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What happens when the insecticide does not kill? A review of sublethal toxicology and insecticide resistance in triatomines. 杀虫剂杀不死时会发生什么?三蠹亚致死毒理学和杀虫剂抗药性综述。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12753
Gastón Mougabure-Cueto, Georgina Fronza, Julieta Nattero

Chagas disease is considered one of the most important human parasitosis in the United States. This disease is mainly transmitted by insects of the subfamily Triatominae. The chemical vector control is the main tool for reducing the incidence of the disease. However, the presence of triatomines after pyrethroids spraying has been reported in some regions, as in the case of Triatoma infestans in Argentina and Bolivia. The presence of insects can be explained by the colonization from neighbouring areas, the reduction of insecticide dose to sublethal levels due to environmental factors, and/or by the evolution of insecticide resistance. In the last two scenarios, a proportion of the insects is not killed by insecticide and gives rise to residual populations. This article focuses on the toxicological processes associated with these scenarios in triatomines. Sublethal doses may have different effects on insect biology, that is, sublethal effects, which may contribute to the control. In addition, for insect disease vectors, sublethal doses could have negative effects on disease transmission. The study of sublethal effects in triatomines has focused primarily on the sequence of symptoms associated with nervous intoxication. However, the effects of sublethal doses on excretion, reproduction and morphology have also been studied. Rhodnius prolixus and T. infestans and pyrethroids insecticides were the triatomine species and insecticides, respectively, mainly studied. Insecticide resistance is an evolutionary phenomenon in which the insecticide acts as a selective force, concentrating on the insect population's pre-existing traits that confer resistance. This leads to a reduction in the susceptibility to the insecticide, which was previously effective in controlling this species. The evolution of resistance in triatomines received little attention before the 2000s, but after the detection of the first focus of resistance associated with chemical control failures in T. infestans from Argentina in 2002, the study of resistance increased remarkably. A significant number of works have studied the geographical distribution, the resistance mechanisms, the biological modifications associated with resistance, the environmental influences and the genetic of T. infestans resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. Currently, studies of insecticide resistance are gradually being extended to other areas and other species. The aim of this article was to review the knowledge on both phenomena (sublethal effects and insecticide resistance) in triatomines. For a better understanding of this article, some concepts and processes related to insect-insecticide interactions, individual and population toxicology and evolutionary biology are briefly reviewed. Finally, possible future lines of research in triatomine toxicology are discussed.

南美锥虫病被认为是美国最重要的人类寄生虫病之一。这种疾病主要由三足虫亚科昆虫传播。化学病媒控制是降低该病发病率的主要手段。然而,据报道,在某些地区喷洒除虫菊酯后会出现三蠹虫,如阿根廷和玻利维亚的 Triatoma infestans。昆虫出现的原因可能是来自邻近地区的定殖、环境因素导致杀虫剂剂量降低到亚致死水平,和/或杀虫剂抗药性的演变。在后两种情况下,一部分昆虫不会被杀虫剂杀死,从而产生残留种群。本文重点介绍与这些情况相关的三蠹虫毒理学过程。亚致死剂量可能会对昆虫生物学产生不同的影响,即亚致死效应,这可能有助于控制。此外,对于昆虫病媒来说,亚致死剂量可能会对疾病传播产生负面影响。对三翅目昆虫亚致死效应的研究主要集中在与神经中毒相关的症状序列上。不过,亚致死剂量对排泄、繁殖和形态的影响也有研究。主要研究的对象分别是 Rhodnius prolixus 和 T. infestans 以及拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂。杀虫剂抗药性是一种进化现象,在这种现象中,杀虫剂作为一种选择性力量,集中作用于昆虫种群原有的抗性特征。这导致昆虫对杀虫剂的易感性降低,而杀虫剂之前对该物种的控制是有效的。2000 年代以前,人们很少关注三蠹类昆虫的抗药性演变,但 2002 年在阿根廷发现首个与化学防治失败相关的抗药性病灶后,抗药性研究显著增加。大量工作研究了抗药性的地理分布、抗药性机制、与抗药性相关的生物变化、环境影响以及对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂产生抗药性的褐飞虱的遗传。目前,对杀虫剂抗性的研究正逐渐扩展到其他地区和其他物种。本文旨在回顾有关三蠹虫这两种现象(亚致死效应和杀虫剂抗性)的知识。为了更好地理解这篇文章,本文简要回顾了与昆虫-杀虫剂相互作用、个体和种群毒理学以及进化生物学相关的一些概念和过程。最后,还讨论了三蠹毒理学未来可能的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Isolation and comparative analysis of culturable bacterial communities associated with life stages, breeding and rearing substrates of Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vector of bluetongue virus 分离和比较分析与蓝舌病病毒病媒 Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)的生命阶段、繁殖和饲养基质相关的可培养细菌群落。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12754
Ankita Sarkar, Paramita Banerjee, Abhijit Mazumdar

Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) has been vectoring several arboviruses, protozoa and nematodes, leading to mortality and morbidity of livestock and wild ruminants in the tropics and subtropics. Insight into the bacterial communities associated with the vector species must be worked out. This work tries to inventorize the bacterial communities associated with this important vector species. Acquisition of gut microbiota may be the parental origin, while some are obtained through feeding during larval stages. Culicoides oxystoma possesses semi-aquatic life cycle strategies for egg-laying and larval survival. The bacteria associated with C. oxystoma were compared throughout (i) life stages: egg, larval instars, pupa, adult: male and female obtained from laboratory colony; (ii) field-collected adult: male and age-graded females; and (iii) natural breeding substrate and artificial rearing substrate. The culture-dependent bacteria were identified by Sanger sequencing of 16S rRNA, and haemolytic bacteria were screened on blood agar. Results show that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria are the predominant Phyla, of which Bacillus spp. was the most abundant across the life stages. Across the life history, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus tropicus, Lysinibacillus sp. and Paenibacillus sp. were retrieved routinely. Bacillus cereus and Alcaligenes faecalis were detected in the lab-reared specimens and shared between the natural breeding site and rearing medium. From the adults trapped across two locations, B. cereus, Bacillus flexus, A. faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Pseudomonas sp. were isolated. The bacterial species associated with this vector may influence various physiological traits, such as vectorial capacity, digestion and larval development, which need further investigation.

Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)一直在传播几种虫媒病毒、原生动物和线虫,导致热带和亚热带地区的家畜和野生反刍动物死亡和发病。必须深入研究与病媒物种相关的细菌群落。这项研究试图找出与这一重要病媒物种相关的细菌群落。肠道微生物群的获得可能来自亲代,也有一些是在幼虫阶段通过进食获得的。Culicoides oxystoma具有产卵和幼虫生存的半水生生命周期策略。我们比较了与氧囊虫有关的细菌在以下各阶段的分布情况:(i) 生命阶段:卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫:实验室群落中的雄虫和雌虫;(ii) 野外采集的成虫:雄虫和按年龄分级的雌虫;(iii) 天然繁殖基质和人工饲养基质。通过对 16S rRNA 进行桑格测序,鉴定了依赖培养的细菌,并在血琼脂上筛选了溶血细菌。结果表明,固着菌属和变形菌属是主要的菌门,其中芽孢杆菌属在各生命阶段的数量最多。在整个生命历程中,蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、普米氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、滋养芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tropicus)、赖氨巴氏杆菌(Lysinibacillus sp.在实验室饲养的标本中检测到蜡样芽孢杆菌和粪阿卡列奈氏菌,自然繁殖地和饲养介质中也有这两种细菌。从两个地点捕获的成虫中分离出了蜡样芽孢杆菌、柔性芽孢杆菌、粪阿卡列氏菌、粪肠球菌和假单胞菌。与该病媒相关的细菌种类可能会影响各种生理特征,如病媒能力、消化和幼虫发育,这需要进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Survival of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) embryos under cold temperature conditions: forensic implications. Calliphora vicina(双翅目:Calliphoridae)胚胎在低温条件下的存活:法医意义。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12749
Jaime López-García, Daniel Martín-Vega

Most blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) species are sarcosaprophagous during the larval stage, primarily feeding on the soft tissues of carcasses during the early stages of decomposition, making them valuable forensic indicators for minimum post-mortem interval (minPMI) estimations. Like other insects, their developmental rates are strongly influenced by the environmental temperature. Although several studies have examined the influence of temperature on the development of different blow fly species, the impact of cold temperatures remains largely unstudied, despite its potential forensic implications. The present study investigates the effect of three cold temperatures (0, -2.5 and -5°C) on the survival of Calliphora vicina embryos of five different ages (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the total embryonic development) and two exposure times (6 and 24 h). Our results revealed significant differences in egg survival at the earliest embryonic stages (0% and 20% of the total embryonic development), resulting in high mortality rates. While at 20% of the total embryonic development high mortality was only observed under -5°C, at 0% of the total embryonic development high mortality rates were observed at all the temperatures tested. Although C. vicina embryos demonstrate tolerance to cold temperatures once they have completed the first 20% of the total embryonic development, potentially mitigating the impact of cold weather events, the possibility of minPMI underestimations due to the death of the first egg batches should not be disregarded. Additionally, considering that the embryonic development stages may last for several days under low temperatures, caution should be taken in the analysis of entomological evidence if a cadaver is discovered following cold weather episodes.

