Samuel Kelava, Dmitry A. Apanaskevich, Renfu Shao, Alexander W. Gofton, Ben J. Mans, Ernest J. M. Teo, Gerrut Norval, Dayana Barker, Ryo Nakao, Stephen C. Barker
We used entire mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences (14.5–15 kbp) to resolve the phylogeny of the four main lineages of the Haematobothrion ticks: Alloceraea, Archaeocroton, Bothriocroton and Haemaphysalis. In our phylogenetic trees, Alloceraea was the sister to Archaeocroton sphenodonti, a tick of an archetypal reptile, the tuatara, from New Zealand, to the exclusion of the rest of the species of Haemaphysalis. The mt genomes of all four of the Alloceraea species that have been sequenced so far had a substantial insert, 132–312 bp, between the tRNA-Glu (E) gene and the nad1 gene in their mt genomes. This insert was not found in any of the other eight subgenera of Haemaphysalis. The mt genomes of 13 species of Haemaphysalis from NCBI GenBank were added to the most recent data set on Haemaphysalis and its close relatives to help resolve the phylogeny of Haemaphysalis, including five new subgenera of Haemaphysalis not previously considered by other authors: Allophysalis (structurally primitive), Aboimisalis (structurally primitive), Herpetobia (structurally intermediate), Ornithophysalis (structurally advanced) and Segalia (structurally advanced). We elevated Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 to the status of genus because Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 is phylogenetically distinct from the other subgenera of Haemaphysalis. Moreover, we propose that the subgenus Allophysalis is the sister to the rest of the Haemaphysalis (14 subgenera) and that the ‘structurally primitive’ subgenera Hoogstraal and Kim comprise early diverging lineages. Our matrices of the pairwise genetic difference (percent) of mt genomes and partial 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the mt genome sequence of Al. kitaokai (gb# OM368280) may not be Al. kitaokai Hoogstraal, 1969 but rather another species of Alloceraea. In a similar way, the mt genome sequence of H. (Herpetobia) nepalensis Hoogstraal, 1962 (gb# NC_064124) was only 2% genetically different to that of H. (Allophysalis) tibetensis Hoogstraal, 1965 (gb# OM368293): this indicates to us that they are the same species. Alloceraea cretacea may be better placed in a genus other than Alloceraea Schulze, 1919. Reptiles may have been the host to the most recent common ancestor of Archaeocroton and Alloceraea.
{"title":"Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus","authors":"Samuel Kelava, Dmitry A. Apanaskevich, Renfu Shao, Alexander W. Gofton, Ben J. Mans, Ernest J. M. Teo, Gerrut Norval, Dayana Barker, Ryo Nakao, Stephen C. Barker","doi":"10.1111/mve.12708","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12708","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We used entire mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences (14.5–15 kbp) to resolve the phylogeny of the four main lineages of the Haematobothrion ticks: <i>Alloceraea, Archaeocroton, Bothriocroton</i> and <i>Haemaphysalis</i>. In our phylogenetic trees, <i>Alloceraea</i> was the sister to <i>Archaeocroton sphenodonti</i>, a tick of an archetypal reptile, the tuatara, from New Zealand, to the exclusion of the rest of the species of <i>Haemaphysalis</i>. The mt genomes of all four of the <i>Alloceraea</i> species that have been sequenced so far had a substantial insert, 132–312 bp, between the tRNA-Glu (E) gene and the <i>nad1</i> gene in their mt genomes. This insert was not found in any of the other eight subgenera of <i>Haemaphysalis</i>. The mt genomes of 13 species of <i>Haemaphysalis</i> from NCBI GenBank were added to the most recent data set on <i>Haemaphysalis</i> and its close relatives to help resolve the phylogeny of <i>Haemaphysalis</i>, including five new subgenera of <i>Haemaphysalis</i> not previously considered by other authors: <i>Allophysalis</i> (structurally primitive), <i>Aboimisalis</i> (structurally primitive), <i>Herpetobia</i> (structurally intermediate), <i>Ornithophysalis</i> (structurally advanced) and <i>Segalia</i> (structurally advanced). We elevated <i>Alloceraea</i> Schulze, 1919 to the status of genus because <i>Alloceraea</i> Schulze, 1919 is phylogenetically distinct from the other subgenera of <i>Haemaphysalis</i>. Moreover, we propose that the subgenus <i>Allophysalis</i> is the sister to the rest of the <i>Haemaphysalis</i> (14 subgenera) and that the ‘structurally primitive’ subgenera Hoogstraal and Kim comprise early diverging lineages. Our matrices of the pairwise genetic difference (percent) of mt genomes and partial 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the mt genome sequence of <i>Al</i>. <i>kitaokai</i> (gb# OM368280) may not be <i>Al</i>. <i>kitaokai</i> Hoogstraal, 1969 but rather another species of <i>Alloceraea</i>. In a similar way, the mt genome sequence