNA。这项研究评估了沙蝇发生的生物和生态因素,有助于更好地了解和评估科索沃潜在的疾病传播热点。
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引用次数: 0
A review of historical trends in Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) complex composition, collection trends and environmental effects from 2009 to 2021 in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. 2009 年至 2021 年南非姆普马兰加省冈比亚按蚊(双翅目:Culicidae)复合体组成、采集趋势和环境影响的历史趋势综述。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12761
Kayla P Noeth, Maria L Kaiser, Thabo Mashatola, Yael L Dahan-Moss, P Avhatakali Matamba, Belinda Spillings, Riann Christian, Erika Erlank, B Power Tshikae, Eunice Jamesboy, Silindile Sibambo, Busisiwe G Nkosi, Brian T Silawu, Lazarus J Mkhabela, Fanuel S Ndlovu, Thembekile P Mgwenya, Maureen Coetzee, Basil D Brooke, Lizette L Koekemoer, Givemore Munhenga, Shüné V Oliver

South Africa is a frontline country for malaria elimination in the southern African region. It has three malaria-endemic provinces, each with its own transmission pattern. The elimination of malaria depends, in part, on controlling and/or eliminating vectors responsible for transmission. Sustained entomological surveillance is an important factor to consider when shifting from a control to elimination framework. The Ehlanzeni district in Mpumalanga province is a key entomological sentinel surveillance area. It is one of the malaria-endemic districts in South Africa with higher rates of malaria incidences. As such, entomological data about the Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) complex have been collected in this province over a substantial period. These data are stored in a pre-existing institutional database. An analysis of the trends that can be observed from this database has not been performed before. This retrospective (longitudinal) analysis provides a summary of the An. gambiae complex vector composition in this region from 2009 to 2021. Routine surveillance data were correlated with climatic data (obtained from the NASA LaRC POWER project database) for the same period to assess the role of climatic factors in vector dynamics. This review also identifies a number of limitations in the data collection process across the sampling period and provides recommendations on how to strengthen the database going forward. The most abundant member of the An. gambiae complex since 2009 in the province was An. merus Dönitz followed by An. arabiensis Patton. Collection methods used showed that human landing catches were successful for collecting An. arabiensis, while pit traps were the most effective in collecting An. merus and An. quadriannulatus Theobald. The latter two species were mainly collected in spring, whereas An. arabiensis abundance was larger during autumn collections. Vector abundance was not significantly correlated with annual climatic data. The information gained from this database provides insights into the vector dynamics of the Ehlanzeni district of the Mpumalanga province.

南非是南部非洲地区消除疟疾的前线国家。南非有三个疟疾流行省份,每个省份都有自己的传播模式。消灭疟疾部分取决于控制和/或消灭传播媒介。从控制框架转向消除框架时,持续的昆虫监测是一个重要的考虑因素。姆普马兰加省的埃赫兰泽尼区是一个重要的昆虫学哨点监测区。它是南非疟疾流行区之一,疟疾发病率较高。因此,该省已经收集了大量有关冈比亚按蚊(双翅目:疟蚊科)的昆虫学数据。这些数据存储在一个已有的机构数据库中。以前从未对从该数据库中可以观察到的趋势进行过分析。这项回顾性(纵向)分析提供了 2009 年至 2021 年该地区冈比亚疟原虫复合病媒构成的概要。常规监测数据与同期的气候数据(从美国国家航空航天局 LaRC POWER 项目数据库中获得)相互关联,以评估气候因素在病媒动态中的作用。本报告还指出了整个采样期间数据收集过程中的一些局限性,并就如何加强数据库的建设提出了建议。自 2009 年以来,该省数量最多的冈比亚疟原虫复合体是梅氏疟原虫(An. merus Dönitz),其次是阿拉伯疟原虫(An. arabiensis Patton)。所使用的采集方法表明,人工登陆捕捉能成功采集到阿拉伯疟蚊,而坑式诱捕器则能最有效地采集到梅氏疟蚊(An. merus)和四角疟蚊(An. quadriannulatus Theobald)。后两种病媒主要在春季采集,而在秋季采集的疟原虫数量较多。病媒数量与年度气候数据没有明显的相关性。从该数据库中获得的信息有助于深入了解姆普马兰加省埃赫兰泽尼地区的病媒动态。
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引用次数: 0
Winter activity of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) inside and outside stables in Germany 德国马厩内外的虱目动物(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)的冬季活动。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12756
Sarah Groschupp, Helge Kampen, Doreen Werner