大多数吹蝇(双翅目:Calliphoridae)物种在幼虫阶段都是肉食性的,主要在尸体腐烂的早期阶段取食尸体的软组织,这使它们成为估算尸体最小间隔期(minPMI)的重要法医指标。与其他昆虫一样,它们的发育速度受环境温度的影响很大。尽管已有多项研究探讨了温度对不同种类吹蝇发育的影响,但低温的影响在很大程度上仍未得到研究,尽管它具有潜在的法医学意义。本研究调查了三种低温(0、-2.5 和 -5°C)对 Calliphora vicina 胚胎存活率的影响,包括五个不同的年龄段(胚胎发育的 0%、20%、40%、60% 和 80%)和两种暴露时间(6 和 24 小时)。我们的结果表明,在最早的胚胎发育阶段(胚胎发育的 0% 和 20%),卵的存活率存在显著差异,导致死亡率很高。在胚胎发育的 20% 阶段,只有在 -5°C 的条件下才能观察到高死亡率,而在胚胎发育的 0% 阶段,在所有测试温度下都能观察到高死亡率。尽管沧龙鱼胚胎在完成整个胚胎发育过程的前 20% 后表现出对低温的耐受性,有可能减轻寒冷天气事件的影响,但不应忽视由于第一批卵的死亡而导致 minPMI 被低估的可能性。此外,考虑到胚胎发育阶段在低温条件下可能会持续数天,如果在寒冷天气事件后发现尸体,则应谨慎分析昆虫学证据。
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引用次数: 0
Culicoides biting midges feeding behaviour as a key for understanding avian Haemoproteus transmission in Lithuania 咬蠓取食行为是了解立陶宛禽血吸虫传播情况的关键。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12752
Margarita Kazak, Kristina Valavičiūtė-Pocienė, Simona Kondrotaitė, Mélanie Duc, Dovilė Bukauskaitė, Carolina Hernández-Lara, Rasa Bernotienė, Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas

Investigations of host feeding behaviour in haematophagous insects are critical to assess transmission routes of vector-borne diseases. Understanding if a certain species has ornithophilic or mammalophilic feeding behaviour can facilitate future studies focused on pathogens transmission to and from certain host species. Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of several pathogens, which include arboviruses, bacteria and parasites to a considerable diversity of vertebrate hosts. However, most of the studies focused on feeding habits target Culicoides species that could transmit the Bluetongue virus, consequently with a mammalophilic feeding behaviour, leaving aside the Culicoides species that are involved in the transmission of vector-borne parasites to birds, such as Haemoproteus Kruse (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae). This study aimed to investigate the source of blood meals of wild-caught Culicoides using molecular-based methods and to correlate our findings with the reports of Haemoproteus parasites in Culicoides species. Engorged Culicoides females were collected using ultraviolet (UV)-light traps at seven different localities in Lithuania in 2021–2023. Biting midges were dissected, and the abdomens of engorged females were used for molecular investigation of the blood meal source. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol that amplifies a fragment of the Cytochrome B gene of vertebrates was used. Obtained sequences were compared to available information in GenBank database to confirm the source of the blood meal. In total, 258 engorged Culicoides females, representing nine different species, were analysed. The source of blood meal was identified in 29.1% of them with most of the insects having fed on birds (74.7%) and the remaining on mammals (25.3%). Culicoides segnis Campbell, Pelham-Clinton was the only species to feed exclusively on birds; Culicoides from the Obsoletus group, C. pallidicornis Kieffer and C. punctatus Latreille were found to feed exclusively on mammals; C. festivipennis Kieffer, C. kibunensis Tokunaga and C. pictipennis Staeger had an opportunistic feeding behaviour, with the first two preferably feeding on birds. Due to their feeding behaviour and the presence of Haemoproteus parasites reported in the literature, C. festivipennis, C. kibunensis, C. pictipennis, and C. segnis play an important role in the transmission of those avian vector-borne parasite in the wild. These Culicoides species were already confirmed as being able to support the development of several Haemoproteus species and lineages. Future studies focused on understanding the epidemiology of avian pathogens transmitted by Culicoides should target these species.