of <i>H</i>. <i>(Herpetobia</i>) <i>nepalensis</i> Hoogstraal, 1962 (gb# NC_064124) was only 2% genetically different to that of <i>H</i>. (<i>Allophysalis</i>) <i>tibetensis</i> Hoogstraal, 1965 (gb# OM368293): this indicates to us that they are the same species. <i>Alloceraea cretacea</i> may be better placed in a genus other than <i>Alloceraea</i> Schulze, 1919. Reptiles may have been the host to the most recent common ancestor of <i>Archaeocroton</i> and <i>Alloceraea</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 2","pages":"189-204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mve.12708","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140101859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher M. Jones, Grant L. Hughes, Sylvester Coleman, Rosie Fellows, Richard S. Quilliam
Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm) permeate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and constitute a hazard to animal life. Although much research has been conducted on the effects of microplastics on marine and benthic organisms, less consideration has been given to insects, especially those adapted to urban environments. Here, we provide a perspective on the potential consequences of exposure to microplastics within typical larval habitat on mosquito biology. Mosquitoes represent an ideal organism in which to explore the biological effects of microplastics on terrestrial insects, not least because of their importance as an infectious disease vector. Drawing on evidence from other organisms and knowledge of the mosquito life cycle, we summarise some of the more plausible impacts of microplastics including physiological, ecotoxicological and immunological responses. We conclude that although there remains little experimental evidence demonstrating any adverse effect on mosquito biology or pathogen transmission, significant knowledge gaps remain, and there is now a need to quantify the effects that microplastic pollution could have on such an important disease vector.
微塑料(塑料微粒
{"title":"A perspective on the impacts of microplastics on mosquito biology and their vectorial capacity","authors":"Christopher M. Jones, Grant L. Hughes, Sylvester Coleman, Rosie Fellows, Richard S. Quilliam","doi":"10.1111/mve.12710","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12710","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm) permeate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and constitute a hazard to animal life. Although much research has been conducted on the effects of microplastics on marine and benthic organisms, less consideration has been given to insects, especially those adapted to urban environments. Here, we provide a perspective on the potential consequences of exposure to microplastics within typical larval habitat on mosquito biology. Mosquitoes represent an ideal organism in which to explore the biological effects of microplastics on terrestrial insects, not least because of their importance as an infectious disease vector. Drawing on evidence from other organisms and knowledge of the mosquito life cycle, we summarise some of the more plausible impacts of microplastics including physiological, ecotoxicological and immunological responses. We conclude that although there remains little experimental evidence demonstrating any adverse effect on mosquito biology or pathogen transmission, significant knowledge gaps remain, and there is now a need to quantify the effects that microplastic pollution could have on such an important disease vector.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 2","pages":"138-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mve.12710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140101858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Federico Gabriel Galassi, Maria Ines Picollo, Paola González-Audino
The human head lice Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer) (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) are strict, obligate human ectoparasites that spends their entire life cycle in the host and cause skin irritation and derived infections. Despite the health-related importance, few studies have evaluated the chemical communication among these insects. Here, we evaluate the response of lice of both sexes to cuticular extracts using two solvents of different polarity (hexane and methanol). Cuticular extracts that elicited an attraction response towards head lice were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine the cuticular lipid profile. Both lice sexes were attracted to the hexane extracts but not the methanol extracts, suggesting the non-polarity of the compounds present in the cuticle. Chemical analyses of hexane extracts from males and females showed high similarity in major compounds. This study provides the first evidence that lice respond to cuticle extracts, which may be important to understand aggregation behaviour.