Culicoides biting midge species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Obsoletus Group and the Pulicaris Complex are considered the major vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses in Europe. Overwintering strategies of these arboviruses are controversially discussed, with the ongoing activity of vector species and a non-disrupted transmission cycle during winter being a plausible explanation. Although data on Culicoides winter activity are relatively scant, a seasonal vector-free period (SVFP), during which adult Culicoides are not or hardly active, is questionable. To determine winter activity and define SVFPs according to the EU Commission Regulation No 1266/2007, adult Culicoides were trapped weekly with UV-light traps from October to April 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 inside and outside stables on 16 farms throughout Germany. Temperature measurements were taken regularly at each trapping site since the temperature is a known driver of biting midge activity. In 960 indoor and outdoor catches, 32,377 Culicoides were trapped, with 90.9% of them belonging to the Obsoletus Group, 6.1% to the Pulicaris Complex and 3.0% to ‘other Culicoides’ according to morphological identification. The majority (61.3%) of Culicoides were trapped indoors, with substantial numbers of specimens collected from October to December, in March and in April, and only a few or no specimens in January and February. Obsoletus Group biting midges were active indoors for almost the entire winter. Outdoors, Culicoides numbers decreased from October to December, few or no specimens were caught from January to March, and high numbers were captured in April. Of the collected Culicoides, 2028 were blood-fed, of which 94.6% were trapped in the stables. The indoor SVFP, although calculated for blood-fed instead of parous females, lasted for almost 4 months (late November until mid-March) in winter 2019/2020 and 2 months (January and February) in winter 2020/2021. The outdoor SVFPs covered almost the entire study period in both winters, with slight differences between the onsets and the ends. The Culicoides activity significantly depended on temperature. Specimens of the Obsoletus Group were caught at an average temperature of 7.4°C (minimum 0.3°C) and of the Pulicaris Complex at an average temperature of 10.3°C (minimum 1.2°C). These temperatures were reached inside the stables over more extended periods than outside. The average indoor temperatures were 1.2 K higher than the average outdoor temperatures, although absolute temperature differences of up to 9.0 K were recorded. Based on Culicoides activity, the results of the present study indicate an almost continuous potential for virus transmission in winter within livestock houses.

蓝舌病病毒和施马伦贝格病毒在欧洲的主要传播媒介是咬蠓科(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)的Obsoletus群和Pulicaris群。关于这些虫媒病毒的越冬策略存在争议,病媒物种的持续活动和冬季不间断的传播周期是一种合理的解释。虽然有关库里科虫冬季活动的数据相对较少,但成虫不活动或几乎不活动的季节性无病媒期(SVFP)值得怀疑。为了根据欧盟委员会第 1266/2007 号法规确定冬季活动并定义 SVFP,2019/2020 年和 2020/2021 年 10 月至 4 月期间,在德国 16 个农场的马厩内外使用紫外线诱捕器每周诱捕 Culicoides 成虫。每个诱捕地点都定期测量温度,因为温度是已知的咬蠓活动的驱动因素。在 960 次室内和室外捕获活动中,共诱捕到 32,377 只咬螨,根据形态鉴定,其中 90.9% 属于 Obsoletus 组,6.1% 属于 Pulicaris Complex,3.0% 属于 "其他咬螨"。大部分(61.3%)Culicoides 是在室内捕获的,在 10 月至 12 月、3 月和 4 月收集到大量标本,而在 1 月和 2 月只有少量或没有标本。咬蠓在室内几乎整个冬季都很活跃。在室外,从 10 月到 12 月,Culicoides 的数量有所减少,1 月到 3 月捕获的标本很少或没有,而 4 月捕获的标本数量较多。在收集到的库里科蝇中,有 2028 头是血食的,其中 94.6% 是在马厩中捕获的。室内 SVFP(尽管计算的是吸血雌虫而非雌虫)在 2019/2020 年冬季持续了近 4 个月(11 月下旬至 3 月中),在 2020/2021 年冬季持续了 2 个月(1 月和 2 月)。室外 SVFP 几乎覆盖了两个冬季的整个研究期间,但在开始和结束时略有不同。库利科昆虫的活动明显取决于温度。在平均温度为 7.4°C(最低 0.3°C)的条件下捕捉到了 Obsoletus 类标本,在平均温度为 10.3°C(最低 1.2°C)的条件下捕捉到了 Pulicaris Complex 类标本。与室外相比,马厩内达到这些温度的时间更长。室内平均温度比室外平均温度高 1.2 K,但绝对温差高达 9.0 K。根据库里科德虫的活动情况,本研究结果表明,冬季牲畜舍内几乎持续存在病毒传播的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Diversity of bartonellae in mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae and Spinturnicidae) of boreal forest bats: Association of host specificity of mites and habitat selection of hosts with vector potential 北方森林蝙蝠螨(Acari:Mesostigmata:Macronyssidae 和 Spinturnicidae)中巴氏杆菌的多样性:螨虫的宿主特异性和宿主的生境选择与病媒潜能的关联。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12757
Attila D. Sándor, Alexandra Corduneanu, Maria Orlova, Sándor Hornok, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, Angélique Foucault-Simonin, Joanna Kulisz, Zbigniew Zając, Mihai Borzan