调查食血昆虫的宿主取食行为对于评估病媒传播疾病的传播途径至关重要。了解某一物种是否具有嗜鸟类或嗜哺乳动物的取食行为,有助于今后重点研究病原体在某些宿主物种之间的传播途径。Culicoides Latreille(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)是多种病原体(包括虫媒病毒、细菌和寄生虫)的传播媒介,可传播给多种脊椎动物宿主。然而,大多数研究都集中在以可能传播蓝舌病病毒的栉水母种为目标的取食习性上,因此,栉水母种具有嗜哺乳动物的取食行为,但却忽略了参与向鸟类传播病媒寄生虫的栉水母种,如克鲁兹血吸虫(血孢子虫科:Haemoproteidae)。本研究旨在利用分子方法调查野外捕获的Culicoides的血食来源,并将我们的发现与Culicoides物种中的血蛋白梭菌寄生虫的报告进行关联。2021-2023年,我们在立陶宛的七个不同地点使用紫外线诱捕器收集了被啮咬的雌性Culicoides。对咬蠓进行解剖,并利用吞食的雌蠓腹部对血食来源进行分子调查。采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方案扩增脊椎动物细胞色素 B 基因片段。将获得的序列与 GenBank 数据库中的现有信息进行比较,以确认血粉的来源。总共分析了 258 只被吞食的雌性库里科虫,它们代表了 9 个不同的物种。其中 29.1%的昆虫的血粉来源得到了确认,大部分昆虫以鸟类为食(74.7%),其余以哺乳动物为食(25.3%)。Culicoides segnis Campbell, Pelham-Clinton 是唯一一种只以鸟类为食的昆虫;Obsoletus 类中的 Culicoides、C. pallidicornis Kieffer 和 C. punctatus Latreille 被发现只以哺乳动物为食;C. festivipennis Kieffer、C. kibunensis Tokunaga 和 C. pictipennis Staeger 有机会性取食行为,前两种最好以鸟类为食。由于它们的取食行为和文献中报道的血包虫寄生虫的存在,C. festivipennis、C. kibunensis、C. pictipennis 和 C. segnis 在这些禽类病媒寄生虫的野外传播中扮演了重要角色。已证实这些恙虫属物种能够支持多个血吸虫物种和品系的发展。未来研究的重点应是了解由Culicoides传播的禽类病原体的流行病学。
{"title":"Culicoides biting midges feeding behaviour as a key for understanding avian Haemoproteus transmission in Lithuania","authors":"Margarita Kazak,&nbsp;Kristina Valavičiūtė-Pocienė,&nbsp;Simona Kondrotaitė,&nbsp;Mélanie Duc,&nbsp;Dovilė Bukauskaitė,&nbsp;Carolina Hernández-Lara,&nbsp;Rasa Bernotienė,&nbsp;Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas","doi":"10.1111/mve.12752","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mve.12752","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Investigations of host feeding behaviour in haematophagous insects are critical to assess transmission routes of vector-borne diseases. Understanding if a certain species has ornithophilic or mammalophilic feeding behaviour can facilitate future studies focused on pathogens transmission to and from certain host species. <i>Culicoides</i> Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of several pathogens, which include arboviruses, bacteria and parasites to a considerable diversity of vertebrate hosts. However, most of the studies focused on feeding habits target <i>Culicoides</i> species that could transmit the Bluetongue virus, consequently with a mammalophilic feeding behaviour, leaving aside the <i>Culicoides</i> species that are involved in the transmission of vector-borne parasites to birds, such as <i>Haemoproteus</i> Kruse (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae). This study aimed to investigate the source of blood meals of wild-caught <i>Culicoides</i> using molecular-based methods and to correlate our findings with the reports of <i>Haemoproteus</i> parasites in <i>Culicoides</i> species. Engorged <i>Culicoides</i> females were collected using ultraviolet (UV)-light traps at seven different localities in Lithuania in 2021–2023. Biting midges were dissected, and the abdomens of engorged females were used for molecular investigation of the blood meal source. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol that amplifies a fragment of the <i>Cytochrome B</i> gene of vertebrates was used. Obtained sequences were compared to available information in GenBank database to confirm the source of the blood meal. In total, 258 engorged <i>Culicoides</i> females, representing nine different species, were analysed. The source of blood meal was identified in 29.1% of them with most of the insects having fed on birds (74.7%) and the remaining on mammals (25.3%). <i>Culicoides segnis</i> Campbell, Pelham-Clinton was the only species to feed exclusively on birds; <i>Culicoides</i> from the Obsoletus group, <i>C. pallidicornis</i> Kieffer and <i>C. punctatus</i> Latreille were found to feed exclusively on mammals; <i>C. festivipennis</i> Kieffer, <i>C. kibunensis</i> Tokunaga and <i>C. pictipennis</i> Staeger had an opportunistic feeding behaviour, with the first two preferably feeding on birds. Due to their feeding behaviour and the presence of <i>Haemoproteus</i> parasites reported in the literature, <i>C. festivipennis</i>, <i>C. kibunensis</i>, <i>C. pictipennis,</i> and <i>C. segnis</i> play an important role in the transmission of those avian vector-borne parasite in the wild. These <i>Culicoides</i> species were already confirmed as being able to support the development of several <i>Haemoproteus</i> species and lineages. Future studies focused on understanding the epidemiology of avian pathogens transmitted by <i>Culicoides</i> should target these species.</p>","PeriodicalId":18350,"journal":{"name":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141988238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Morphological analysis and lipid composition of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans salivary glands reinforce important features of feeding behaviour Análises morfológicas e composição lipídica das glândulas salivares de Stomoxys calcitrans, a mosca-dos-estábulos, reforçam importantes características de seu comportamento alimentar 稳定蝇 Stomoxys calcitrans 唾液腺的形态分析和脂质组成强化了摄食行为的重要特征。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12751
Melissa Florencio, Francisco Romulo Oilveira Magalhães, Aline Araujo Zuma, Cinara Lima Oliveira Lugathe, Dayana Rosa, Karina Riguete, Maria Cristina Machado Motta, Aparecida Alves do Nascimento, Jacenir Reis dos Santos Mallet, Georgia Correa Atella, Patrícia Fampa

Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), the stable fly, is a hematophagous insect of great veterinary importance, because it is a mechanical vector of diverse pathogens in livestock. The saliva of blood-feeding insects presents important pharmacologically active molecules that impair blood clotting, promote vasodilation and modulate the host immune system response, crucial processes for successful feeding. These properties also enable pathogens' transmission. In the present work, we describe an efficient protocol to dissect S. calcitrans salivary glands, their morphological characteristics and lipid profile. The mean length of the tubular gland is 3.23 mm with a bulbous posterior end and a narrow anterior end. Histological analysis revealed a monolayer of large polygonal epithelial cells with voluminous nuclei and high lipid content in their cytoplasm. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the epithelium is rich in mitochondria, free ribosomes, Golgi complex cisternae, presenting a great extension of rough endoplasmic reticulum that contains an electron-dense material. Lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography showed that neutral fatty acids and phosphatidylcholine are predominant in the fly salivary glands. Lysophosphatidylcholine, an important signalling biomolecule involved in different metabolic processes, including host's immunomodulation and pathogens proliferation and differentiation, is also present.

厩蝇 Stomoxys calcitrans L.(双翅目:鹟科)是一种食血昆虫,对兽医具有重要意义,因为它是家畜中各种病原体的机械载体。食血昆虫的唾液中含有重要的药理活性分子,可损害血液凝固、促进血管扩张和调节宿主免疫系统反应,这些都是成功捕食的关键过程。这些特性也使病原体得以传播。在本研究中,我们描述了一种高效的方案,用于解剖钙蟾蜍唾液腺、其形态特征和脂质概况。管状腺体的平均长度为 3.23 毫米,后端呈球状,前端狭窄。组织学分析显示,单层大的多角形上皮细胞,细胞核体积大,细胞质中脂质含量高。超微结构分析表明,上皮细胞中含有丰富的线粒体、游离核糖体和高尔基复合体空泡,粗面内质网也有很大的延伸,其中含有电子致密物质。薄层色谱法的脂质分析表明,苍蝇唾液腺中主要是中性脂肪酸和磷脂酰胆碱。溶血磷脂酰胆碱是一种重要的信号生物大分子,参与不同的代谢过程,包括宿主的免疫调节和病原体的增殖和分化。
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引用次数: 0
First description of immature stages and notes on the biology of the blow fly, Calliphora lopesi Mello, 1962. 首次描述吹蝇(Calliphora lopesi Mello,1962 年)的未成熟阶段并说明其生物学特性。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12750
Maicon D Grella, André G Savino, Aline M Prado, Patricia J Thyssen

Several species of the worldwide distributed genus Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy (Insecta, Diptera, Calliphoridae) are medically important vectors and agents of myiasis. Furthermore, these flies are relevant in forensics because they are found in corpses. Information regarding the taxonomy, bionomics and distribution of Calliphora species endemic to South America, including Calliphora lopesi Mello, is scarce. To expand knowledge on C. lopesi, this study presents descriptions of eggs, larvae, puparia and developmental data at 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26 ± 1°C for the first time. Adult flies were collected from the field and kept in the laboratory to obtain samples for morphological and biological studies. Immatures were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. To assess the growth rate, 10 specimens from each temperature group were randomly removed from the diet and weighed every 24 h from larval hatching until pupation. The minimum developmental threshold, thermal constant and linear development-rate equations were calculated for each stage. Considering weight gain records and survival rates, the optimum temperature for the development of C. lopesi ranges from 23 to 26°C. A key to third-instar larvae of known Neotropical species of Calliphora was also provided to assist in identification. The information provided in this study should be useful in expanding knowledge about Neotropical Calliphoridae species of forensic importance.

分布于世界各地的 Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy(昆虫纲,双翅目,Calliphoridae)属的几个物种是医学上重要的肌蝇病媒介和病原体。此外,这些苍蝇还与法医学有关,因为它们会出现在尸体中。有关南美洲特有的 Calliphora(包括 Calliphora lopesi Mello)物种的分类学、生物组学和分布的信息很少。为了扩大对 C. lopesi 的了解,本研究首次对卵、幼虫、蛹以及在 14、17、20、23 和 26 ± 1°C 温度条件下的发育数据进行了描述。成蝇从野外采集并保存在实验室中,以获得形态和生物学研究样本。未成蝇则使用光镜和扫描电子显微镜进行检查。为评估生长速度,从幼虫孵化至化蛹期间,每 24 小时从每个温度组随机取出 10 只标本称重。计算每个阶段的最低发育阈值、热常数和线性发育率方程。考虑到增重记录和存活率,C. lopesi生长发育的最适温度为 23 至 26°C。本研究还提供了新热带地区已知 Calliphora 种类三龄幼虫的关键信息,以帮助识别。本研究提供的信息应有助于扩大对具有重要法医意义的新热带茧蜂科物种的了解。
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引用次数: 0
A methodological approach to age estimation of the intra-puparial period of the forensically relevant blow fly Calliphora vicina via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 通过傅立叶变换红外光谱仪估算法医相关吹蝇产卵期年龄的方法学方法。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12748
Luise Thümmel, Johannes Tintner-Olifiers, Jens Amendt

