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Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus 通过整个线粒体基因组序列了解 Haemaphysalis 属和 Archaeocroton 属蜱虫的系统发育,并将 Alloceraea Schulze 亚属(1919 年)提升为一个属。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12708
Samuel Kelava, Dmitry A. Apanaskevich, Renfu Shao, Alexander W. Gofton, Ben J. Mans, Ernest J. M. Teo, Gerrut Norval, Dayana Barker, Ryo Nakao, Stephen C. Barker

We used entire mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences (14.5–15 kbp) to resolve the phylogeny of the four main lineages of the Haematobothrion ticks: Alloceraea, Archaeocroton, Bothriocroton and Haemaphysalis. In our phylogenetic trees, Alloceraea was the sister to Archaeocroton sphenodonti, a tick of an archetypal reptile, the tuatara, from New Zealand, to the exclusion of the rest of the species of Haemaphysalis. The mt genomes of all four of the Alloceraea species that have been sequenced so far had a substantial insert, 132–312 bp, between the tRNA-Glu (E) gene and the nad1 gene in their mt genomes. This insert was not found in any of the other eight subgenera of Haemaphysalis. The mt genomes of 13 species of Haemaphysalis from NCBI GenBank were added to the most recent data set on Haemaphysalis and its close relatives to help resolve the phylogeny of Haemaphysalis, including five new subgenera of Haemaphysalis not previously considered by other authors: Allophysalis (structurally primitive), Aboimisalis (structurally primitive), Herpetobia (structurally intermediate), Ornithophysalis (structurally advanced) and Segalia (structurally advanced). We elevated Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 to the status of genus because Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 is phylogenetically distinct from the other subgenera of Haemaphysalis. Moreover, we propose that the subgenus Allophysalis is the sister to the rest of the Haemaphysalis (14 subgenera) and that the ‘structurally primitive’ subgenera Hoogstraal and Kim comprise early diverging lineages. Our matrices of the pairwise genetic difference (percent) of mt genomes and partial 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the mt genome sequence of Al. kitaokai (gb# OM368280) may not be Al. kitaokai Hoogstraal, 1969 but rather another species of Alloceraea. In a similar way, the mt genome sequence of H. (Herpetobia) nepalensis Hoogstraal, 1962 (gb# NC_064124) was only 2% genetically different to that of H. (Allophysalis) tibetensis Hoogstraal, 1965 (gb# OM368293): this indicates to us that they are the same species. Alloceraea cretacea may be better placed in a genus other than Alloceraea Schulze, 1919. Reptiles may have been the host to the most recent common ancestor of Archaeocroton and Alloceraea.

我们使用整个线粒体(mt)基因组序列(14.5-15 kbp)来解析 Haematobothrion 蜱的四个主要系的系统发育:Alloceraea、Archaeocroton、Bothriocroton 和 Haemaphysalis。在我们的系统发生树中,Alloceraea 是 Archaeocroton sphenodonti 的姊妹,后者是新西兰一种典型爬行动物 Tuatara 的蜱,而 Haemaphysalis 的其他物种则被排除在外。迄今已测序的所有四个 Alloceraea 物种的 mt 基因组中,在 tRNA-Glu (E) 基因和 nad1 基因之间都有一个 132-312 bp 的大插入片段。在 Haemaphysalis 的其他八个亚属中都没有发现这种插入物。来自 NCBI GenBank 的 13 种 Haemaphysalis 的 mt 基因组被添加到 Haemaphysalis 及其近亲的最新数据集中,以帮助解决 Haemaphysalis 的系统发育问题,其中包括其他作者以前未考虑过的 Haemaphysalis 的五个新亚属:Allophysalis(结构原始)、Aboimisalis(结构原始)、Herpetobia(结构中级)、Ornithophysalis(结构高级)和 Segalia(结构高级)。我们将 Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 提升为属,是因为 Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 在系统发育上有别于 Haemaphysalis 的其他亚属。此外,我们还提出 Allophysalis 亚属是 Haemaphysalis 其他亚属(14 个亚属)的姊妹亚属,而 "结构原始 "的 Hoogstraal 亚属和 Kim 亚属则是早期分化的世系。我们的 mt 基因组和部分 16S rRNA 序列的成对遗传差异(百分比)矩阵表明,Al. kitaokai(gb# OM368280)的 mt 基因组序列可能不是 Al. kitaokai Hoogstraal, 1969,而是 Alloceraea 的另一个种。同样,H. (Herpetobia) nepalensis Hoogstraal, 1962(gb# NC_064124)的 mt 基因组序列与 H. (Allophysalis) tibetensis Hoogstraal, 1965(gb# OM368293)的 mt 基因组序列只有 2% 的遗传差异:这表明它们是同一物种。Alloceraea cretacea 最好归入 Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 以外的属。爬行动物可能是 Archaeocroton 和 Alloceraea 最近的共同祖先的宿主。
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引用次数: 0
A perspective on the impacts of microplastics on mosquito biology and their vectorial capacity 透视微塑料对蚊子生物学及其媒介能力的影响。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12710
Christopher M. Jones, Grant L. Hughes, Sylvester Coleman, Rosie Fellows, Richard S. Quilliam

Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm) permeate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and constitute a hazard to animal life. Although much research has been conducted on the effects of microplastics on marine and benthic organisms, less consideration has been given to insects, especially those adapted to urban environments. Here, we provide a perspective on the potential consequences of exposure to microplastics within typical larval habitat on mosquito biology. Mosquitoes represent an ideal organism in which to explore the biological effects of microplastics on terrestrial insects, not least because of their importance as an infectious disease vector. Drawing on evidence from other organisms and knowledge of the mosquito life cycle, we summarise some of the more plausible impacts of microplastics including physiological, ecotoxicological and immunological responses. We conclude that although there remains little experimental evidence demonstrating any adverse effect on mosquito biology or pathogen transmission, significant knowledge gaps remain, and there is now a need to quantify the effects that microplastic pollution could have on such an important disease vector.

微塑料(塑料微粒
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引用次数: 0
Cuticular extracts induce aggregation in head lice 角质提取物能诱导头虱聚集。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12711
Federico Gabriel Galassi, Maria Ines Picollo, Paola González-Audino

The human head lice Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer) (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) are strict, obligate human ectoparasites that spends their entire life cycle in the host and cause skin irritation and derived infections. Despite the health-related importance, few studies have evaluated the chemical communication among these insects. Here, we evaluate the response of lice of both sexes to cuticular extracts using two solvents of different polarity (hexane and methanol). Cuticular extracts that elicited an attraction response towards head lice were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine the cuticular lipid profile. Both lice sexes were attracted to the hexane extracts but not the methanol extracts, suggesting the non-polarity of the compounds present in the cuticle. Chemical analyses of hexane extracts from males and females showed high similarity in major compounds. This study provides the first evidence that lice respond to cuticle extracts, which may be important to understand aggregation behaviour.

人类头虱(Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer))(毛虱科:Phthiraptera: Pediculidae)是一种严格的强制性人类体外寄生虫,其整个生命周期都在宿主体内度过,会造成皮肤刺激和衍生感染。尽管这些昆虫对健康非常重要,但很少有研究对它们之间的化学交流进行评估。在这里,我们使用两种不同极性的溶剂(正己烷和甲醇)评估了雌雄虱子对角质萃取物的反应。通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了对头虱产生吸引反应的角质层提取物,以确定角质层脂质概况。两种性别的虱子都会被正己烷提取物吸引,而甲醇提取物则不会,这表明角质层中的化合物具有非极性。对雄性和雌性的正己烷提取物进行的化学分析显示,主要化合物的相似性很高。这项研究首次证明了虱子对角质层提取物的反应,这对了解虱子的聚集行为可能很重要。
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引用次数: 0
Interindividual variation among Culex pipiens larvae in terms of thermal response 库蚊幼虫在热反应方面的个体间差异。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12709
Zafer Sakaci, Sengul Talay, Kamil Erguler, Adil Korkmaz, Deniz Sirin, Aylin Er, Bulent Alten, Sirri Kar

