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Winter activity of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) inside and outside stables in Germany 德国马厩内外的虱目动物(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)的冬季活动。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12756
Sarah Groschupp, Helge Kampen, Doreen Werner

Culicoides biting midge species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Obsoletus Group and the Pulicaris Complex are considered the major vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses in Europe. Overwintering strategies of these arboviruses are controversially discussed, with the ongoing activity of vector species and a non-disrupted transmission cycle during winter being a plausible explanation. Although data on Culicoides winter activity are relatively scant, a seasonal vector-free period (SVFP), during which adult Culicoides are not or hardly active, is questionable. To determine winter activity and define SVFPs according to the EU Commission Regulation No 1266/2007, adult Culicoides were trapped weekly with UV-light traps from October to April 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 inside and outside stables on 16 farms throughout Germany. Temperature measurements were taken regularly at each trapping site since the temperature is a known driver of biting midge activity. In 960 indoor and outdoor catches, 32,377 Culicoides were trapped, with 90.9% of them belonging to the Obsoletus Group, 6.1% to the Pulicaris Complex and 3.0% to ‘other Culicoides’ according to morphological identification. The majority (61.3%) of Culicoides were trapped indoors, with substantial numbers of specimens collected from October to December, in March and in April, and only a few or no specimens in January and February. Obsoletus Group biting midges were active indoors for almost the entire winter. Outdoors, Culicoides numbers decreased from October to December, few or no specimens were caught from January to March, and high numbers were captured in April. Of the collected Culicoides, 2028 were blood-fed, of which 94.6% were trapped in the stables. The indoor SVFP, although calculated for blood-fed instead of parous females, lasted for almost 4 months (late November until mid-March) in winter 2019/2020 and 2 months (January and February) in winter 2020/2021. The outdoor SVFPs covered almost the entire study period in both winters, with slight differences between the onsets and the ends. The Culicoides activity significantly depended on temperature. Specimens of the Obsoletus Group were caught at an average temperature of 7.4°C (minimum 0.3°C) and of the Pulicaris Complex at an average temperature of 10.3°C (minimum 1.2°C). These temperatures were reached inside the stables over more extended periods than outside. The average indoor temperatures were 1.2 K higher than the average outdoor temperatures, although absolute temperature differences of up to 9.0 K were recorded. Based on Culicoides activity, the results of the present study indicate an almost continuous potential for virus transmission in winter within livestock houses.

蓝舌病病毒和施马伦贝格病毒在欧洲的主要传播媒介是咬蠓科(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)的Obsoletus群和Pulicaris群。关于这些虫媒病毒的越冬策略存在争议,病媒物种的持续活动和冬季不间断的传播周期是一种合理的解释。虽然有关库里科虫冬季活动的数据相对较少,但成虫不活动或几乎不活动的季节性无病媒期(SVFP)值得怀疑。为了根据欧盟委员会第 1266/2007 号法规确定冬季活动并定义 SVFP,2019/2020 年和 2020/2021 年 10 月至 4 月期间,在德国 16 个农场的马厩内外使用紫外线诱捕器每周诱捕 Culicoides 成虫。每个诱捕地点都定期测量温度,因为温度是已知的咬蠓活动的驱动因素。在 960 次室内和室外捕获活动中,共诱捕到 32,377 只咬螨,根据形态鉴定,其中 90.9% 属于 Obsoletus 组,6.1% 属于 Pulicaris Complex,3.0% 属于 "其他咬螨"。大部分(61.3%)Culicoides 是在室内捕获的,在 10 月至 12 月、3 月和 4 月收集到大量标本,而在 1 月和 2 月只有少量或没有标本。咬蠓在室内几乎整个冬季都很活跃。在室外,从 10 月到 12 月,Culicoides 的数量有所减少,1 月到 3 月捕获的标本很少或没有,而 4 月捕获的标本数量较多。在收集到的库里科蝇中,有 2028 头是血食的,其中 94.6% 是在马厩中捕获的。室内 SVFP(尽管计算的是吸血雌虫而非雌虫)在 2019/2020 年冬季持续了近 4 个月(11 月下旬至 3 月中),在 2020/2021 年冬季持续了 2 个月(1 月和 2 月)。室外 SVFP 几乎覆盖了两个冬季的整个研究期间,但在开始和结束时略有不同。库利科昆虫的活动明显取决于温度。在平均温度为 7.4°C(最低 0.3°C)的条件下捕捉到了 Obsoletus 类标本,在平均温度为 10.3°C(最低 1.2°C)的条件下捕捉到了 Pulicaris Complex 类标本。与室外相比,马厩内达到这些温度的时间更长。室内平均温度比室外平均温度高 1.2 K,但绝对温差高达 9.0 K。根据库里科德虫的活动情况,本研究结果表明,冬季牲畜舍内几乎持续存在病毒传播的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Diversity of bartonellae in mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae and Spinturnicidae) of boreal forest bats: Association of host specificity of mites and habitat selection of hosts with vector potential 北方森林蝙蝠螨(Acari:Mesostigmata:Macronyssidae 和 Spinturnicidae)中巴氏杆菌的多样性:螨虫的宿主特异性和宿主的生境选择与病媒潜能的关联。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12757
Attila D. Sándor, Alexandra Corduneanu, Maria Orlova, Sándor Hornok, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, Angélique Foucault-Simonin, Joanna Kulisz, Zbigniew Zając, Mihai Borzan