Estimating the age of immature blow flies is of great importance for forensic entomology. However, no gold-standard technique for an accurate determination of the intra-puparial age has yet been established. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a method to (bio-)chemically characterise material based on the absorbance of electromagnetic energy by functional groups of molecules. In recent years, it also has become a powerful tool in forensic and life sciences, as it is a fast and cost-effective way to characterise all kinds of material and biological traces. This study is the first to collect developmental reference data on the changes in absorption spectra during the intra-puparial period of the forensically important blow fly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Calliphora vicina was reared at constant 20°C and 25°C and specimens were killed every other day throughout their intra-puparial development. In order to investigate which part yields the highest detectable differences in absorption spectra throughout the intra-puparial development, each specimen was divided into two different subsamples: the pupal body and the former cuticle of the third instar, that is, the puparium. Absorption spectra were collected with a FTIR spectrometer coupled to an attenuated total reflection (ATR) unit. Classification accuracies of different wavenumber regions with two machine learning models, i.e., random forests (RF) and support vector machines (SVMs), were tested. The best age predictions for both temperature settings and machine learning models were obtained by using the full spectral range from 3700 to 600 cm-1. While SVMs resulted in better accuracies for C. vicina reared at 20°C, RFs performed almost as good as SVMs for data obtained from 25°C. In terms of sample type, the pupal body gave smoother spectra and usually better classification accuracies than the puparia. This study shows that FTIR spectroscopy is a promising technique in forensic entomology to support the estimation of the minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin), by estimating the age of a given insect specimen.

估计未成熟吹蝇的年龄对法医昆虫学来说非常重要。然而,目前还没有一种金标准技术能准确测定幼蝇的年龄。傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱法是一种基于分子官能团对电磁能量吸收的(生物)化学特征描述方法。近年来,傅立叶变换红外光谱法已成为法医和生命科学领域的有力工具,因为它是表征各种材料和生物痕迹的一种快速、经济有效的方法。本研究首次收集了具有重要法医学价值的吹蝇 Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy(双翅目:Calliphoridae)在蛹期内吸收光谱变化的发育参考数据。Calliphora vicina 在恒定的 20°C 和 25°C 温度下饲养,在整个蛹内发育期间,每隔一天杀死一只标本。为了研究在蛹的整个发育过程中哪一部分的吸收光谱可检测到的差异最大,每个标本都被分成两个不同的子样本:蛹体和第三龄的前角质层,即蛹室。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪和衰减全反射(ATR)装置收集吸收光谱。使用两种机器学习模型,即随机森林(RF)和支持向量机(SVM),对不同波长区域的分类准确性进行了测试。在温度设置和机器学习模型中,使用 3700 至 600 cm-1 的全光谱范围都能获得最佳的年龄预测结果。SVM 对在 20°C 下饲养的 C. vicina 的预测准确率更高,而 RF 对在 25°C 下获得的数据的预测准确率几乎与 SVM 相当。就样本类型而言,蛹体的光谱更平滑,分类准确率通常也比蛹体高。这项研究表明,傅立叶变换红外光谱法是法医昆虫学中一种很有前途的技术,它可以通过估计特定昆虫标本的年龄来支持最小死后间隔期(PMImin)的估计。
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引用次数: 0
Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) in a colony of Triatoma sherlocki Papa et al. 2002 (Reduviidae: Triatominae) present in a subsistence pig farm in Northeast Brazil. 巴西东北部一个自给自足的养猪场中的 Triatoma sherlocki Papa 等人 2002(Reduviidae:Triatominae)群落中的克鲁斯 Trypanosoma cruzi(Chagas,1909)感染。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12746
Flavia Santos, Alice Dos Santos Saraiva, Sabrina Mota Lambert, Jairo Torres Magalhães-Junior, Ianei de Oliveira Carneiro, Larissa José Parazzi, Jader de Oliveira, Bárbara Maria Paraná da Silva Souza, Carlos Roberto Franke

Triatomines of the species Triatoma sherlocki are considered sylvatic; however, household invasion appears imminent, potentially carrying Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The aim of this study was to report the first occurrence of a colony of T. sherlocki infected by T. cruzi in a subsistence pig farm. Triatomines collected underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for T. cruzi detection and determination of blood meal source. The 19 triatomines collected in the pig farm were of the species T. sherlocki, comprising 26.3% nymphs (5/19), 52.6% males (10/19) and 21.1% females (4/19). PCR showed that 15.8% (3/19) of triatomines were infected by T. cruzi. The only detected blood meal source in triatomines (n = 11) was the domestic mammal Sus scrofa, commonly known as domestic pig, indicating that T. sherlocki is an opportunist, feeding on available vertebrates in the environment, including domestic animals such as pigs. These results highlight the possibility of domiciliation of the species T. sherlocki and its potential role in bridging the transmission of T. cruzi between sylvatic and domestic environments.