This study aims to determine the phenological characteristics of thermal responses in the larvae of a Culex pipiens complex field population at the individual level under the influence of thermal regime of its habitat. The analysis is based on a structured population model quantifying the thermal responses of development time and survival under variable conditions and characterising the variety between the larvae (interindividual variety). During the study performed in Turkish Thrace on a monthly basis between May 2021 and June 2022, a total of 3744 larvae were reared as peer larval cohorts and 2330 larvae as siblings in artificial containers to be fully exposed to the natural thermal condition that was recorded hourly. The development process of larvae was monitored daily from egg to adult. As a result, a total of 4788 adult mosquitoes emerged, with a development period ranging from 8 to 52 days in the females and 7 to 50 days in the males, and the survival rate was found to range from 0% to 100%. Both parameters varied by month and individuals, and the variations manifested itself, particularly in the colder periods. The results indicate that the variation between the individuals in terms of thermal response in the larvae of C. pipiens, along with the thermal acclimation ability, appears to be fate determinant in resisting fluctuating thermal regimes, surviving in concurrent climate change and adapting to new conditions with modifications in the seasonal phenology, such as maintaining reproductive dynamics throughout the winter thanks to global warming.

本研究旨在确定在栖息地热环境影响下,滇库蚊复杂田间种群幼虫个体热反应的物候学特征。分析基于一个结构化种群模型,该模型量化了不同条件下发育时间和存活率的热反应,并描述了幼虫之间的差异(个体间差异)。这项研究于 2021 年 5 月至 2022 年 6 月期间在土耳其色雷斯每月进行一次,共饲养了 3744 只同龄幼虫和 2330 只同胞幼虫,将其放入人工容器中,使其充分暴露于每小时记录的自然热条件下。每天监测幼虫从卵到成虫的发育过程。结果,共发现 4788 只成蚊,雌蚊发育期为 8 至 52 天,雄蚊发育期为 7 至 50 天,成活率为 0% 至 100%。这两个参数因月份和个体而异,尤其在寒冷时期表现得更为明显。研究结果表明,琵琶鱼幼虫个体间在热反应方面的差异以及热适应能力似乎决定了它们能否抵御波动的热环境、在同时发生的气候变化中存活下来,并适应季节物候变化带来的新条件,例如在全球变暖的情况下在整个冬季保持繁殖活力。
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引用次数: 0
Distribution and insecticide resistance profile of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus group across the African continent Répartition et profil de résistance aux insecticides du groupe Anopheles Funestus, principal vecteur du paludisme, à travers le continent africain 非洲大陆主要疟疾病媒按蚊群体的分布和杀虫剂抗药性概况Répartition et profil de résistance aux insecticides du groupe Anopheles Funestus, principal vecteur du paludisme, à travers le continent africain
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12706
Dimitri W. Wangrawa, Joel O. Odero, Francesco Baldini, Fredros Okumu, Athanase Badolo
<p>There has been significant progress in malaria control in the last 2 decades, with a decline in mortality and morbidity. However, these gains are jeopardised by insecticide resistance, which negatively impacts the core interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). While most malaria control and research efforts are still focused on <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> complex mosquitoes, <i>Anopheles funestus</i> remains an important vector in many countries and, in some cases, contributes to most of the local transmission. As countries move towards malaria elimination, it is important to ensure that all dominant vector species, including <i>An. funestus</i>, an important vector in some countries, are targeted. The objective of this review is to compile and discuss information related to <i>A. funestus</i> populations' resistance to insecticides and the mechanisms involved across Africa, emphasising the sibling species and their resistance profiles in relation to malaria elimination goals. Data on insecticide resistance in <i>An. funestus</i> malaria vectors in Africa were extracted from published studies. Online bibliographic databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed, were used to search for relevant studies. Articles published between 2000 and May 2023 reporting resistance of <i>An. funestus</i> to insecticides and associated mechanisms were included. Those reporting only bionomics were excluded. Spatial variation in species distribution and resistance to insecticides was recorded from 174 articles that met the selection criteria. It was found that <i>An. funestus</i> was increasingly resistant to the four classes of insecticides recommended by the World Health Organisation for malaria vector control; however, this varied by country. Insecticide resistance appears to reduce the effectiveness of vector control methods, particularly IRS and ITN. Biochemical resistance due to detoxification enzymes (P450s and glutathione-S-transferases [GSTs]) in <i>An. funestus</i> was widely recorded. However, <i>An. funestus</i> in Africa remains susceptible to other insecticide classes, such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids. This review highlights the increasing insecticide resistance of <i>An. funestus</i> mosquitoes, which are important malaria vectors in Africa, posing a significant challenge to malaria control efforts. While <i>An. funestus</i> has shown resistance to the recommended insecticide classes, notably pyrethroids and, in some cases, organochlorides and carbamates, it remains susceptible to other classes of insecticides such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids, providing potential alternative options for vector control strategies. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions that consider the population structure and geographical distribution of <i>An. funestus</i>, including its sibling species and their insecticide resistance profiles, to effectively achieve malaria elimination goals