Research into various bacterial pathogens that can be transmitted between different animals and may have zoonotic potential has led to the discovery of different strains of Bartonella sp. in bats and their associated ectoparasites. Despite their enormous species diversity, only a few studies have focussed on the detection of bacterial pathogens in insectivorous bats of boreal forests and their associated Macronyssidae and Spinturnicidae mites. We collected and molecularly analysed mite samples from forest-dwelling bat species distributed all along the boreal belt of the Palearctic, from Central Europe to Far East. Ectoparasitic mites were pooled for DNA extraction and DNA amplification polymerase chain reaction (PCRs) were conducted to detect the presence of various bacterial (Anaplasmataceae, Bartonella sp., Rickettsia sp., Mycoplasma sp.) and protozoal (Hepatozoon sp.) pathogens. Bartonella sp. DNA was detected in four different mite species (Macronyssidae: Steatonyssus periblepharus and Spinturnicidae: Spinturnix acuminata, Sp. myoti and Sp. mystacinus), with different prevalences of the targeted gene (gltA, 16-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer and ftsZ). Larger pools (>5 samples pooled) were more likely to harbour Bartonella sp. DNA, than smaller ones. In addition, cave-dwelling bat hosts and host generalist mite species are more associated with Bartonella spp. presence. Spinturnicidae mites may transmit several distinct Bartonella strains, which cluster phylogenetically close to Bartonella species known to cause diseases in humans and livestock. Mites with ubiquitous presence may facilitate the long-term maintenance (and even local recurrence) of Bartonella-infestations inside local bat populations, thus acting as continuous reservoirs for Bartonella spp in bats.

对可在不同动物间传播并可能造成人畜共患病的各种细菌病原体的研究,导致在蝙蝠及其相关的体外寄生虫中发现了不同的巴顿氏菌菌株。尽管蝙蝠的种类繁多,但只有少数研究集中于北方森林食虫蝙蝠及其相关的Macronyssidae和Spinturnicidae螨虫中细菌病原体的检测。我们收集了分布在从中欧到远东的古北区北方地带的森林栖息蝙蝠物种的螨虫样本,并对其进行了分子分析。外寄生螨被集中起来提取DNA,并进行DNA扩增聚合酶链反应(PCR),以检测各种细菌(无形体科、巴顿氏菌属、立克次体属、支原体属)和原生动物(肝包虫属)病原体的存在。在四种不同的螨类中(Macronyssidae:Steatonyssus periblepharus 和 Spinturnicidae:Spinturnix acuminata、Sp. myoti 和 Sp. mystacinus)检测到了巴顿氏菌 DNA,目标基因(gltA、16-23S 核糖体 RNA 基因间间隔和 ftsZ)的流行率各不相同。与较小的样本池相比,较大的样本池(大于 5 个样本池)更有可能携带巴顿氏菌 DNA。此外,穴居蝙蝠宿主和宿主通性螨类与巴顿氏菌属的存在更有关联。Spinturnicidae 螨虫可能传播几种不同的巴顿氏菌菌株,这些菌株在系统发育上与已知可导致人类和家畜疾病的巴顿氏菌菌株相近。无处不在的螨虫可能会促使巴顿氏菌感染在当地蝙蝠种群中长期维持(甚至局部复发),从而成为蝙蝠中巴顿氏菌属的持续贮藏库。
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引用次数: 0
What happens when the insecticide does not kill? A review of sublethal toxicology and insecticide resistance in triatomines. 杀虫剂杀不死时会发生什么?三蠹亚致死毒理学和杀虫剂抗药性综述。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12753
Gastón Mougabure-Cueto, Georgina Fronza, Julieta Nattero