谢洛克蝽(Triatoma sherlocki)被认为是食草动物;然而,家庭入侵似乎迫在眉睫,它可能携带南美锥虫病的病原体克鲁兹锥虫(Trypanosoma cruzi)。本研究的目的是报告在一个自给自足的养猪场中首次出现的被克鲁兹锥虫感染的 T. sherlocki 群体。采集到的三螨通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术进行了T. cruzi检测,并确定了血粉来源。在养猪场采集到的 19 只三体虫属于 T. sherlocki 种,其中若虫占 26.3%(5/19),雄虫占 52.6%(10/19),雌虫占 21.1%(4/19)。聚合酶链式反应(PCR)显示,15.8%(3/19)的三螨感染了克鲁兹蝇。在三螨中唯一检测到的血餐来源(n = 11)是家养哺乳动物Sus scrofa(俗称家猪),这表明T. sherlocki是一种机会主义者,以环境中可利用的脊椎动物为食,包括家养动物(如猪)。这些结果凸显了T.sherlocki这一物种定居的可能性,以及它在游牧环境和家养环境之间传播克鲁斯绦虫的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
Novel use of a servosphere to study apodous insects: Investigation of blow fly post-feeding larval dispersal. 利用伺服层研究有节昆虫的新方法:调查吹蝇食后幼虫的扩散。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12745
Molly Mactaggart, Amoret P Whitaker, Keith N Wilkinson, Martin J R Hall

Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are arguably the most important providers of an estimate of minimum post-mortem interval in forensic investigations. They usually undergo a post-feeding dispersal from the body. While previous studies have looked at dispersal of groups of larvae, recording the dispersal activity of individual larvae has not previously been demonstrated. A servosphere was used here to record the speed, directionality and phototaxis of individual post-feeding larvae of two species of blow fly on a smooth plastic surface over time. The servosphere rotates to compensate for the movement of an insect placed at its apex, thereby enabling its unimpeded locomotion in any direction to be studied and behavioural changes to external stimuli recorded. To our knowledge, the servosphere has not previously been used to study apodous insects. The objective of our study was to compare dispersal behaviour of Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy), both common primary colonisers of human and animal cadavers, but showing different post-feeding dispersal strategies. Larvae of C. vicina generally disperse from the body while those of P. terraenovae remain on or close to the body. Our aims were to study (1) changes in dispersal speed over a 1-h period; (2) changes in dispersal speed once a day for 4 days, between the end of feeding and onset of pupariation; and (3) response of dispersing larvae to light. We demonstrated that (1) the movement of three C. vicina larvae tracked for 1 continuous hour on 1 day slowed from an average of 3 to <1.7 mms-1; (2) the average speed of 20 larvae of C. vicina (4.08 mms-1) recorded for 5 min once per day over a 4-day period between onset of dispersal and pupariation was significantly greater than that of P. terraenovae (2.36 mms-1; p < 0.0001), but that speed of both species increased slightly over the 4 days; (3) the responses of larvae of C. vicina to changes in light direction from the four cardinal directions of the compass, showed that they exhibited a strong negative phototactic response within 5 s, turning to move at approximately 180° away from the new light position. While conducted to observe larval calliphorid post-feeding behaviour, the results of this proof of concept study show that apodous insects can be studied on a servosphere to produce both qualitative and quantitative data.

吹蝇(双翅目:Calliphoridae)可以说是法医调查中估算尸体最小间隔时间的最重要工具。它们通常在进食后从尸体上飞散。以前的研究关注的是幼虫群体的散布情况,但记录单个幼虫的散布活动还没有得到证实。本研究使用伺服球记录两种吹蝇个体在光滑塑料表面上进食后随时间变化的速度、方向性和趋光性。伺服圈会旋转,以补偿置于其顶端的昆虫的运动,从而使其能够不受阻碍地朝任何方向运动,并记录其对外界刺激的行为变化。据我们所知,伺服圈以前从未用于研究有足昆虫。我们研究的目的是比较Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy和Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy)的扩散行为。C.vicina的幼虫一般从尸体上扩散,而P.terraenovae的幼虫则留在尸体上或靠近尸体。我们的目的是研究(1)1小时内分散速度的变化;(2)从取食结束到化蛹开始的4天内每天一次分散速度的变化;以及(3)分散幼虫对光的反应。我们证明:(1)在一天中连续跟踪一小时的三条C. vicina幼虫的运动速度从平均3条减慢到-1条;(2)在开始散布到化蛹的4天时间里,每天记录一次20条C. vicina幼虫的平均速度(4.08 mms-1),每次5分钟,其速度明显高于P.
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引用次数: 0
Morphological and molecular data on the bat flies, Basilia silvae (Brèthes, 1913) and Trichobius parasiticus Gervais, 1844 parasitizing Chilean bats. 寄生于智利蝙蝠的蝙蝠蝇 Basilia silvae (Brèthes, 1913) 和 Trichobius parasiticus Gervais, 1844 的形态学和分子数据。
IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12744
Dante Lobos-Ovalle, Angel Herrera-Mares, Ali Z Lira-Olguin, Juan Luis Allendes, Annia Rodríguez-San Pedro, Lucila Moreno-Salas, Juan E Uribe, Maria Carolina Silva-de la Fuente