过去 20 年间,疟疾控制工作取得了重大进展,死亡率和发病率均有所下降。然而,杀虫剂抗药性危及了这些成果,对驱虫蚊帐(ITN)和室内滞留喷洒(IRS)等核心干预措施产生了负面影响。虽然大多数疟疾控制和研究工作仍集中在冈比亚按蚊上,但在许多国家,真按蚊仍是重要的病媒,在某些情况下,真按蚊造成了当地的大部分传播。随着各国逐步消灭疟疾,必须确保所有主要病媒物种,包括一些国家的重要病媒按蚊,都是消灭的目标。本综述旨在汇编和讨论有关非洲疟原虫种群对杀虫剂的抗药性及相关机制的信息,并强调与消除疟疾目标相关的同胞种及其抗药性概况。有关非洲疟原虫疟疾病媒对杀虫剂的抗药性的数据来自已发表的研究。在线文献数据库(包括 Google Scholar 和 PubMed)用于搜索相关研究。收录了 2000 年至 2023 年 5 月间发表的报道疟原虫对杀虫剂的抗药性及相关机制的文章。仅报道仿生学的文章被排除在外。符合选择标准的 174 篇文章记录了物种分布和对杀虫剂抗性的空间变化。研究发现,疟原虫对世界卫生组织推荐用于疟疾病媒控制的四类杀虫剂的抗药性越来越强;但这一情况因国家而异。杀虫剂抗药性似乎降低了病媒控制方法的有效性,特别是 IRS 和 ITN。由于疟原虫体内的解毒酶(P450s 和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶 [GSTs])而产生的生化抗药性被广泛记录在案。然而,非洲的 An. funestus 对有机磷类和新烟碱类等其他杀虫剂仍然易感。本综述强调了作为非洲重要疟疾病媒的疟蚊对杀虫剂的抗药性日益增强,这对疟疾控制工作构成了重大挑战。虽然疟蚊对推荐的杀虫剂类别(主要是拟除虫菊酯类,在某些情况下还包括有机氯和氨基甲酸酯类)表现出抗药性,但它对有机磷和新烟碱等其他类别的杀虫剂仍然易感,这为病媒控制策略提供了潜在的替代选择。这项研究强调,有必要采取有针对性的干预措施,考虑到疟原虫的种群结构和地理分布,包括其兄弟物种及其对杀虫剂的抗药性情况,以有效实现消灭疟疾的目标。
{"title":"Distribution and insecticide resistance profile of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus group across the African continent\u0000 Répartition et profil de résistance aux insecticides du groupe Anopheles Funestus, principal vecteur du paludisme, à travers le continent africain","authors":"Dimitri W. Wangrawa,&nbsp;Joel O. Odero,&nbsp;Francesco Baldini,&nbsp;Fredros Okumu,&nbsp;Athanase Badolo","doi":"10.1111/mve.12706","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12706","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;There has been significant progress in malaria control in the last 2 decades, with a decline in mortality and morbidity. However, these gains are jeopardised by insecticide resistance, which negatively impacts the core interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). While most malaria control and research efforts are still focused on &lt;i&gt;Anopheles gambiae&lt;/i&gt; complex mosquitoes, &lt;i&gt;Anopheles funestus&lt;/i&gt; remains an important vector in many countries and, in some cases, contributes to most of the local transmission. As countries move towards malaria elimination, it is important to ensure that all dominant vector species, including &lt;i&gt;An. funestus&lt;/i&gt;, an important vector in some countries, are targeted. The objective of this review is to compile and discuss information related to &lt;i&gt;A. funestus&lt;/i&gt; populations' resistance to insecticides and the mechanisms involved across Africa, emphasising the sibling species and their resistance profiles in relation to malaria elimination goals. Data on insecticide resistance in &lt;i&gt;An. funestus&lt;/i&gt; malaria vectors in Africa were extracted from published studies. Online bibliographic databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed, were used to search for relevant studies. Articles published between 2000 and May 2023 reporting resistance of &lt;i&gt;An. funestus&lt;/i&gt; to insecticides and associated mechanisms were included. Those reporting only bionomics were excluded. Spatial variation in species distribution and resistance to insecticides was recorded from 174 articles that met the selection criteria. It was found that &lt;i&gt;An. funestus&lt;/i&gt; was increasingly resistant to the four classes of insecticides recommended by the World Health Organisation for malaria vector control; however, this varied by country. Insecticide resistance appears to reduce the effectiveness of vector control methods, particularly IRS and ITN. Biochemical resistance due to detoxification enzymes (P450s and glutathione-S-transferases [GSTs]) in &lt;i&gt;An. funestus&lt;/i&gt; was widely recorded. However, &lt;i&gt;An. funestus&lt;/i&gt; in Africa remains susceptible to other insecticide classes, such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids. This review highlights the increasing insecticide resistance of &lt;i&gt;An. funestus&lt;/i&gt; mosquitoes, which are important malaria vectors in Africa, posing a significant challenge to malaria control efforts. While &lt;i&gt;An. funestus&lt;/i&gt; has shown resistance to the recommended insecticide classes, notably pyrethroids and, in some cases, organochlorides and carbamates, it remains susceptible to other classes of insecticides such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids, providing potential alternative options for vector control strategies. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions that consider the population structure and geographical distribution of &lt;i&gt;An. funestus&lt;/i&gt;, including its sibling species and their insecticide resistance profiles, to effectively achieve malaria elimination goals","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":"38 2","pages":"119-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mve.12706","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139665869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ctenocephalides orientis and Ctenocephalides felis in Thailand: Head geometry by species, sex and geography 泰国的东方栉水母和长尾栉水母:按物种、性别和地域划分的头部几何形状。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12707
Kruawan Chotelersak, Srisombat Puttikamonkul, Yudthana Samung, Tanawat Chaiphongpachara, Jean-Pierre Dujardin, Suchada Sumruayphol