Chagas disease is considered one of the most important human parasitosis in the United States. This disease is mainly transmitted by insects of the subfamily Triatominae. The chemical vector control is the main tool for reducing the incidence of the disease. However, the presence of triatomines after pyrethroids spraying has been reported in some regions, as in the case of Triatoma infestans in Argentina and Bolivia. The presence of insects can be explained by the colonization from neighbouring areas, the reduction of insecticide dose to sublethal levels due to environmental factors, and/or by the evolution of insecticide resistance. In the last two scenarios, a proportion of the insects is not killed by insecticide and gives rise to residual populations. This article focuses on the toxicological processes associated with these scenarios in triatomines. Sublethal doses may have different effects on insect biology, that is, sublethal effects, which may contribute to the control. In addition, for insect disease vectors, sublethal doses could have negative effects on disease transmission. The study of sublethal effects in triatomines has focused primarily on the sequence of symptoms associated with nervous intoxication. However, the effects of sublethal doses on excretion, reproduction and morphology have also been studied. Rhodnius prolixus and T. infestans and pyrethroids insecticides were the triatomine species and insecticides, respectively, mainly studied. Insecticide resistance is an evolutionary phenomenon in which the insecticide acts as a selective force, concentrating on the insect population's pre-existing traits that confer resistance. This leads to a reduction in the susceptibility to the insecticide, which was previously effective in controlling this species. The evolution of resistance in triatomines received little attention before the 2000s, but after the detection of the first focus of resistance associated with chemical control failures in T. infestans from Argentina in 2002, the study of resistance increased remarkably. A significant number of works have studied the geographical distribution, the resistance mechanisms, the biological modifications associated with resistance, the environmental influences and the genetic of T. infestans resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. Currently, studies of insecticide resistance are gradually being extended to other areas and other species. The aim of this article was to review the knowledge on both phenomena (sublethal effects and insecticide resistance) in triatomines. For a better understanding of this article, some concepts and processes related to insect-insecticide interactions, individual and population toxicology and evolutionary biology are briefly reviewed. Finally, possible future lines of research in triatomine toxicology are discussed.

南美锥虫病被认为是美国最重要的人类寄生虫病之一。这种疾病主要由三足虫亚科昆虫传播。化学病媒控制是降低该病发病率的主要手段。然而,据报道,在某些地区喷洒除虫菊酯后会出现三蠹虫,如阿根廷和玻利维亚的 Triatoma infestans。昆虫出现的原因可能是来自邻近地区的定殖、环境因素导致杀虫剂剂量降低到亚致死水平,和/或杀虫剂抗药性的演变。在后两种情况下,一部分昆虫不会被杀虫剂杀死,从而产生残留种群。本文重点介绍与这些情况相关的三蠹虫毒理学过程。亚致死剂量可能会对昆虫生物学产生不同的影响,即亚致死效应,这可能有助于控制。此外,对于昆虫病媒来说,亚致死剂量可能会对疾病传播产生负面影响。对三翅目昆虫亚致死效应的研究主要集中在与神经中毒相关的症状序列上。不过,亚致死剂量对排泄、繁殖和形态的影响也有研究。主要研究的对象分别是 Rhodnius prolixus 和 T. infestans 以及拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂。杀虫剂抗药性是一种进化现象,在这种现象中,杀虫剂作为一种选择性力量,集中作用于昆虫种群原有的抗性特征。这导致昆虫对杀虫剂的易感性降低,而杀虫剂之前对该物种的控制是有效的。2000 年代以前,人们很少关注三蠹类昆虫的抗药性演变,但 2002 年在阿根廷发现首个与化学防治失败相关的抗药性病灶后,抗药性研究显著增加。大量工作研究了抗药性的地理分布、抗药性机制、与抗药性相关的生物变化、环境影响以及对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂产生抗药性的褐飞虱的遗传。目前,对杀虫剂抗性的研究正逐渐扩展到其他地区和其他物种。本文旨在回顾有关三蠹虫这两种现象(亚致死效应和杀虫剂抗性)的知识。为了更好地理解这篇文章,本文简要回顾了与昆虫-杀虫剂相互作用、个体和种群毒理学以及进化生物学相关的一些概念和过程。最后,还讨论了三蠹毒理学未来可能的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Isolation and comparative analysis of culturable bacterial communities associated with life stages, breeding and rearing substrates of Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vector of bluetongue virus 分离和比较分析与蓝舌病病毒病媒 Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)的生命阶段、繁殖和饲养基质相关的可培养细菌群落。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12754
Ankita Sarkar, Paramita Banerjee, Abhijit Mazumdar

Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) has been vectoring several arboviruses, protozoa and nematodes, leading to mortality and morbidity of livestock and wild ruminants in the tropics and subtropics. Insight into the bacterial communities associated with the vector species must be worked out. This work tries to inventorize the bacterial communities associated with this important vector species. Acquisition of gut microbiota may be the parental origin, while some are obtained through feeding during larval stages. Culicoides oxystoma possesses semi-aquatic life cycle strategies for egg-laying and larval survival. The bacteria associated with C. oxystoma were compared throughout (i) life stages: egg, larval instars, pupa, adult: male and female obtained from laboratory colony; (ii) field-collected adult: male and age-graded females; and (iii) natural breeding substrate and artificial rearing substrate. The culture-dependent bacteria were identified by Sanger sequencing of 16S rRNA, and haemolytic bacteria were screened on blood agar. Results show that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria are the predominant Phyla, of which Bacillus spp. was the most abundant across the life stages. Across the life history, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus tropicus, Lysinibacillus sp. and Paenibacillus sp. were retrieved routinely. Bacillus cereus and Alcaligenes faecalis were detected in the lab-reared specimens and shared between the natural breeding site and rearing medium. From the adults trapped across two locations, B. cereus, Bacillus flexus, A. faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Pseudomonas sp. were isolated. The bacterial species associated with this vector may influence various physiological traits, such as vectorial capacity, digestion and larval development, which need further investigation.

Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)一直在传播几种虫媒病毒、原生动物和线虫,导致热带和亚热带地区的家畜和野生反刍动物死亡和发病。必须深入研究与病媒物种相关的细菌群落。这项研究试图找出与这一重要病媒物种相关的细菌群落。肠道微生物群的获得可能来自亲代,也有一些是在幼虫阶段通过进食获得的。Culicoides oxystoma具有产卵和幼虫生存的半水生生命周期策略。我们比较了与氧囊虫有关的细菌在以下各阶段的分布情况:(i) 生命阶段:卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫:实验室群落中的雄虫和雌虫;(ii) 野外采集的成虫:雄虫和按年龄分级的雌虫;(iii) 天然繁殖基质和人工饲养基质。通过对 16S rRNA 进行桑格测序,鉴定了依赖培养的细菌,并在血琼脂上筛选了溶血细菌。结果表明,固着菌属和变形菌属是主要的菌门,其中芽孢杆菌属在各生命阶段的数量最多。在整个生命历程中,蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、普米氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、滋养芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tropicus)、赖氨巴氏杆菌(Lysinibacillus sp.在实验室饲养的标本中检测到蜡样芽孢杆菌和粪阿卡列奈氏菌,自然繁殖地和饲养介质中也有这两种细菌。从两个地点捕获的成虫中分离出了蜡样芽孢杆菌、柔性芽孢杆菌、粪阿卡列氏菌、粪肠球菌和假单胞菌。与该病媒相关的细菌种类可能会影响各种生理特征,如病媒能力、消化和幼虫发育,这需要进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Survival of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) embryos under cold temperature conditions: forensic implications. Calliphora vicina(双翅目:Calliphoridae)胚胎在低温条件下的存活:法医意义。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12749
Jaime López-García, Daniel Martín-Vega

Most blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) species are sarcosaprophagous during the larval stage, primarily feeding on the soft tissues of carcasses during the early stages of decomposition, making them valuable forensic indicators for minimum post-mortem interval (minPMI) estimations. Like other insects, their developmental rates are strongly influenced by the environmental temperature. Although several studies have examined the influence of temperature on the development of different blow fly species, the impact of cold temperatures remains largely unstudied, despite its potential forensic implications. The present study investigates the effect of three cold temperatures (0, -2.5 and -5°C) on the survival of Calliphora vicina embryos of five different ages (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the total embryonic development) and two exposure times (6 and 24 h). Our results revealed significant differences in egg survival at the earliest embryonic stages (0% and 20% of the total embryonic development), resulting in high mortality rates. While at 20% of the total embryonic development high mortality was only observed under -5°C, at 0% of the total embryonic development high mortality rates were observed at all the temperatures tested. Although C. vicina embryos demonstrate tolerance to cold temperatures once they have completed the first 20% of the total embryonic development, potentially mitigating the impact of cold weather events, the possibility of minPMI underestimations due to the death of the first egg batches should not be disregarded. Additionally, considering that the embryonic development stages may last for several days under low temperatures, caution should be taken in the analysis of entomological evidence if a cadaver is discovered following cold weather episodes.