Research into various bacterial pathogens that can be transmitted between different animals and may have zoonotic potential has led to the discovery of different strains of Bartonella sp. in bats and their associated ectoparasites. Despite their enormous species diversity, only a few studies have focussed on the detection of bacterial pathogens in insectivorous bats of boreal forests and their associated Macronyssidae and Spinturnicidae mites. We collected and molecularly analysed mite samples from forest-dwelling bat species distributed all along the boreal belt of the Palearctic, from Central Europe to Far East. Ectoparasitic mites were pooled for DNA extraction and DNA amplification polymerase chain reaction (PCRs) were conducted to detect the presence of various bacterial (Anaplasmataceae, Bartonella sp., Rickettsia sp., Mycoplasma sp.) and protozoal (Hepatozoon sp.) pathogens. Bartonella sp. DNA was detected in four different mite species (Macronyssidae: Steatonyssus periblepharus and Spinturnicidae: Spinturnix acuminata, Sp. myoti and Sp. mystacinus), with different prevalences of the targeted gene (gltA, 16-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer and ftsZ). Larger pools (>5 samples pooled) were more likely to harbour Bartonella sp. DNA, than smaller ones. In addition, cave-dwelling bat hosts and host generalist mite species are more associated with Bartonella spp. presence. Spinturnicidae mites may transmit several distinct Bartonella strains, which cluster phylogenetically close to Bartonella species known to cause diseases in humans and livestock. Mites with ubiquitous presence may facilitate the long-term maintenance (and even local recurrence) of Bartonella-infestations inside local bat populations, thus acting as continuous reservoirs for Bartonella spp in bats.

对可在不同动物间传播并可能造成人畜共患病的各种细菌病原体的研究,导致在蝙蝠及其相关的体外寄生虫中发现了不同的巴顿氏菌菌株。尽管蝙蝠的种类繁多,但只有少数研究集中于北方森林食虫蝙蝠及其相关的Macronyssidae和Spinturnicidae螨虫中细菌病原体的检测。我们收集了分布在从中欧到远东的古北区北方地带的森林栖息蝙蝠物种的螨虫样本,并对其进行了分子分析。外寄生螨被集中起来提取DNA,并进行DNA扩增聚合酶链反应(PCR),以检测各种细菌(无形体科、巴顿氏菌属、立克次体属、支原体属)和原生动物(肝包虫属)病原体的存在。在四种不同的螨类中(Macronyssidae:Steatonyssus periblepharus 和 Spinturnicidae:Spinturnix acuminata、Sp. myoti 和 Sp. mystacinus)检测到了巴顿氏菌 DNA,目标基因(gltA、16-23S 核糖体 RNA 基因间间隔和 ftsZ)的流行率各不相同。与较小的样本池相比,较大的样本池(大于 5 个样本池)更有可能携带巴顿氏菌 DNA。此外,穴居蝙蝠宿主和宿主通性螨类与巴顿氏菌属的存在更有关联。Spinturnicidae 螨虫可能传播几种不同的巴顿氏菌菌株,这些菌株在系统发育上与已知可导致人类和家畜疾病的巴顿氏菌菌株相近。无处不在的螨虫可能会促使巴顿氏菌感染在当地蝙蝠种群中长期维持(甚至局部复发),从而成为蝙蝠中巴顿氏菌属的持续贮藏库。
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Medical and Veterinary Entomology
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