Fleas in the genus Ctenocephalides serve as biological vectors or intermediate hosts of microorganisms such as bacteria, rickettsia, protozoa and helminths. Ctenocephalides felis has a worldwide distribution, while C. orientis has long been considered as a subspecies of C. felis in Asia. To help the morphological recognition of these two species and further explore their differences, we used the geometric morphometric approach applied to the head. Both sexes were examined. Five anatomical landmarks of the head were used, and to capture the curvature of the front head, 10 semilandmarks were added. There was a consistent difference in species classification accuracy when considering landmarks only versus their combination with semilandmarks, suggesting the importance of the curve of the head as a taxonomic signal. Using or not the labels in the reclassification analyses, the head shape allowed by itself almost perfect recognition of the two species, in both sexes, even after adjustment for prior probabilities. The same approach disclosed a high level of sexual size and shape dimorphism in both species. The contribution of size variation to the discrimination by shape was much more important between sexes (from 27% to 45%) than between species (from 0.7% to 7.1%). Nevertheless, in our data, size never could represent a way to reliably recognise the sex of an individual, even less its species. Geographical variation in head shape could only be explored for the C. orientis sample. No significant correlation of morphometric variation with geography could be detected, which would be consistent with gene flow between Thai provinces. The geometric morphometric approach of the flea head, when it incorporates head curves, is a promising tool for rapid, economical, and accurate species and sex identification. It is, therefore, a useful tool for future epidemiological and demographic studies.