大多数吹蝇(双翅目:Calliphoridae)物种在幼虫阶段都是肉食性的,主要在尸体腐烂的早期阶段取食尸体的软组织,这使它们成为估算尸体最小间隔期(minPMI)的重要法医指标。与其他昆虫一样,它们的发育速度受环境温度的影响很大。尽管已有多项研究探讨了温度对不同种类吹蝇发育的影响,但低温的影响在很大程度上仍未得到研究,尽管它具有潜在的法医学意义。本研究调查了三种低温(0、-2.5 和 -5°C)对 Calliphora vicina 胚胎存活率的影响,包括五个不同的年龄段(胚胎发育的 0%、20%、40%、60% 和 80%)和两种暴露时间(6 和 24 小时)。我们的结果表明,在最早的胚胎发育阶段(胚胎发育的 0% 和 20%),卵的存活率存在显著差异,导致死亡率很高。在胚胎发育的 20% 阶段,只有在 -5°C 的条件下才能观察到高死亡率,而在胚胎发育的 0% 阶段,在所有测试温度下都能观察到高死亡率。尽管沧龙鱼胚胎在完成整个胚胎发育过程的前 20% 后表现出对低温的耐受性,有可能减轻寒冷天气事件的影响,但不应忽视由于第一批卵的死亡而导致 minPMI 被低估的可能性。此外,考虑到胚胎发育阶段在低温条件下可能会持续数天,如果在寒冷天气事件后发现尸体,则应谨慎分析昆虫学证据。
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引用次数: 0
Culicoides biting midges feeding behaviour as a key for understanding avian Haemoproteus transmission in Lithuania 咬蠓取食行为是了解立陶宛禽血吸虫传播情况的关键。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12752
Margarita Kazak, Kristina Valavičiūtė-Pocienė, Simona Kondrotaitė, Mélanie Duc, Dovilė Bukauskaitė, Carolina Hernández-Lara, Rasa Bernotienė, Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas

Investigations of host feeding behaviour in haematophagous insects are critical to assess transmission routes of vector-borne diseases. Understanding if a certain species has ornithophilic or mammalophilic feeding behaviour can facilitate future studies focused on pathogens transmission to and from certain host species. Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of several pathogens, which include arboviruses, bacteria and parasites to a considerable diversity of vertebrate hosts. However, most of the studies focused on feeding habits target Culicoides species that could transmit the Bluetongue virus, consequently with a mammalophilic feeding behaviour, leaving aside the Culicoides species that are involved in the transmission of vector-borne parasites to birds, such as Haemoproteus Kruse (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae). This study aimed to investigate the source of blood meals of wild-caught Culicoides using molecular-based methods and to correlate our findings with the reports of Haemoproteus parasites in Culicoides species. Engorged Culicoides females were collected using ultraviolet (UV)-light traps at seven different localities in Lithuania in 2021–2023. Biting midges were dissected, and the abdomens of engorged females were used for molecular investigation of the blood meal source. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol that amplifies a fragment of the Cytochrome B gene of vertebrates was used. Obtained sequences were compared to available information in GenBank database to confirm the source of the blood meal. In total, 258 engorged Culicoides females, representing nine different species, were analysed. The source of blood meal was identified in 29.1% of them with most of the insects having fed on birds (74.7%) and the remaining on mammals (25.3%). Culicoides segnis Campbell, Pelham-Clinton was the only species to feed exclusively on birds; Culicoides from the Obsoletus group, C. pallidicornis Kieffer and C. punctatus Latreille were found to feed exclusively on mammals; C. festivipennis Kieffer, C. kibunensis Tokunaga and C. pictipennis Staeger had an opportunistic feeding behaviour, with the first two preferably feeding on birds. Due to their feeding behaviour and the presence of Haemoproteus parasites reported in the literature, C. festivipennis, C. kibunensis, C. pictipennis, and C. segnis play an important role in the transmission of those avian vector-borne parasite in the wild. These Culicoides species were already confirmed as being able to support the development of several Haemoproteus species and lineages. Future studies focused on understanding the epidemiology of avian pathogens transmitted by Culicoides should target these species.