Among mammals, bats harbour the greatest taxonomic diversity of ectoparasitic arthropods. This is mainly due to their high mobility, wide distribution range and gregarious social behaviour. In Chile, 17 species of bats have been reported; however, their ectoparasitic arthropofauna has been little studied. There are currently 12 taxa recorded, belonging to two classes and associated with only four species of bats. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of parasitic flies associated with bats in three ecoregions: Atacama Desert, Chilean Matorral and Valdivian temperate forest. During 2021, using mist nets, bats were captured in Anzota caves (Atacama Desert ecoregion), Huelquén and Alto Jahuel (Chilean Matorral ecoregion), Cherquenco and San Patricio (Valdivian temperate forest). Each bat was carefully checked during a 15-min interval for the collection of ectoparasites. The arthropods were deposited in vials with 96% ethanol. A total of 26 bats corresponding to three species (Vespertilionidae: Histiotus magellanicus Philippi, 1866, Myotis arescens (Osgood, 1943); Phyllostomidae: Desmodus rotundus (Geoffroy, 1810)) were captured from which a total of 142 ectoparasitic arthropods were collected. Bat flies were separated/identified under a stereomicroscope. Additionally, from the fieldwork, we report the presence of other ectoparasites associated with Chilean bats. In our study, we report new host-parasite associations between Trichobius parasiticus Gervais, 1844 (Diptera: Streblidae) on D. rotundus, and Basilia silvae (Brèthes, 1913) (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) in M. arescens in Chile. Our study extended the latitudinal range of distribution for B. silvae to Araucanía region, and we report for first time T. parasiticus in the country. Additionally, partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene were obtained from these specimens. Although there is slight morphological variation in the specimens of T. parasiticus, phylogenetic analyses suggest that they correspond to the same species. The sequences generated for B. silvae represent the first for the species. Authors recommend the use of an integrative approach in the identification of ectoparasites in poorly studied ecoregions and hosts. The integration of different markers is necessary to determine more precisely the phylogenetic relationships between South American populations and species of the genera Basilia and Trichobius.

在哺乳动物中,蝙蝠所蕴藏的体外寄生节肢动物在分类学上具有最大的多样性。这主要是由于它们的高流动性、广泛的分布范围和群居的社会行为。据报道,智利有 17 种蝙蝠,但对其体外寄生节肢动物的研究却很少。目前记录在案的有 12 个分类群,分属两个类别,仅与 4 种蝙蝠有关。这项研究旨在调查三个生态区域中与蝙蝠相关的寄生蝇的多样性:阿塔卡马沙漠、智利马托拉尔和瓦尔迪温带森林。2021 年期间,使用雾网在安佐塔洞穴(阿塔卡马沙漠生态区)、韦尔肯和上贾胡埃尔(智利马托拉尔生态区)、切尔昆科和圣帕特里西奥(瓦尔迪温带森林)捕获了蝙蝠。每隔 15 分钟对每只蝙蝠进行一次仔细检查,以收集体外寄生虫。节肢动物被保存在装有 96% 乙醇的小瓶中。共捕获了 26 只蝙蝠,分别属于三个物种(蝙蝠科:Histiotus magellanicus Philippi, 1866, Myotis arescens (Osgood, 1943);蝙蝠属:Desmodus rotundus (Geoffroy, 1810)),从中共收集到 142 种体外寄生节肢动物。在体视显微镜下对蝙蝠蝇进行了分离和鉴定。此外,我们还报告了与智利蝙蝠有关的其他体外寄生虫。在我们的研究中,我们报告了智利蝙蝠身上寄生的 Trichobius parasiticus Gervais, 1844 (Diptera: Streblidae) 与 M. arescens 身上寄生的 Basilia silvae (Brèthes, 1913) (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) 之间新的寄主-寄生虫关系。我们的研究将 B. silvae 的纬度分布范围扩大到了阿劳卡尼亚地区,并首次报告了智利的寄生虫。此外,我们还从这些标本中获得了细胞色素 c 氧化酶 I 基因的部分序列。虽然寄生蝇标本的形态略有不同,但系统发生学分析表明它们属于同一物种。为 B. silvae 生成的序列是该物种的第一个序列。作者建议在对生态区和寄主研究较少的地区使用综合方法鉴定外寄生虫。有必要整合不同的标记物,以便更准确地确定南美洲种群与 Basilia 属和 Trichobius 属物种之间的系统发育关系。
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Medical and Veterinary Entomology
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