栉水母属跳蚤是细菌、立克次体、原生动物和蠕虫等微生物的生物载体或中间宿主。栉头蚤分布于世界各地,而东方栉头蚤一直被认为是亚洲栉头蚤的一个亚种。为了帮助识别这两个物种并进一步探讨它们之间的差异,我们对头部采用了几何形态计量学方法。我们对两种雌雄动物都进行了检查。我们使用了头部的五个解剖标志,并添加了 10 个半标志以捕捉前头部的弧度。仅考虑地标与结合半地标时,物种分类的准确性存在一致的差异,这表明头部曲线作为分类信号的重要性。在重新分类分析中,无论是否使用标签,头部形状本身都能几乎完美地识别两种雌雄动物,即使在调整了先验概率之后也是如此。同样的方法揭示了这两个物种在性别大小和形状上的高度二态性。在雌雄动物之间,体型变化对形状识别的贡献(从 27% 到 45%)要比物种之间的贡献(从 0.7% 到 7.1%)大得多。尽管如此,在我们的数据中,体型从来都不能可靠地识别个体的性别,更不用说物种了。头形的地理差异只能在东方鸦科样本中进行研究。没有发现形态变化与地理环境有明显的相关性,这与泰国各府之间的基因流动是一致的。跳蚤头部的几何形态计量学方法,如能结合头部曲线,将是快速、经济和准确鉴定物种和性别的有效工具。因此,它是未来流行病学和人口学研究的有用工具。
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引用次数: 0
Survey of flea infestation in cats and dogs in Western Andalusia, Spain: Seasonality and other risk factors for flea infestation 西班牙西安达卢西亚地区猫狗跳蚤出没情况调查:跳蚤侵扰的季节性和其他风险因素。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12705
Antonio Zurita, Ignacio Trujillo, Ángela María García-Sánchez, Cristina Cutillas

This epidemiological survey aims to provide an update on the main flea species that parasitize domestic animals in the Western Andalusia assessing several ecological features that could be considered as possible risk factors for flea infestation. Over a 19-month period (June 2021 to January 2023), we obtained a total of 802 flea samples from 182 dogs (Canis lupus familiaris, Carnivora: Canidae, Linnaeus, 1758) and 78 cats (Felis silvestris catus, Carnivora: Felidae, Schreber, 1775). For each parasitized host, an epidemiological survey was completed, including the following information: geographical origin, age, sex, rural or urban habitat, type of animal's lifestyle (domestic or non-domestic), health status, cohabiting or not with other animals and the total number of collected fleas. The most common species was Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Bouché, 1835) with a total of 713 specimens, which accounted for 89% of the total fleas. The second most abundant species was Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Linnaeus, 1758) with a total of 46 collected fleas (6% of the total). The remaining species identified were Archaeopsylla erinacei (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Bouché, 1835) (25 specimens), Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Dale, 1878) (12 specimens) and Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Curtis, 1826) (6 specimens), which accounted for 3%, 1% and 1%, respectively, of the total fleas collected. The months with the highest number of collected fleas were, in ascending order, May 2022, September 2021 and July 2021. Dogs had a greater diversity of flea species, and flea sex ratios were female biased in all identified species and among all studied hosts. Finally, we identified some potential host risk factors that promoted higher flea intensities, such as living in rural areas, or presenting other pathologies.

这项流行病学调查旨在提供寄生在西安达卢西亚地区家畜身上的主要跳蚤种类的最新情况,并对可能被视为跳蚤侵扰风险因素的几个生态特征进行评估。在 19 个月的时间里(2021 年 6 月至 2023 年 1 月),我们从 182 只狗(Canis lupus familiaris,食肉目:犬科,Linnaeus, 1758 年)和 78 只猫(Felis silvestris catus,食肉目:猫科,Schreber, 1775 年)身上共获得了 802 个跳蚤样本。对每个寄生宿主都进行了流行病学调查,包括以下信息:地理来源、年龄、性别、农村或城市栖息地、动物生活方式类型(家养或非家养)、健康状况、是否与其他动物同居以及收集到的跳蚤总数。最常见的物种是栉头蚤(虹彩纲:跳蚤科)(Bouché,1835 年),共有 713 个标本,占跳蚤总数的 89%。第二多的物种是 Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Linnaeus, 1758),共采集到 46 只跳蚤(占总数的 6%)。其余已确认的物种为 Archaeopsylla erinacei (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Bouché, 1835) (25 个样本)、Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Dale, 1878) (12 个样本) 和 Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Curtis, 1826) (6 个样本),分别占收集到的跳蚤总数的 3%、1% 和 1%。采集到跳蚤数量最多的月份依次为 2022 年 5 月、2021 年 9 月和 2021 年 7 月。狗身上的跳蚤种类更多,在所有已确定的种类和所有研究的宿主中,跳蚤的性别比例都偏向于雌性。最后,我们发现了一些潜在的宿主风险因素,如生活在农村地区或患有其他病症等,这些因素会导致跳蚤密度升高。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of solid and aqueous dietary diflubenzuron ingestion on some biological parameters in synthetic pyrethroid-resistant German cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) 固态和水态除虫脲对耐合成除虫菊酯的德国蜚蠊(Blattella germanica L.)(Blattodea: Ectobiidae)某些生物参数的影响
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12704
Emre Oz, Burak Polat, Aysegul Cengiz, Sevval Kahraman, Zeynep Nur Gultekin, Cansu Caliskan, Huseyin Cetin