调查食血昆虫的宿主取食行为对于评估病媒传播疾病的传播途径至关重要。了解某一物种是否具有嗜鸟类或嗜哺乳动物的取食行为,有助于今后重点研究病原体在某些宿主物种之间的传播途径。Culicoides Latreille(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)是多种病原体(包括虫媒病毒、细菌和寄生虫)的传播媒介,可传播给多种脊椎动物宿主。然而,大多数研究都集中在以可能传播蓝舌病病毒的栉水母种为目标的取食习性上,因此,栉水母种具有嗜哺乳动物的取食行为,但却忽略了参与向鸟类传播病媒寄生虫的栉水母种,如克鲁兹血吸虫(血孢子虫科:Haemoproteidae)。本研究旨在利用分子方法调查野外捕获的Culicoides的血食来源,并将我们的发现与Culicoides物种中的血蛋白梭菌寄生虫的报告进行关联。2021-2023年,我们在立陶宛的七个不同地点使用紫外线诱捕器收集了被啮咬的雌性Culicoides。对咬蠓进行解剖,并利用吞食的雌蠓腹部对血食来源进行分子调查。采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方案扩增脊椎动物细胞色素 B 基因片段。将获得的序列与 GenBank 数据库中的现有信息进行比较,以确认血粉的来源。总共分析了 258 只被吞食的雌性库里科虫,它们代表了 9 个不同的物种。其中 29.1%的昆虫的血粉来源得到了确认,大部分昆虫以鸟类为食(74.7%),其余以哺乳动物为食(25.3%)。Culicoides segnis Campbell, Pelham-Clinton 是唯一一种只以鸟类为食的昆虫;Obsoletus 类中的 Culicoides、C. pallidicornis Kieffer 和 C. punctatus Latreille 被发现只以哺乳动物为食;C. festivipennis Kieffer、C. kibunensis Tokunaga 和 C. pictipennis Staeger 有机会性取食行为,前两种最好以鸟类为食。由于它们的取食行为和文献中报道的血包虫寄生虫的存在,C. festivipennis、C. kibunensis、C. pictipennis 和 C. segnis 在这些禽类病媒寄生虫的野外传播中扮演了重要角色。已证实这些恙虫属物种能够支持多个血吸虫物种和品系的发展。未来研究的重点应是了解由Culicoides传播的禽类病原体的流行病学。
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引用次数: 0
Morphological analysis and lipid composition of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans salivary glands reinforce important features of feeding behaviour Análises morfológicas e composição lipídica das glândulas salivares de Stomoxys calcitrans, a mosca-dos-estábulos, reforçam importantes características de seu comportamento alimentar 稳定蝇 Stomoxys calcitrans 唾液腺的形态分析和脂质组成强化了摄食行为的重要特征。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12751
Melissa Florencio, Francisco Romulo Oilveira Magalhães, Aline Araujo Zuma, Cinara Lima Oliveira Lugathe, Dayana Rosa, Karina Riguete, Maria Cristina Machado Motta, Aparecida Alves do Nascimento, Jacenir Reis dos Santos Mallet, Georgia Correa Atella, Patrícia Fampa

Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), the stable fly, is a hematophagous insect of great veterinary importance, because it is a mechanical vector of diverse pathogens in livestock. The saliva of blood-feeding insects presents important pharmacologically active molecules that impair blood clotting, promote vasodilation and modulate the host immune system response, crucial processes for successful feeding. These properties also enable pathogens' transmission. In the present work, we describe an efficient protocol to dissect S. calcitrans salivary glands, their morphological characteristics and lipid profile. The mean length of the tubular gland is 3.23 mm with a bulbous posterior end and a narrow anterior end. Histological analysis revealed a monolayer of large polygonal epithelial cells with voluminous nuclei and high lipid content in their cytoplasm. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the epithelium is rich in mitochondria, free ribosomes, Golgi complex cisternae, presenting a great extension of rough endoplasmic reticulum that contains an electron-dense material. Lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography showed that neutral fatty acids and phosphatidylcholine are predominant in the fly salivary glands. Lysophosphatidylcholine, an important signalling biomolecule involved in different metabolic processes, including host's immunomodulation and pathogens proliferation and differentiation, is also present.

厩蝇 Stomoxys calcitrans L.(双翅目:鹟科)是一种食血昆虫,对兽医具有重要意义,因为它是家畜中各种病原体的机械载体。食血昆虫的唾液中含有重要的药理活性分子,可损害血液凝固、促进血管扩张和调节宿主免疫系统反应,这些都是成功捕食的关键过程。这些特性也使病原体得以传播。在本研究中,我们描述了一种高效的方案,用于解剖钙蟾蜍唾液腺、其形态特征和脂质概况。管状腺体的平均长度为 3.23 毫米,后端呈球状,前端狭窄。组织学分析显示,单层大的多角形上皮细胞,细胞核体积大,细胞质中脂质含量高。超微结构分析表明,上皮细胞中含有丰富的线粒体、游离核糖体和高尔基复合体空泡,粗面内质网也有很大的延伸,其中含有电子致密物质。薄层色谱法的脂质分析表明,苍蝇唾液腺中主要是中性脂肪酸和磷脂酰胆碱。溶血磷脂酰胆碱是一种重要的信号生物大分子,参与不同的代谢过程,包括宿主的免疫调节和病原体的增殖和分化。
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引用次数: 0
First description of immature stages and notes on the biology of the blow fly, Calliphora lopesi Mello, 1962. 首次描述吹蝇(Calliphora lopesi Mello,1962 年)的未成熟阶段并说明其生物学特性。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12750
Maicon D Grella, André G Savino, Aline M Prado, Patricia J Thyssen