人类头虱(Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer))(毛虱科:Phthiraptera: Pediculidae)是一种严格的强制性人类体外寄生虫,其整个生命周期都在宿主体内度过,会造成皮肤刺激和衍生感染。尽管这些昆虫对健康非常重要,但很少有研究对它们之间的化学交流进行评估。在这里,我们使用两种不同极性的溶剂(正己烷和甲醇)评估了雌雄虱子对角质萃取物的反应。通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了对头虱产生吸引反应的角质层提取物,以确定角质层脂质概况。两种性别的虱子都会被正己烷提取物吸引,而甲醇提取物则不会,这表明角质层中的化合物具有非极性。对雄性和雌性的正己烷提取物进行的化学分析显示,主要化合物的相似性很高。这项研究首次证明了虱子对角质层提取物的反应,这对了解虱子的聚集行为可能很重要。
{"title":"Cuticular extracts induce aggregation in head lice","authors":"Federico Gabriel Galassi, Maria Ines Picollo, Paola González-Audino","doi":"10.1111/mve.12711","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12711","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The human head lice <i>Pediculus humanus capitis</i> (De Geer) (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) are strict, obligate human ectoparasites that spends their entire life cycle in the host and cause skin irritation and derived infections. Despite the health-related importance, few studies have evaluated the chemical communication among these insects. Here, we evaluate the response of lice of both sexes to cuticular extracts using two solvents of different polarity (hexane and methanol). Cuticular extracts that elicited an attraction response towards head lice were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine the cuticular lipid profile. Both lice sexes were attracted to the hexane extracts but not the methanol extracts, suggesting the non-polarity of the compounds present in the cuticle. Chemical analyses of hexane extracts from males and females showed high similarity in major compounds. This study provides the first evidence that lice respond to cuticle extracts, which may be important to understand aggregation behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 2","pages":"227-233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140012846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zafer Sakaci, Sengul Talay, Kamil Erguler, Adil Korkmaz, Deniz Sirin, Aylin Er, Bulent Alten, Sirri Kar
This study aims to determine the phenological characteristics of thermal responses in the larvae of a Culex pipiens complex field population at the individual level under the influence of thermal regime of its habitat. The analysis is based on a structured population model quantifying the thermal responses of development time and survival under variable conditions and characterising the variety between the larvae (interindividual variety). During the study performed in Turkish Thrace on a monthly basis between May 2021 and June 2022, a total of 3744 larvae were reared as peer larval cohorts and 2330 larvae as siblings in artificial containers to be fully exposed to the natural thermal condition that was recorded hourly. The development process of larvae was monitored daily from egg to adult. As a result, a total of 4788 adult mosquitoes emerged, with a development period ranging from 8 to 52 days in the females and 7 to 50 days in the males, and the survival rate was found to range from 0% to 100%. Both parameters varied by month and individuals, and the variations manifested itself, particularly in the colder periods. The results indicate that the variation between the individuals in terms of thermal response in the larvae of C. pipiens, along with the thermal acclimation ability, appears to be fate determinant in resisting fluctuating thermal regimes, surviving in concurrent climate change and adapting to new conditions with modifications in the seasonal phenology, such as maintaining reproductive dynamics throughout the winter thanks to global warming.
{"title":"Interindividual variation among Culex pipiens larvae in terms of thermal response","authors":"Zafer Sakaci, Sengul Talay, Kamil Erguler, Adil Korkmaz, Deniz Sirin, Aylin Er, Bulent Alten, Sirri Kar","doi":"10.1111/mve.12709","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12709","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to determine the phenological characteristics of thermal responses in the larvae of a <i>Culex pipiens</i> complex field population at the individual level under the influence of thermal regime of its habitat. The analysis is based on a structured population model quantifying the thermal responses of development time and survival under variable conditions and characterising the variety between the larvae (interindividual variety). During the study performed in Turkish Thrace on a monthly basis between May 2021 and June 2022, a total of 3744 larvae were reared as peer larval cohorts and 2330 larvae as siblings in artificial containers to be fully exposed to the natural thermal condition that was recorded hourly. The development process of larvae was monitored daily from egg to adult. As a result, a total of 4788 adult mosquitoes emerged, with a development period ranging from 8 to 52 days in the females and 7 to 50 days in the males, and the survival rate was found to range from 0% to 100%. Both parameters varied by month and individuals, and the variations manifested itself, particularly in the colder periods. The results indicate that the variation between the individuals in terms of thermal response in the larvae of <i>C. pipiens</i>, along with the thermal acclimation ability, appears to be fate determinant in resisting fluctuating thermal regimes, surviving in concurrent climate change and adapting to new conditions with modifications in the seasonal phenology, such as maintaining reproductive dynamics throughout the winter thanks to global warming.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 2","pages":"205-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139723267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dimitri W. Wangrawa, Joel O. Odero, Francesco Baldini, Fredros Okumu, Athanase Badolo