Cockroaches, widespread pests found in metropolitan areas, are known as vectors of various disease agents, including viruses, fungi and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, as well as causing allergies in humans. Insect growth regulators have been used in pest management for several decades. These insecticides disrupt insect development and reproduction. Chitin synthesis inhibitors interfere with chitin biosynthesis in insects, causing abortive moulting and mortality, as well as inhibiting egg fertility, and larval hatching in insects. In this research, we evaluated the various effects of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on synthetic pyrethroid-resistant German cockroach (Blattella germanica L. Blattodea: Ectobiidae), including ootheca production, oothecal viability, ootheca incubation time, the number of nymphs emerging from the ootheca and survivorship of nymphs. The cockroaches were fed diets that contained diflubenzuron, which was added to solid bait (impregnated fish food) and ingestible aqueous bait (impregnated cotton). Three concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 2%) were used in the experiments. As a result, diflubenzuron treatment led to ootheca production ranging from 60% to 100%; statistically, no difference was found between the treatment and the control groups. The number of nymphs emerging from the first and second ootheca was reduced by 40%–100% in the diflubenzuron-treated groups compared with the control. Nymphs exposed to diflubenzuron-impregnated solid bait and ingestible aqueous bait experienced mortality exceeding 92.1% and 66.27% within 15 days, respectively. In conclusion, diflubenzuron is a potential insecticide for use in cockroach baits to control B. germanica, as it caused high nymphal and embryonic mortality in the synthetic pyrethroid-resistant population and decreased the number of nymphs emerging from the ootheca.

蟑螂是大都市地区普遍存在的害虫,是病毒、真菌和耐抗生素细菌等各种疾病病原体的传播媒介,也会引起人类过敏。几十年来,昆虫生长调节剂一直被用于害虫管理。这些杀虫剂会破坏昆虫的发育和繁殖。几丁质合成抑制剂会干扰昆虫体内的几丁质生物合成,导致昆虫蜕皮和死亡,并抑制昆虫的产卵能力和幼虫孵化。在这项研究中,我们评估了几丁质合成抑制剂除虫脲对合成除虫菊酯抗性德国蟑螂(Blattella germanica L. Blattodea: Ectobiidae)的各种影响,包括卵巢产量、卵巢活力、卵巢孵化时间、从卵巢中孵出的若虫数量和若虫存活率。给蟑螂喂食含有除虫脲的食物,除虫脲被添加到固体诱饵(浸渍鱼食)和可摄取的水性诱饵(浸渍棉花)中。实验中使用了三种浓度(0.5%、1% 和 2%)。结果表明,除虫脲处理可导致 60% 至 100% 的卵生率;从统计学角度看,处理组与对照组之间没有差异。与对照组相比,除虫脲处理组从第一个和第二个卵巢中出现的若虫数量减少了 40%-100%。暴露于除虫脲浸渍固体饵料和可食用水性饵料的若虫在 15 天内的死亡率分别超过 92.1%和 66.27%。总之,除虫脲是一种潜在的杀虫剂,可用于蟑螂毒饵以控制德国小蠊,因为它能导致合成除虫菊酯抗性种群的若虫和胚胎高度死亡,并能减少从卵巢中出现的若虫数量。
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引用次数: 0
Ornithomya biloba, Pseudolynchia garzettae and Pseudolynchia canariensis (Diptera: Hippoboscidae): three new United Kingdom colonists and potential disease vectors 双翅目:绿腹鸟、绿腹鸟和加那利伪腹鸟(双翅目:海马科):三个新的英国殖民地和潜在的病媒。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12703
Denise C. Wawman