Several species of the worldwide distributed genus Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy (Insecta, Diptera, Calliphoridae) are medically important vectors and agents of myiasis. Furthermore, these flies are relevant in forensics because they are found in corpses. Information regarding the taxonomy, bionomics and distribution of Calliphora species endemic to South America, including Calliphora lopesi Mello, is scarce. To expand knowledge on C. lopesi, this study presents descriptions of eggs, larvae, puparia and developmental data at 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26 ± 1°C for the first time. Adult flies were collected from the field and kept in the laboratory to obtain samples for morphological and biological studies. Immatures were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. To assess the growth rate, 10 specimens from each temperature group were randomly removed from the diet and weighed every 24 h from larval hatching until pupation. The minimum developmental threshold, thermal constant and linear development-rate equations were calculated for each stage. Considering weight gain records and survival rates, the optimum temperature for the development of C. lopesi ranges from 23 to 26°C. A key to third-instar larvae of known Neotropical species of Calliphora was also provided to assist in identification. The information provided in this study should be useful in expanding knowledge about Neotropical Calliphoridae species of forensic importance.

分布于世界各地的 Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy(昆虫纲,双翅目,Calliphoridae)属的几个物种是医学上重要的肌蝇病媒介和病原体。此外,这些苍蝇还与法医学有关,因为它们会出现在尸体中。有关南美洲特有的 Calliphora(包括 Calliphora lopesi Mello)物种的分类学、生物组学和分布的信息很少。为了扩大对 C. lopesi 的了解,本研究首次对卵、幼虫、蛹以及在 14、17、20、23 和 26 ± 1°C 温度条件下的发育数据进行了描述。成蝇从野外采集并保存在实验室中,以获得形态和生物学研究样本。未成蝇则使用光镜和扫描电子显微镜进行检查。为评估生长速度,从幼虫孵化至化蛹期间,每 24 小时从每个温度组随机取出 10 只标本称重。计算每个阶段的最低发育阈值、热常数和线性发育率方程。考虑到增重记录和存活率,C. lopesi生长发育的最适温度为 23 至 26°C。本研究还提供了新热带地区已知 Calliphora 种类三龄幼虫的关键信息,以帮助识别。本研究提供的信息应有助于扩大对具有重要法医意义的新热带茧蜂科物种的了解。
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引用次数: 0
A methodological approach to age estimation of the intra-puparial period of the forensically relevant blow fly Calliphora vicina via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 通过傅立叶变换红外光谱仪估算法医相关吹蝇产卵期年龄的方法学方法。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12748
Luise Thümmel, Johannes Tintner-Olifiers, Jens Amendt

Estimating the age of immature blow flies is of great importance for forensic entomology. However, no gold-standard technique for an accurate determination of the intra-puparial age has yet been established. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a method to (bio-)chemically characterise material based on the absorbance of electromagnetic energy by functional groups of molecules. In recent years, it also has become a powerful tool in forensic and life sciences, as it is a fast and cost-effective way to characterise all kinds of material and biological traces. This study is the first to collect developmental reference data on the changes in absorption spectra during the intra-puparial period of the forensically important blow fly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Calliphora vicina was reared at constant 20°C and 25°C and specimens were killed every other day throughout their intra-puparial development. In order to investigate which part yields the highest detectable differences in absorption spectra throughout the intra-puparial development, each specimen was divided into two different subsamples: the pupal body and the former cuticle of the third instar, that is, the puparium. Absorption spectra were collected with a FTIR spectrometer coupled to an attenuated total reflection (ATR) unit. Classification accuracies of different wavenumber regions with two machine learning models, i.e., random forests (RF) and support vector machines (SVMs), were tested. The best age predictions for both temperature settings and machine learning models were obtained by using the full spectral range from 3700 to 600 cm-1. While SVMs resulted in better accuracies for C. vicina reared at 20°C, RFs performed almost as good as SVMs for data obtained from 25°C. In terms of sample type, the pupal body gave smoother spectra and usually better classification accuracies than the puparia. This study shows that FTIR spectroscopy is a promising technique in forensic entomology to support the estimation of the minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin), by estimating the age of a given insect specimen.