<p>There has been significant progress in malaria control in the last 2 decades, with a decline in mortality and morbidity. However, these gains are jeopardised by insecticide resistance, which negatively impacts the core interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). While most malaria control and research efforts are still focused on <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> complex mosquitoes, <i>Anopheles funestus</i> remains an important vector in many countries and, in some cases, contributes to most of the local transmission. As countries move towards malaria elimination, it is important to ensure that all dominant vector species, including <i>An. funestus</i>, an important vector in some countries, are targeted. The objective of this review is to compile and discuss information related to <i>A. funestus</i> populations' resistance to insecticides and the mechanisms involved across Africa, emphasising the sibling species and their resistance profiles in relation to malaria elimination goals. Data on insecticide resistance in <i>An. funestus</i> malaria vectors in Africa were extracted from published studies. Online bibliographic databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed, were used to search for relevant studies. Articles published between 2000 and May 2023 reporting resistance of <i>An. funestus</i> to insecticides and associated mechanisms were included. Those reporting only bionomics were excluded. Spatial variation in species distribution and resistance to insecticides was recorded from 174 articles that met the selection criteria. It was found that <i>An. funestus</i> was increasingly resistant to the four classes of insecticides recommended by the World Health Organisation for malaria vector control; however, this varied by country. Insecticide resistance appears to reduce the effectiveness of vector control methods, particularly IRS and ITN. Biochemical resistance due to detoxification enzymes (P450s and glutathione-S-transferases [GSTs]) in <i>An. funestus</i> was widely recorded. However, <i>An. funestus</i> in Africa remains susceptible to other insecticide classes, such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids. This review highlights the increasing insecticide resistance of <i>An. funestus</i> mosquitoes, which are important malaria vectors in Africa, posing a significant challenge to malaria control efforts. While <i>An. funestus</i> has shown resistance to the recommended insecticide classes, notably pyrethroids and, in some cases, organochlorides and carbamates, it remains susceptible to other classes of insecticides such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids, providing potential alternative options for vector control strategies. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions that consider the population structure and geographical distribution of <i>An. funestus</i>, including its sibling species and their insecticide resistance profiles, to effectively achieve malaria elimination goals
{"title":"Distribution and insecticide resistance profile of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus group across the African continent\u0000 Répartition et profil de résistance aux insecticides du groupe Anopheles Funestus, principal vecteur du paludisme, à travers le continent africain","authors":"Dimitri W. Wangrawa, Joel O. Odero, Francesco Baldini, Fredros Okumu, Athanase Badolo","doi":"10.1111/mve.12706","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12706","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There has been significant progress in malaria control in the last 2 decades, with a decline in mortality and morbidity. However, these gains are jeopardised by insecticide resistance, which negatively impacts the core interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). While most malaria control and research efforts are still focused on <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> complex mosquitoes, <i>Anopheles funestus</i> remains an important vector in many countries and, in some cases, contributes to most of the local transmission. As countries move towards malaria elimination, it is important to ensure that all dominant vector species, including <i>An. funestus</i>, an important vector in some countries, are targeted. The objective of this review is to compile and discuss information related to <i>A. funestus</i> populations' resistance to insecticides and the mechanisms involved across Africa, emphasising the sibling species and their resistance profiles in relation to malaria elimination goals. Data on insecticide resistance in <i>An. funestus</i> malaria vectors in Africa were extracted from published studies. Online bibliographic databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed, were used to search for relevant studies. Articles published between 2000 and May 2023 reporting resistance of <i>An. funestus</i> to insecticides and associated mechanisms were included. Those reporting only bionomics were excluded. Spatial variation in species distribution and resistance to insecticides was recorded from 174 articles that met the selection criteria. It was found that <i>An. funestus</i> was increasingly resistant to the four classes of insecticides recommended by the World Health Organisation for malaria vector control; however, this varied by country. Insecticide resistance appears to reduce the effectiveness of vector control methods, particularly IRS and ITN. Biochemical resistance due to detoxification enzymes (P450s and glutathione-S-transferases [GSTs]) in <i>An. funestus</i> was widely recorded. However, <i>An. funestus</i> in Africa remains susceptible to other insecticide classes, such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids. This review highlights the increasing insecticide resistance of <i>An. funestus</i> mosquitoes, which are important malaria vectors in Africa, posing a significant challenge to malaria control efforts. While <i>An. funestus</i> has shown resistance to the recommended insecticide classes, notably pyrethroids and, in some cases, organochlorides and carbamates, it remains susceptible to other classes of insecticides such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids, providing potential alternative options for vector control strategies. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions that consider the population structure and geographical distribution of <i>An. funestus</i>, including its sibling species and their insecticide resistance profiles, to effectively achieve malaria elimination goals","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 2","pages":"119-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mve.12706","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139665869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}