In the northern hemisphere, many species' ranges are shifting northwards with climate change. Here I present evidence, from the first large-scale citizen science study of the Hippoboscidae in the United Kingdom, for the colonisation of the United Kingdom by three species of Diptera in the family Hippoboscidae, which are obligate ectoparasites of birds. The Swallow Louse Fly, Ornithomya biloba; the Nightjar Louse Fly, Pseudolynchia garzettae and the Pigeon Louse Fly, Pseudolynchia canariensis were previously considered to be vagrants from more southerly latitudes but the presence of a pair taken possibly in the act of copulation, gravid females and the increase in numbers of the various species provides good evidence of local breeding activity. I discuss the potential for further northwards range shift and whether the presence of three new species of parasite may have implications for the spread of avian disease within the region. I also include a concise key to the genus Pseudolynchia and images of P. canariensis, P. garzettae and O. biloba to aid further identification of these species in the region.

在北半球,随着气候变化,许多物种的活动范围正在向北移动。在这里,我提出了证据,从第一次大规模的公民科学研究在英国的河马科,为殖民地的三种双翅目河马科,它们是鸟类的专性外寄生虫。燕子、虱子、苍蝇;夜莺蝇和金丝鸽蝇以前被认为是从更南纬的地方迁徙而来的,但一对可能是在交配时被捕获的,雌性怀孕以及各种物种数量的增加为当地繁殖活动提供了很好的证据。我讨论了进一步向北转移范围的可能性,以及三种新寄生虫的存在是否可能对该地区禽类疾病的传播产生影响。我还包括了伪林草属的简明钥匙和P. canariensis, P. garzettae和O. biloba的图像,以帮助进一步识别这些物种在该地区。
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引用次数: 0
How to repel a killer; chemical identification and effective repellent activity of commercial essential oils against kissing bugs 如何击退杀手;商品精油对吻虫的化学鉴定及有效驱避活性。
IF 1.9 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-25 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12702
Azhary Rito-Rueda, Juan Eduardo Flores-Jiménez, Ana Erika Gutiérrez-Cabrera, Samuel Cruz-Esteban, Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, Leopoldo Cruz-López, David Alavez-Rosas

Triatomines are haematophagous insects, some species are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease. The main strategy for interrupting T. cruzi transmission is to avoid contact of the vector populations with humans. Volatiles from commercial essential oils are excellent candidates to serve as repellents of kissing bugs. We used an exposure device to assess the repellence effect of eight commercial essential oils on Triatoma pallidipennis. The most effective oils were blended and evaluated against T. infestans, T. pallidipennis and Rhodnius prolixus. The blend was also evaluated on parasitised T. pallidipennis. Data were compared with the commercial repellent NN-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide. We recorded the time the insects spent in the proximity of the host and determined if any of the evaluated oils served as kissing bug repellent. We found commercial essential oils and a blend that significantly reduced the time spent in the proximity of the host. The blend was effective for use by human males and females, repelling infected and non-infected insects. The study of essential oils as repellents of blood-sucking disease-vector insects could shed light on the development of new control strategies.

锥蝽属食血昆虫,部分种是恰加斯病病原克氏锥虫的病媒。阻断克氏锥虫传播的主要策略是避免媒介种群与人类接触。商业精油中的挥发物是驱蚊剂的绝佳选择。我们用暴露装置评估了8种商业精油对白斑三角瘤的驱避效果。将最有效的精油进行混合,并评价其对感染T. infestens、T. pallidipennis和Rhodnius prolixus的抑制作用。并对该混合物对被寄生的白斑蝶进行了评价。将数据与市售驱蚊剂nn -二乙基-3-甲基苄胺进行比较。我们记录了昆虫在宿主附近度过的时间,并确定是否有任何被评估的油作为接吻驱虫剂。我们发现了商业精油和混合物,可以显着减少在宿主附近花费的时间。该混合物对男性和女性都有效,可驱除受感染和未受感染的昆虫。研究精油对吸血病媒昆虫的驱避作用,有助于制定新的防治策略。
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引用次数: 0
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Medical and Veterinary Entomology
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