估计未成熟吹蝇的年龄对法医昆虫学来说非常重要。然而,目前还没有一种金标准技术能准确测定幼蝇的年龄。傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱法是一种基于分子官能团对电磁能量吸收的(生物)化学特征描述方法。近年来,傅立叶变换红外光谱法已成为法医和生命科学领域的有力工具,因为它是表征各种材料和生物痕迹的一种快速、经济有效的方法。本研究首次收集了具有重要法医学价值的吹蝇 Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy(双翅目:Calliphoridae)在蛹期内吸收光谱变化的发育参考数据。Calliphora vicina 在恒定的 20°C 和 25°C 温度下饲养,在整个蛹内发育期间,每隔一天杀死一只标本。为了研究在蛹的整个发育过程中哪一部分的吸收光谱可检测到的差异最大,每个标本都被分成两个不同的子样本:蛹体和第三龄的前角质层,即蛹室。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪和衰减全反射(ATR)装置收集吸收光谱。使用两种机器学习模型,即随机森林(RF)和支持向量机(SVM),对不同波长区域的分类准确性进行了测试。在温度设置和机器学习模型中,使用 3700 至 600 cm-1 的全光谱范围都能获得最佳的年龄预测结果。SVM 对在 20°C 下饲养的 C. vicina 的预测准确率更高,而 RF 对在 25°C 下获得的数据的预测准确率几乎与 SVM 相当。就样本类型而言,蛹体的光谱更平滑,分类准确率通常也比蛹体高。这项研究表明,傅立叶变换红外光谱法是法医昆虫学中一种很有前途的技术,它可以通过估计特定昆虫标本的年龄来支持最小死后间隔期(PMImin)的估计。
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引用次数: 0
Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) in a colony of Triatoma sherlocki Papa et al. 2002 (Reduviidae: Triatominae) present in a subsistence pig farm in Northeast Brazil. 巴西东北部一个自给自足的养猪场中的 Triatoma sherlocki Papa 等人 2002(Reduviidae:Triatominae)群落中的克鲁斯 Trypanosoma cruzi(Chagas,1909)感染。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12746
Flavia Santos, Alice Dos Santos Saraiva, Sabrina Mota Lambert, Jairo Torres Magalhães-Junior, Ianei de Oliveira Carneiro, Larissa José Parazzi, Jader de Oliveira, Bárbara Maria Paraná da Silva Souza, Carlos Roberto Franke

Triatomines of the species Triatoma sherlocki are considered sylvatic; however, household invasion appears imminent, potentially carrying Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The aim of this study was to report the first occurrence of a colony of T. sherlocki infected by T. cruzi in a subsistence pig farm. Triatomines collected underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for T. cruzi detection and determination of blood meal source. The 19 triatomines collected in the pig farm were of the species T. sherlocki, comprising 26.3% nymphs (5/19), 52.6% males (10/19) and 21.1% females (4/19). PCR showed that 15.8% (3/19) of triatomines were infected by T. cruzi. The only detected blood meal source in triatomines (n = 11) was the domestic mammal Sus scrofa, commonly known as domestic pig, indicating that T. sherlocki is an opportunist, feeding on available vertebrates in the environment, including domestic animals such as pigs. These results highlight the possibility of domiciliation of the species T. sherlocki and its potential role in bridging the transmission of T. cruzi between sylvatic and domestic environments.

谢洛克蝽(Triatoma sherlocki)被认为是食草动物;然而,家庭入侵似乎迫在眉睫,它可能携带南美锥虫病的病原体克鲁兹锥虫(Trypanosoma cruzi)。本研究的目的是报告在一个自给自足的养猪场中首次出现的被克鲁兹锥虫感染的 T. sherlocki 群体。采集到的三螨通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术进行了T. cruzi检测,并确定了血粉来源。在养猪场采集到的 19 只三体虫属于 T. sherlocki 种,其中若虫占 26.3%(5/19),雄虫占 52.6%(10/19),雌虫占 21.1%(4/19)。聚合酶链式反应(PCR)显示,15.8%(3/19)的三螨感染了克鲁兹蝇。在三螨中唯一检测到的血餐来源(n = 11)是家养哺乳动物Sus scrofa(俗称家猪),这表明T. sherlocki是一种机会主义者,以环境中可利用的脊椎动物为食,包括家养动物(如猪)。这些结果凸显了T.sherlocki这一物种定居的可能性,以及它在游牧环境和家养环境之间传播克鲁斯绦虫的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Medical and Veterinary Entomology
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